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1.
Soil carbon dioxide partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbonate chemistry under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Global emissions of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 are rising and expected to impact large areas of the Earths forests. While CO2 stimulates net primary production, O3 reduces photosynthesis, altering plant C allocation and reducing ecosystem C storage. The effects of multiple air pollutants can alter belowground C allocation, leading to changes in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the soil , chemistry of dissolved inorganic carbonate (DIC) and the rate of mineral weathering. As this system represents a linkage between the long- and short-term C cycles and sequestration of atmospheric CO2, changes in atmospheric chemistry that affect net primary production may alter the fate of C in these ecosystems. To date, little is known about the combined effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on the inorganic C cycle in forest systems. Free air CO2 and O3 enrichment (FACE) technology was used at the Aspen FACE project in Rhinelander, Wisconsin to understand how elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 interact to alter pCO2 and DIC concentrations in the soil. Ambient and elevated CO2 levels were 360±16 and 542±81 l l–1, respectively; ambient and elevated O3 levels were 33±14 and 49±24 nl l–1, respectively. Measured concentrations of soil CO2 and calculated concentrations of DIC increased over the growing season by 14 and 22%, respectively, under elevated atmospheric CO2 and were unaffected by elevated tropospheric O3. The increased concentration of DIC altered inorganic carbonate chemistry by increasing system total alkalinity by 210%, likely due to enhanced chemical weathering. The study also demonstrated the close coupling between the seasonal 13C of soil pCO2 and DIC, as a mixing model showed that new atmospheric CO2 accounted for approximately 90% of the C leaving the system as DIC. This study illustrates the potential of using stable isotopic techniques and FACE technology to examine long- and short-term ecosystem C sequestration. 相似文献
2.
Soil respiration of Alaskan tundra at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary CO2 efflux from tussock tundra in Alaska that had been exposed to elevated CO2 for 2.5 growing seasons was measured to assess the effect of long- and short-term CO2 enrichment on soil respiration. Long-term treatments were: 348, 514, and 683 μll−1 CO2 and 680 μll−1 CO2+4°C above ambient. Measurements were made at 5 CO2 concentrations between 87 and 680 μll−1 CO2. Neither long- or short-term CO2 enrichment significantly affected soil CO2 efflux. Tundra developed at elevated temperature and 680 μll−1 CO2 had slightly higher, but not statistically different, mean respiration rates compared to untreated tundra and to tundra under
CO2 control alone. 相似文献
3.
We repeatedly sampled the surface mineral soil (0–20 cm depth) in three northern temperate forest communities over an 11-year experimental fumigation to understand the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and/or elevated phyto-toxic ozone (O3 ) on soil carbon (C). After 11 years, there was no significant main effect of CO2 or O3 on soil C. However, within the community containing only aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), elevated CO2 caused a significant decrease in soil C content. Together with the observations of increased litter inputs, this result strongly suggests accelerated decomposition under elevated CO2. In addition, an initial reduction in the formation of new (fumigation-derived) soil C by O3 under elevated CO2 proved to be only a temporary effect, mirroring trends in fine root biomass. Our results contradict predictions of increased soil C under elevated CO2 and decreased soil C under elevated O3 and should be considered in models simulating the effects of Earth's altered atmosphere. 相似文献
4.
Nitrogen and carbon isotope responses of Chinese cabbage and chrysanthemum to the application of liquid pig manure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sang-Sun Lim Woo-Jung Choi Jin-Hyeob Kwak Jae-Woon Jung Scott X. Chang Han-Yong Kim Kwang-Sik Yoon Soo-Myung Choi 《Plant and Soil》2007,295(1-2):67-77
The effects of the liquid pig manure (LM) used in organic farming on the natural abundance of 15N and 13C signatures in plant tissues have not been studied. We hypothesized that application of LM will (1) increase δ15N of plant tissues due to the high δ15N of N in LM as compared with soil N or inorganic fertilizer N, and (2) increase δ13C of plant tissues as a result of high salt concentration in LM that decreases stomatal conductance of plants. To test these
hypotheses, variations in the δ15N and δ13C of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) and chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramatuelle) with two different LMs (with δ15N of +15.6 and +18.2‰) applied at two rates (323 and 646 kg N ha-1 for cabbage and 150 and 300 kg N ha-1 for chrysanthemum), or urea (δ15N = -2.7‰) applied at the lower rate above for the respective species, in addition to the control (no N input) were investigated
through a 60-day pot experiment. Application of LM significantly increased plant tissue δ15N (range +9.4 to +14.9‰) over the urea (+3.2 to +3.3‰) or control (+6.8 to 7.7‰) treatments regardless of plant species, strongly
reflecting the δ15N of the N source. Plant tissue δ13C were not affected by the treatments for cabbage (range −30.8 to −30.2‰) or chrysanthemum (−27.3 to −26.8‰). However, cabbage
dry matter production decreased while its δ13C increased with increasing rate of LM application or increasing soil salinity (P < 0.05), suggesting that salinity stress caused by high rate of LM application likely decreased stomatal conductance and
limited growth of cabbage. Our study expanded the use of the δ15N technique in N source (organic vs. synthetic fertilizer) identification and suggested that plant tissue δ13C maybe a sensitive indicator of plant response to salinity stress caused by high LM application rates. 相似文献
5.
Summary Seeds of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., a tree native to seasonal tropical forests of Central America, were inoculated with N-fixing Rhizobium bacteria and grown in growth chambers for 71 days to investigate interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and plant N status on early seedling growth, nodulation, and N accretion. Seedlings were grown with CO2 partial pressures of 350 and 650 bar (current ambient and a predicted partial pressure of the mid-21st century) and with plus N or minus N nutrient solutions to control soil N status. Of particular interest was seedling response to CO2 when grown without available soil N, a condition in which seedlings initially experienced severe N deficiency because bacterial N-fixation was the sole source of N. Biomass of leaves, stems, and roots increased significantly with CO2 enrichment (by 32%, 15% and 26%, respectively) provided seedlings were supplied with N fertilizer. Leaf biomass of N-deficient seedlings was increased 50% by CO2 enrichment but there was little indication that photosynthate translocation from leaves to roots or that plant N (fixed by Rhizobium) was altered by elevated CO2. In seedlings supplied with soil N, elevated CO2 increased average nodule weight, total nodule weight per plant, and the amount of leaf nitrogen provided by N-fixation (as indicated by leaf 15N). While CO2 enrichment reduced the N concentration of some plant tissues, whole plant N accretion increased. Results support the contention that increasing atmospheric CO2 partial pressures will enhance productivity and N-fixing activity of N-fixing tree seedlings, but that the magnitude of early seedling response to CO2 will depend greatly on plant and soil nutrient status. 相似文献
6.
In most terrestrial ecosystems ants (Formicidae) as eusocial insects and spiders (Araneida) as solitary trappers and hunters
are key predators. To study the role of predation by these generalist predators in a dry grassland, we manipulated densities
of ants and spiders (natural and low density) in a two-factorial field experiment using fenced plots. The experiment revealed
strong intraguild interactions between ants and spiders. Higher densities of ants negatively affected the abundance and biomass
of web-building spiders. The density of Linyphiidae was threefold higher in plots without ant colonies. The abundance of Formica cunicularia workers was significantly higher in spider-removal plots. Also, population size of springtails (Collembola) was negatively
affected by the presence of wandering spiders. Ants reduced the density of Lepidoptera larvae. In contrast, the abundance
of coccids (Ortheziidae) was positively correlated with densities of ants. To gain a better understanding of the position
of spiders, ants and other dominant invertebrate groups in the studied food web and important trophic links, we used a stable
isotope analysis (15N and 13C). Adult wandering spiders were more enriched in 15N relative to 14N than juveniles, indicating a shift to predatory prey groups. Juvenile wandering and web-building spiders showed δ15N ratios just one trophic level above those of Collembola, and they had similar δ13C values, indicating that Collembola are an important prey group for ground living spiders. The effects of spiders demonstrated
in the field experiment support this result. We conclude that the food resource of spiders in our study system is largely
based on the detrital food web and that their effects on herbivores are weak. The effects of ants are not clear-cut and include
predation as well as mutualism with herbivores. Within this diverse predator guild, intraguild interactions are important
structuring forces. 相似文献
7.
Xiaohong Liu Xuemei Shao Eryuan Liang Liangju Zhao Tuo Chen Dahe Qin Jiawen Ren 《Plant Ecology》2007,193(2):195-209
Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) and Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) represent different tree functional types, which can be found extensively in northwestern China. The former is drought-tolerant,
whereas the latter is hygrophilous and shade-tolerant. We compared their intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE, inferred from
carbon isotopic discrimination, δ13C, in their wood) as a function of atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2], and climate. δ13C of spruce was consistently about higher than that of juniper in semi-arid areas but was lower in arid areas. This difference was stable over time and demonstrated
strong cross-correlations between species, although some subtle high-frequency (2 or 3 years) variations existed in both species,
suggesting that regional climate may control carbon isotope discrimination. The ratio (the [CO2] values in leaf intercellular and the atmosphere, respectively) of the juniper increased steadily over time, whereas that
of the spruce showed a long-term downward trend. IWUE increased at all sites over the 150-year study period, mainly caused
by increasing [CO2]. The relationship between iWUE and [CO2] reveals that the spruce was more sensitive than the juniper to increasing [CO2], suggesting a species-specific adaptation to long-term environmental changes. Correlations between the high-frequency variations
in stable carbon discrimination (Δ) and climate indicate similar intra-site responses to climate in both species, but different
response strengths. Overall, complex interactions of temperature and moisture on stable carbon discrimination during current
growth seasons of both species were environmental-determined. Regulation of gas exchange and reduced transpiration may influence
water and energy budgets directly; therefore species-dependent responses of trees to elevated CO2 should be considered in future research on global plant physiological ecology. 相似文献
8.
Coupling 13C natural abundance and 14C pulse labelling enabled us to investigate the dependence of 13C fractionation on assimilate partitioning between shoots, roots, exudates, and CO2 respired by maize roots. The amount of recently assimilated C in these four pools was controlled by three levels of nutrient
supply: full nutrient supply (NS), 10 times diluted nutrient supply (DNS), and deionised water (DW). After pulse labelling
of maize shoots in a 14CO2 atmosphere, 14C was traced to determine the amounts of recently assimilated C in the four pools and the δ13C values of the four pools were measured. Increasing amounts of recently assimilated C in the roots (from 8% to 10% of recovered
14C in NS and DNS treatments) led to a 0.3‰ 13C enrichment from NS to DNS treatments. A further increase of C allocation in the roots (from 10% to 13% of recovered 14C in DNS and DW treatments) resulted in an additional enrichment of the roots from DNS to DW treatments by 0.3‰. These findings
support the hypothesis that 13C enrichment in a pool increases with an increasing amount of C transferred into that pool. δ13C of CO2 evolved by root respiration was similar to that of the roots in DNS and DW treatments. However, if the amount of recently
assimilated C in root respiration was reduced (NS treatment), the respired CO2 became 0.7‰ 13C depleted compared to roots. Increasing amounts of recently assimilated C in the CO2 from NS via DNS to DW treatments resulted in a 1.6‰ δ13C increase of root respired CO2 from NS to DW treatments. Thus, for both pools, i.e. roots and root respiration, increasing amounts of recently assimilated
C in the pool led to a δ13C increase. In DW and DNS plants there was no 13C fractionation between roots and exudates. However, high nutrient supply decreased the amount of recently assimilated C in
exudates compared to the other two treatments and led to a 5.3‰ 13C enrichment in exudates compared to roots. We conclude that 13C discrimination between plant pools and within processes such as exudation and root respiration is not constant but strongly
depends on the amount of C in the respective pool and on partitioning of recently assimilated C between plant pools.
Section Editor: H. Lambers 相似文献
9.
Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douglas L. Godbold Marcel R. Hoosbeek Martin Lukac M. Francesca Cotrufo Ivan A. Janssens Reinhart Ceulemans Andrea Polle Eef J. Velthorst Giuseppe Scarascia-Mugnozza Paolo De Angelis Franco Miglietta Alessandro Peressotti 《Plant and Soil》2006,281(1-2):15-24
The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is predicted to reach double current levels by 2075. Detritus from aboveground and belowground plant parts constitutes the
primary source of C for soil organic matter (SOM), and accumulation of SOM in forests may provide a significant mechanism
to mitigate increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In a poplar (three species) plantation exposed to ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (580 ppm) atmospheric CO2 concentrations using a Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) system, the relative importance of leaf litter decomposition,
fine root and fungal turnover for C incorporation into SOM was investigated. A technique using cores of soil in which a C4 crop has been grown (δ13C −18.1‰) inserted into the plantation and detritus from C3 trees (δ13C −27 to −30‰) was used to distinguish between old (native soil) and new (tree derived) soil C. In-growth cores using a fine
mesh (39 μm) to prevent in-growth of roots, but allow in-growth of fungal hyphae were used to assess contribution of fine
roots and the mycorrhizal external mycelium to soil C during a period of three growing seasons (1999–2001). Across all species
and treatments, the mycorrhizal external mycelium was the dominant pathway (62%) through which carbon entered the SOM pool,
exceeding the input via leaf litter and fine root turnover. The input via the mycorrhizal external mycelium was not influenced
by elevated CO2, but elevated atmospheric CO2 enhanced soil C inputs via fine root turnover. The turnover of the mycorrhizal external mycelium may be a fundamental mechanism
for the transfer of root-derived C to SOM. 相似文献
10.
Animals with high metabolic rates are believed to have high rates of carbon and nitrogen isotopic incorporation. We hypothesized
that (1) chronic exposure to cold, and hence an increase in metabolic rate, would increase the rate of isotopic incorporation
of both 13C and 15N into red blood cells; and (2) that the rate of isotopic incorporation into red blood cells would be allometrically related
to body mass. Two groups of sparrows were chronically exposed to either 5 or 22°C and switched from a 13C-depleted C3-plant diet to a more 13C-enriched C4-plant one. We used respirometry to estimate the resting metabolic rate of birds exposed chronically to our two experimental temperatures. The allometric relationship between the rate of 13C incorporation into blood and body mass was determined from published data. The of birds at 5°C was 1.9 times higher than that of birds at 22°C. Chronic exposure to a low temperature did not have an effect
on the rate of isotopic incorporation of 15N save for a very small effect on the incorporation of 13C. The isotopic incorporation rate of 13C was 1.5 times faster than that of 15N. The fractional rate of 13C incorporation into avian blood was allometrically related to body mass with an exponent similar to −1/4. We conclude that
the relationship between metabolic rate and the rate of isotopic incorporation into an animal’s tissues is indirect. It is
probably mediated by protein turnover and thus more complex than previous studies have assumed. 相似文献
11.
δ13C and δ15N measurements are still poorly conducted in benthic invertebrate larvae. To assess the δ13C and δ15N changes occurring after a dietary shift, experiments were conducted on veliger larvae of Crepidula fornicata fed with two cultured microalgae (Isochrysis galbana and Pavlova lutheri) of known isotopic composition, 13C-enriched and 15N-depleted compared to the initial values of the larvae. Rapid changes in larval δ13C and δ15N were observed after the dietary shift, with an increase in δ13C and a decrease in δ15N. After 19 days of feeding, isotopic equilibrium was still not reached, a period which is close to the duration of the pelagic life of the larvae. This implies that the isotopic composition measured in field-collected larvae might only partly reflect actual larval feeding but also the parental isotopic signature, especially during the early developmental stages. Isotopic measurements in marine invertebrate larvae should thus be interpreted cautiously. In planktonic food web investigations, the study of field-collected larvae of different size/developmental stage may reduce potential misinterpretations. 相似文献
12.
This study reports the novel use of nucleic acid stable isotope probing (NA-SIP) to identify metabolically active ([13C]-acetate assimilating) bacteria in freshwater biofilms. Currently, a little is known of the factors affecting the structure
and activity of these complex microbial biofilm communities, although it is likely that they are influenced by riparian vegetation
through attenuation of light and alteration of allochthonous inputs of carbon. NA-SIP was used to investigate the effect of
varying light regimes on [13C]-acetate assimilating bacteria within laboratory biofilm microcosms. Differences in clone libraries of 16S rRNA and rRNA
genes from 13C-labelled and unlabelled nucleic acids indicated differential uptake of acetate and the rapid transfer of 13C to organisms at a higher trophic level. Biofilm communities incubated in the dark changed least over time and retained a
significant fraction of phototrophic organisms. Incubation under elevated light caused the greatest change in bacterial community
structure. Contrary to expectation, a complete loss of chlorophyll containing organisms occurred within this treatment, challenging
current thinking that elevated light promotes communities dominated by photoautotrophs in nutrient enriched environments. 相似文献
13.
Juan-Carlos Linares Antonio Delgado-Huertas J. Julio Camarero José Merino José A. Carreira 《Oecologia》2009,161(3):611-624
The gas-exchange and radial growth responses of conifer forests to climatic warming and increasing atmospheric CO2 have been widely studied. However, the modulating effects of variables related to stand structure (e.g., tree-to-tree competition)
on those responses are poorly explored. The basal-area increment (BAI) and C isotope discrimination (C stable isotope ratio;
δ13C) in the Mediterranean fir Abies pinsapo were investigated to elucidate the influences of stand competition, atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate on intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi). We assessed the variation in δ13C of tree-rings from dominant or co-dominant trees subjected to different degrees of competition. A high- (H) and a low-elevation
(L) population with contrasting climatic constraints were studied in southern Spain. Both populations showed an increase in
long-term WUEi. However, this increase occurred more slowly at the L site, where a decline of BAI was also observed. Local
warming and severe droughts have occurred in the study area over the past 30 years, which have reduced water availability
more at lower elevations. Contrastingly, trees from the H site were able to maintain high BAI values at a lower cost in terms
of water consumption. In each population, trees subjected to a higher degree of competition by neighboring trees showed lower
BAI and WUEi than those subjected to less competition, although the slopes of the temporal trends in WUEi were independent
of the competitive micro-environment experienced by the trees. The results are consistent with an increasing drought-induced
limitation of BAI and a decreasing rate of WUEi improvement in low-elevation A. pinsapo forests. This relict species might not be able to mitigate the negative effects of a decrease in water availability through
a reduction in stomatal conductance, thus leading to a growth decline in the more xeric sites. An intense and poorly asymmetric
competitive environment at the stand level may also act as an important constraint on the adaptive capacity of these drought-sensitive
forests to climatic warming.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
14.
Increased use of stable isotope analysis to examine food-web dynamics, migration, transfer of nutrients, and behavior will likely result in expansion of stable isotope studies investigating human-induced global changes. Recent elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration, related primarily to fossil fuel combustion, has reduced atmospheric CO2 δ13C (13C/12C), and this change in isotopic baseline has, in turn, reduced plant and animal tissue δ13C of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Such depletion in CO2 δ13C and its effects on tissue δ13C may introduce bias into δ13C investigations, and if this variation is not controlled, may confound interpretation of results obtained from tissue samples collected over a temporal span. To control for this source of variation, we used a high-precision record of atmospheric CO2 δ13C from ice cores and direct atmospheric measurements to model modern change in CO2 δ13C. From this model, we estimated a correction factor that controls for atmospheric change; this correction reduces bias associated with changes in atmospheric isotopic baseline and facilitates comparison of tissue δ13C collected over multiple years. To exemplify the importance of accounting for atmospheric CO2 δ13C depletion, we applied the correction to a dataset of collagen δ13C obtained from mountain lion (Puma concolor) bone samples collected in California between 1893 and 1995. Before correction, in three of four ecoregions collagen δ13C decreased significantly concurrent with depletion of atmospheric CO2 δ13C (n ≥ 32, P ≤ 0.01). Application of the correction to collagen δ13C data removed trends from regions demonstrating significant declines, and measurement error associated with the correction did not add substantial variation to adjusted estimates. Controlling for long-term atmospheric variation and correcting tissue samples for changes in isotopic baseline facilitate analysis of samples that span a large temporal range. 相似文献
15.
Soil organic carbon dynamics in cleared temperate forest spodosols converted to maize cropping 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
In southwest France, sandy spodosols have developed from Quaternary sandy eolian deposits. On these soils, numerous forest lands have been converted to continuous intensive maize cropping. A chronosequence study is realized by comparing organic C pools and 13C natural abundance of one forested and 6 agricultural sites, whose ages of cultivation range from 4 to 32 yr. 13C ratio is found to increase with time of cultivation. After 3 decades of intensive maize cropping, about half of the initial organic C content in the forest topsoil layer has disappeared. The fraction of C derived from maize crop increases during the first decades of cultivation, but its level is significantly lower than those observed in other soils, which indicates a high mineralization rate of organic C. In this context, soil characteristics associated to intensive agricultural practices lead to a rapid and large loss of C, whereas inputs from maize seem to have only a very small long-term contribution. 相似文献
16.
Alan F. Talhelm Kurt S. Pregitzer Mark E. Kubiske Donald R. Zak Courtney E. Campany Andrew J. Burton Richard E. Dickson George R. Hendrey J. G. Isebrands Keith F. Lewin John Nagy David F. Karnosky 《Global Change Biology》2014,20(8):2492-2504
Three young northern temperate forest communities in the north‐central United States were exposed to factorial combinations of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) for 11 years. Here, we report results from an extensive sampling of plant biomass and soil conducted at the conclusion of the experiment that enabled us to estimate ecosystem carbon (C) content and cumulative net primary productivity (NPP). Elevated CO2 enhanced ecosystem C content by 11%, whereas elevated O3 decreased ecosystem C content by 9%. There was little variation in treatment effects on C content across communities and no meaningful interactions between CO2 and O3. Treatment effects on ecosystem C content resulted primarily from changes in the near‐surface mineral soil and tree C, particularly differences in woody tissues. Excluding the mineral soil, cumulative NPP was a strong predictor of ecosystem C content (r2 = 0.96). Elevated CO2 enhanced cumulative NPP by 39%, a consequence of a 28% increase in canopy nitrogen (N) content (g N m?2) and a 28% increase in N productivity (NPP/canopy N). In contrast, elevated O3 lowered NPP by 10% because of a 21% decrease in canopy N, but did not impact N productivity. Consequently, as the marginal impact of canopy N on NPP (?NPP/?N) decreased through time with further canopy development, the O3 effect on NPP dissipated. Within the mineral soil, there was less C in the top 0.1 m of soil under elevated O3 and less soil C from 0.1 to 0.2 m in depth under elevated CO2. Overall, these results suggest that elevated CO2 may create a sustained increase in NPP, whereas the long‐term effect of elevated O3 on NPP will be smaller than expected. However, changes in soil C are not well‐understood and limit our ability to predict changes in ecosystem C content. 相似文献
17.
Resolving temporal variation in vertebrate diets using naturally occurring stable isotopes 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Assessments of temporal variation in diets are important for our understanding of the ecology of many vertebrates. Ratios
of naturally occurring stable isotopes in animal tissues are a combination of the source elements and tissue specific fractionation
processes, and can thus reveal dietary information. We review three different approaches that have been used to resolve temporal
diet variation through analysis of stable isotopes. The most straightforward approach is to compare samples from the same
type of tissue that has been sampled over time. This approach is suited to address either long or short-term dietary variation,
depending on sample regime and which tissue that is sampled. Second, one can compare tissues with different metabolic rates.
Since the elements in a given tissue have been assimilating during time spans specific to its metabolic rate, tissues with
different metabolic rates will reflect dietary records over different periods. Third, comparisons of sections from tissues
with progressive growth, such as hair, feathers, claws and teeth, will reveal temporal variation since these tissues will
retain isotopic values in a chronological order. These latter two approaches are mainly suited to address questions regarding
intermediate and short-term dietary variation. Knowledge of tissue specific metabolic rates, which determine the molecular
turnover for a specific tissue, is of central importance for all these comparisons. Estimates of isotopic fractionation between
source and measured target are important if specific hypotheses regarding the source elements are addressed. Estimates of
isotopic fractionation, or at least of differences in fractionation between tissues, are necessary if different tissues are
compared. We urge for more laboratory experiments aimed at improving our understanding of differential assimilation of dietary
components, isotopic fractionation and metabolic routing. We further encourage more studies on reptiles and amphibians, and
generally more studies utilizing multiple tissues with different turnover rates. 相似文献
18.
The semi-diurnal tidal regime (≥2 m) in the Paria Gulf on the Atlantic coast of Venezuela, and the flat landscape of the region,
allow the penetration for tens of km of marine waters into the rivers draining the northeastern coastal plain of the country.
The levels of salinity, tidal flooding, and sedimentation decrease perpendicularly from the river channel toward the back
swamps. The vegetation varies sequentially from fringe mangroves along the river margins, to back swamps containing forests
dominated by Pterocarpus officinalis, herbaceous communities of Lagenocarpus guianensis, and palm swamps with Mauritia flexuosa, Chrysobalanus icaco, and Tabebuia spp. This environmental structure was used to test the hypotheses that: (a) mangrove distribution is strongly associated
with salinity of interstitial water, and (b) they occupy areas where tidal influence and sediment dynamics determine a relatively
open N cycle. Analyses of soil, water, and plants along a 1.5 km transect located near the confluence of the Guanoco and San
Juan Rivers (Sucre and Monagas States, Venezuela) revealed that: (a) conductivity decreased from 11 to 0.2 mmhos cm−1 from the river fringe to the internal swamp, whereas Na in the same stretch decreased from 100 to 2 μM; (b) average leaf
tissue concentrations of Na, P, and N decreased significantly along the transect; (c) P. officinalis showed a large Na-exclusion capacity indicated by positive K/Na ratios from 8 to 200, and Crinum erubescens counteracted Na by accumulating K above 1,000 mmol kg−1; (d) leaves varied widely in δ 13C (−25.5 to −32‰) and δ 15N (4 to −10.5‰) values. Samples were aggregated according to soil carbon content corresponding to those of the mangrove forest
belt (5–28 mol C kg−1; 0–650 from river fringe) and those of the back swamps (40–44 mol C kg−1; 700–1,500 m from river fringe). The concentrations of Na, P, and N (in mmol kg−1) and δ 15N values (in ‰) were significantly higher in the mangrove forest compared to the back swamp (Na 213 vs. 88; P 41 vs. 16; N
1,535 vs. 727; δ 15N 1.5 vs. −3.7), indicating that the fringe forest was not nutrient limited. These results support the hypotheses that mangroves
are restricted to the more-saline sections of the transect, and that the fringe forest has a more open N cycle, favoring 15N accumulation within the system. 相似文献
19.
Yongwen Gao Greg G. Bargmann Uwe Brand David L.G. Noakes 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2005,74(3-4):335-348
Synopsis We examined the stock composition and life history of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, in the northeast Pacific Ocean from sagittal otoliths collected from three marine fishing areas in Washington State, U.S.A.
We analyzed both stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ13C) and trace elemental concentrations (Sr, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn) for these otoliths. The combination of δ18O and δ13C, and correlation of δ18O vs. 1000Sr/Ca and 1000Mg/Ca showed clear separations between North Puget Sound and coastal cod, suggesting there might be
two different spawning stocks in the region. The North Puget Sound cod might represent an ‘Estuary-type’ from the Strait of
Georgia, whereas coastal cod might represent an ‘Ocean-type’ from the Pacific west coast. Isotopic variations from five representative
otoliths also showed a two-stage life history for Pacific cod, and a critical transition period for cod in migration to the
ocean or in age of sexual maturity. These chemical interpretations and conclusions appear in agreement with biological observations
of Pacific cod, and are consistent with results of previous studies for other marine fish species in nearby areas. 相似文献
20.
Isotopic signatures of 13C were used to quantify the relative contributions of C3 and C4 plants to whole-ecosystem C storage (soil+plant) in grazed and ungrazed sites at three distinct locations (short-, mid- and
tallgrass communities) along an east–west environmental gradient in the North American Great Plains. Functional group composition
of plant communities, the source and magnitude of carbon inputs, and total ecosystem carbon storage displayed inconsistent
responses to long-term livestock grazing along this gradient. C4 plants [primarily Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag ex Steud.] dominated the long-term grazed site in the shortgrass community, whereas the ungrazed site was co-dominated
by C3 and C4 species; functional group composition did not differ between grazed and ungrazed sites in the mid- and tallgrass communities.
Above-ground biomass was lower, but the relative proportion of fine root biomass was greater, in grazed compared to ungrazed
sites at all three locations. The grazed site of the shortgrass community had 24% more whole-ecosystem carbon storage compared
to the ungrazed site (4022 vs. 3236 g C m−2). In contrast, grazed sites at the mid- and tallgrass communities had slightly lower (8%) whole-ecosystem carbon storage
compared to ungrazed sites (midgrass: 7970 vs. 8683 g C m−2; tallgrass: 8273 vs. 8997 g C m−2). Differential responses between the shortgrass and the mid- and tallgrass communities with respect to grazing and whole-ecosystem
carbon storage are likely a result of: (1) maintenance of larger soil organic carbon (SOC) pools in the mid- and tallgrass
communities (7476–8280 g C m−2) than the shortgrass community (2517–3307 g C m−2) that could potentially buffer ecosystem carbon fluxes, (2) lower root carbon/soil carbon ratios in the mid- and tallgrass
communities (0.06–0.10) compared to the shortgrass community (0.20–0.27) suggesting that variation in root organic matter
inputs would have relatively smaller effects on the size of the SOC pool, and (3) the absence of grazing-induced variation
in the relative proportion of C3 and C4 functional groups in the mid- and tallgrass communities. We hypothesize that the magnitude and proportion of fine root mass
within the upper soil profile is a principal driver mediating the effect of community composition on the biogeochemistry of
these grassland ecosystems. 相似文献