中国人肥胖基因真核表达载体的构建

为研究肥胖（ｏｂｅｓｉｔｙ）的病因及肥胖基因（ｏｂ）的表达与调控,根据文献报道的ｈｏｂ序列设计引物,经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增中国人的ｏｂ基因（包括信号肽在内的ｃＤＮＡ全长５４０ｂｐ）,ＰＣＲ产物采用Ｔ－Ａ克隆法首先连接到克隆载体ｐＵＣ１１９,然后定向转移到经改造的真核表达载体ｐＳＶ－β－ｌａｃＺ,酶谱分析表达克隆基因为的人肥胖基因。     

瘦素对下丘脑-垂体功能的影响

瘦素对下丘脑垂体功能的影响１９９４年研究人员首次报道了小鼠肥胖基因（ｏｂ基因）及其人类同源基因的结构,并将ｏｂ基因产物命名为瘦素（ｌｅｐｔｉｎ）。肥胖型（ｏｂ／ｏｂ）小鼠的肥胖是由于ｏｂ基因突变,致脂肪细胞不能产生瘦素。瘦素可通过降低摄食和增加能...     

肥胖相关蛋白及其基因表达

近年来,有关肥胖基因的研究颇为活跃,也取得了不少令人瞩目的成果,尤其在美、日等发达国家,这方面的研究已成热门研究领域,不断涌现出有关肥胖基因ｏｂ的克隆与表达［１、２］,并相继克隆出它们的受体。在近５年内,有关研究肥胖基因的文章多达５５１篇。与肥胖密切...     

肥胖基因及其受体与脂肪沉积调控

多年来的研究表明 ,哺乳动物能量平衡应该受到反馈回路的控制 ,回路中下丘脑可以感应能量贮存量 ,继而调节采食量和能量支出以保持平衡体重。此假说源于一种脂肪组织产物通过在血浆中循环作用于下丘脑影响能量平衡。试验表明 ,肥胖鼠不能产生足量的饱食因子调节其食物消耗 ,而ｄｂ鼠虽能产生饱食因子 ,但因饱食中枢缺陷而不能对其起反应。1 .肥胖基因的克隆表达及其多态性随着分子生物学技术的出现和发展 ,肥胖基因被克隆测序 ,终于发现了ｏｂ/ｏｂ小鼠的特定基因缺陷 (Ｚｈａｎｇ等 ,1 994) ,由于基因突变 ,ｏｂ/ｏｂ小鼠不能产生瘦蛋白。…     

猪肥胖基因cDNA的克隆与分析

肥胖基因（ａｂ）是近年刚被克隆的新基因,该基因产物Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ是反映体内脂肪含量和调节体重的重信号因子,首次报道猪ｏｂ基因全长序列,并对不同种物ｏｂ基因的同源性进行了比较,以λＵｎｉ－ＺＡＰ＾ＴＭ为载体构建了猪脂肪ｃＤＮＡ文库,根据已知的人和鼠ｏｂ基因序列设计ＰＣＲ引物,利用ＰＣＲ法筛选猪脂肪ｃＤＮＡ文库,并用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ从脂肪ＲＮＡ中扩增的３６６ｂｐ猪ｏｂ基因片段作探针,获得了全长３２７７ｂｐ的     

Leptin的生物学功能概述

Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ（希腊语为Ｌｅｐｔｏｓ，是瘦的意思）是一种新近发现的肥胖基因（ｏｂ基因）的产物，由白脂肪细胞分泌的１６ｋＤ的蛋白质，在啮类动物和人的采食、能量消耗、全身能量平衡的调节方面起重要作用。本文就Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ的生物学功能及其作用机制作一简要概述。     

肥胖基因及其受体

肥胖与Ⅱ型糖尿病,高血压,高脂血症等关系十分密切,近年来相继发现了肥胖基因及其受体（ＯＢ－Ｒ）。小鼠由于肥胖基因突变,导致肥胖表型的出现,而人体中肥胖基因的表达与肥胖呈正相关。小鼠中ＯＢ－Ｒ存在多接剪接形式,其中短胞内区形式的受体认为与肥胖有关,人体中有关受体的研究还很少。     

治疗肥胖的新希望

治疗肥胖的新希望长期以来,肥胖困扰着人类,特别是中老年人。单就美国,每年要花掉３００亿美元对付肥胖,效果仍不满意。最近几位美国学者的卓越研究,为治疗肥胖展现了新希望。研究认为,平衡摄食和能量消耗的机制决定谁肥谁瘦。肥胖基因（ｏｂ基因）就是小鼠调节能量...     

肥胖基因的研究进展

肥胖症是摄食和能耗平衡机制的失调,可引起多种疾病,如Ⅱ型糖尿病、高血压、高血脂和癌症等.肥胖基因的克隆为研究肥胖的机制提供了重要途径.肥胖基因编码消瘦激素,作用于下丘脑,控制代谢、能耗和生殖系统.实验表明,重组的消瘦激素具有使肥胖基因缺陷和神经肽Y缺陷小鼠代谢和体重正常化,恢复肥胖基因缺陷小鼠生育能力等活性.进一步研究肥胖基因作用机制,开发针对各种缺陷的药物,能使肥胖症的治疗成为可能.     

cDNA芯片研发及其在肥胖患者脂肪基因差异表达研究中的应用

为了加快基因功能的研究,利用已有的来源于不同组织的cDNA克隆,并通过交换和购买补充了低丰度和染色体覆盖不完全的部分cDNA,研制开发出具有相当代表性、覆盖较完全的高密度cDNA表达型基因芯片,每张芯片上含有384个质控DNA和12 630个cDNA探针,其中包括12 508个Unigene和122个表达序列标签(EST).利用这些芯片,对肥胖患者及正常人内脏脂肪组织基因表达谱进行了初步研究,并发现在肥胖患者内脏脂肪组织差异表达的基因,其中上调的有与凋亡相关的基因、与免疫有关的基因以及与能量代谢有关的基因等,而下调的主要是与脂肪酸及胆固醇合成有关的基因,对这些基因进一步的功能研究将为阐明肥胖发生机制奠定基础.     

人Leptin和肥胖的研究进展

肥胖已经成为一种社会现象,其发病过程复杂,危害严重。近年来的研究表明,肥胖是一种由食欲和能量调节紊乱引起的疾病,与遗传、环境、膳食结构等多种因素有关,其中基因是主要的决定因素。最近人和小鼠的肥胖基因被相继克隆,发现它能在脂肪组织特异表达,其编码的蛋白Leptin可作用于下丘脑,产生抑制摄食、减轻肥胖、减少体重的作用。此外,它还对生殖系统、造血系统等有调节作用。     

Obesity reduced the gene expressions of leptin receptors in hypothalamus and liver.

The expression of leptin receptor (OB-R) is downregulated by leptin in some cell lines. This study investigated the expressions of leptin receptors at central nerve system and peripheral site in a dietary model of obesity. Rats in the 8 week high-diet and control group were classified based on body weight gain into obese and control groups. Serum leptin and insulin concentrations were measured and gene expressions of short form of leptin receptor (OB-Ra) and long form (OB-Rb) in hypothalamus and liver were detected by RT-PCR. The levels of serum leptin in obese rats were increased compared with control rats (p<0.05). The levels of OB-Ra and OB-Rb gene expressions in both hypothalamus and liver in obese rats were reduced significantly (p<0.01). Serum leptin concentrations of obese rats had a significant negative relationship with both of OB-Ra or OB-Rb gene expression levels in hypothalamus and liver (p<0.01). On the other hand, serum insulin levels had no relationship with OB-Ra or OB-Rb gene expression levels in neither liver nor hypothalamus. Rats with diet-induced obesity have hyperleptinemia and reduced expressions of leptin receptors in hypothalamus and liver. The results suggest that a leptin downregulated OB-R expression is one of leptin resistant mechanisms for maintaining obesity.     

Circumventing central leptin resistance: lessons from central leptin and POMC gene delivery

We identified that leptin resistance in aged-obese rats has both peripheral and central components. The central resistance is characterized by diminished hypothalamic leptin receptors and impaired leptin signal transduction. We developed a new model of leptin-induced leptin resistance in which application of the central leptin gene delivery produces unabated hypothalamic leptin over-expression. The chronic central elevation of leptin precipitates leptin resistance in young animals devoid of obesity and exacerbates it in mature or aged animals with obesity. Despite leptin resistance, our aged obese, DIO, and leptin-induced leptin resistant rats were fully responsive to central pharmacological melanocortin activation. We propose that the central leptin resistance resides between leptin receptor and melanocortin receptor activation. Our central POMC gene therapy overcame leptin resistance, producing weight and fat loss and improved insulin sensitivity in obese Zucker and aged rats. This success highlights the central melanocortin system as a useful drug target for combating obesity.     

Leptin and the Development of Obesity and Diabetes in Psammomys obesus

COLLIER, GREG R, KEN WALDER, PAUL LEWAN DOWSJCI, ANDREW SANIGORSKI, PAUL ZIMMET. Leptin and the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus. The recently discovered ob gene and its circulating product, leptin, may be critical factors in the control of energy balance. Recent studies in ob/ob mice, which lack circulating leptin, have shown dramatic reductions in food intake and bodyweight after leptin treatment. In addition, studies in both humans with obesity and animal models of obesity have demonstrated hyperleptinemia. Here, we report a longitudinal study examining changes in circulating leptin during the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus. Over the 8 weeks of the study, lean animals increased their bodyweight by 154% and leptin levels remained essentially unchanged. In contrast, animals that developed obesity (223 % increase in bodyweight), hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia also developed hyperleptinemia between 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age. These results demonstrate that the development of hyperleptinemia is associated with the development of obesity and subsequent metabolic abnormalities.     

Leptin promoter variant G2548A is associated with serum leptin and HDL-C levels in a case control observational study in association with obesity in a Pakistani cohort

Leptin is a protein hormone synthesized by adipocytes and is involved in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. We hypothesized that any change in the promoter sequence can affect the expression of the gene and hence leptin protein levels in the serum. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship of such a promoter variant of the leptin gene, G-2548A polymorphism, with obesity and its effect on various anthropometric and metabolic parameters in a Pakistani cohort consisting of 250 obese and 225 non-obese control subjects. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured by standard methods and levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLC, LDLC, and leptin were determined. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results showed that the LEP G-2548A polymorphism showed significant association with obesity in Pakistan. In addition, the polymorphism showed association with weight, height, BMI, WC, HDLC and serum leptin levels. The findings suggest that the leptin promoter G-2548A variant may play its part in the progression to obesity by not only affecting the body’s fat distribution but also by changing the serum leptin and HDLC levels.     

No association of PTPN1 polymorphisms with macronutrient intake and measures of adiposity

The protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type1 (PTPN1) gene encodes for the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, which suppresses the signaling pathway of leptin. Variations of the PTPN1 gene may lead to changes in leptin sensitivity and thereby influence eating behavior and measures of obesity. This study investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PTPN1 gene and eating behavior and different measures of obesity, including visceral fat. We used data from a population-based, cross-sectional study of 382 Dutch white men aged 40-80 years. Self-reported macronutrient intake was collected with a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrical measurements included BMI, waist and hip circumference, total lean and fat mass measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and visceral and subcutaneous fat measured with ultrasound. Associations were studied using linear regression analysis. There were no statistically significant associations of SNPs in the PTPN1 gene with dietary phenotypes or measures of obesity.     

Leptin

Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that signals nutritional status to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. Leptin is also synthetized in the placenta and in gastrointestinal tract, although its role in these tissues is not yet clear. Circulating concentrations of leptin exhibit pulsatility and circadian rhythmicity. The levels of plasma leptin vary directly with body mass index and percentage body fat, and leptin contributes to the regulation of body weight. Leptin plasma concentrations are also influenced by metabolic hormones, sex, and body energy requirements. Defects in the leptin signaling pathway result in obesity in animal models. Only a few obese humans have been identified with mutations in the leptin gene or in the leptin receptor; however, most cases of obesity in humans are associated with high leptin levels. Thus, in humans obesity may represent a state of leptin resistance. Minute-to-minute fluctuations in peripheral leptin concentrations influence the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes, indicating that leptin may be a modulator of reproduction, stress-related endocrine function, and behavior. This suggests potential roles for leptin or its antagonists in the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of several human diseases.