甘南尕海湿地退化过程中植被生物量变化及其季节动态

为探讨尕海湿地退化过程中植被生物量变化规律,以尕海泥炭沼泽和沼泽化草甸为例,采用定位样地调查方法,研究了不同退化程度湿地植被生物量的时空分布格局。结果表明,1)随着湿地退化演替,两类湿地植被地上生物量逐渐减小,泥炭沼泽未退化(PⅠ)、退化阶段(PⅡ)地上生物量依次为334.19,290.72 g/m~2,沼泽化草甸未退化(SⅠ)、轻度退化(SⅡ)、中度退化(SⅢ)地上生物量依次为378.40,308.07,261.21 g/m~2;地上生物量季节动态规律均为单峰型,8月中下旬达到峰值;同一湿地类型各退化阶段地上生物量绝对增长率(AGR)和相对增长率(RGR)在同一年份变化趋势基本相同,但不同年份间存在差异,而同一湿地类型不同阶段AGR和RGR的大小存在差异。2)地下生物量也随退化程度加剧显著减小(P0.05),PⅠ,PⅡ地上生物量依次为23081.46,12607.72 g/m~2,SⅠ,SⅡ,SⅢ地下生物量依次为4583.16,3008.63,1290.73 g/m~2;地下生物量季节变化均表现出愈接近生长季始末值愈大;地下生物量由土壤表层向深层显著下降(P0.05),总体呈"T"形分布,0—10cm土层,泥炭沼泽、沼泽化草甸地下生物量都最大,分别占各自总地下生物量50%和70%以上。3)尕海2类高寒湿地5—9月平均根冠比均表现未退化高于退化,根冠比季节动态为越接近生长季始末值越大,生长旺盛季值越小。     

崇明东滩湿地植被演替过程中生物量与氮含量的时空变化

研究了长江口东滩潮滩植物群落各演替阶段优势种的生物量与氮含量的季节变化以及演替过程中的空间变化格局。结果表明,潮滩植被生物量在生长季内随时间呈增长趋势,氮含量则在植被生长初期最大,生长末期最小。在演替过程中,植被总体生物量变化趋势为:演替中期>演替后期>演替早期。植物单位氮含量的变化是:地下部分氮含量随演替呈降低趋势,地上部分氮含量从演替中期开始随演替呈增长趋势。每1 hm2湿地植被氮含量平均值变化趋势为:演替晚期>演替中期>演替早期。根据计算,崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区内芦苇地上部分蓄积的氮含量为227.5 t,互花米草地上部分蓄积的氮含量45.9 t,海三棱草体内蓄积的氮含量为68.2 t。     

高寒草甸土地退化及其恢复重建对植被碳、氮含量的影响

以青海省达日县高寒草甸原生高寒嵩草(Kobresia)草甸封育系统为对照,研究了土地退化对植被生产力的影响,检验了不同人工重建措施(两个人工种植处理:混播(HB)、翻耕单播(DBF)和1个退化草地封育自然恢复处理(NR)及1个退化草地自然状态(SDL))对植被生产力的相对影响程度。结果表明,原生植被封育处理(YF)地上总生物量为265.1 g·m^-2,混播(HB)和翻耕单播(DBF)处理中地上总生物量分别为原生植被封育处理的116%和68%。退化草地封育自然恢复处理(NR)和重度退化自然状态下地上总生物量分别为原生植被封育的76%和53%。YF处理根系生物量远大于其它处理。原生植被封育系统中植被地上部分碳储量为 110.14 g·m^-2,地下根系(0~30 cm)碳储量为2 957 g·m^-2,植被总碳储量为 3 067.14 g·m^-2;重度退化草地系统中植被地上部分碳储量为 57.07 g·m^-2,地下根系(0~30 cm)碳储量为 357 g·m^-2,植被总碳储量为 414.07 g·m^-2。由此可见,高寒草甸严重退化后,通过植物组织流失的碳达到2 653.35 g·m^-2,即86.5%的碳损失;原生植被封育系统植被总氮储量为 56.85 g·m^-2,而重度退化草地植被总氮储量为 18.02 g·m^-2,高寒草甸严重退化使植物组织68.30%氮损失。与重度退化地相比,由于恢复重建措施增加了植物的生物量输入和群落组成,除翻耕单播处理外,其它恢复重建措施均能恢复系统植被的碳氮储量。这些恢复重建措施将会逐步改善土壤的物理和化学特性,最终使这些生态系统逐步由碳源向碳汇方向的转变成为可能。     

崇明东滩湿地高等植被演替特征

研究了崇明东滩湿地植被演替过程中生态特征以及重要值、地上部分生物量、植被地上部分氮含量以及氮容量的季节性变化.结果表明：随着高程的升高,演替早期的代表物种海三棱藨草（Scirpus mariqueter）的重要值逐渐减小,互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）和芦苇（Phragmites australis）的重要值增大.演替过程中植物的生物多样性逐渐增加.3种植物地上部分生物量在生长季节内（3—10月）均呈单峰变化,一般在夏季（7、8月）生物量最大.3种植物地上部分氮含量在生长季节内均呈降低趋势,氮容量在生长季节内呈单峰变化.估算每年崇明东滩保护区内芦苇地上部分蓄积的氮为383.4 t,互花米草为39.3 t,海三棱藨草为50.5 t.     

东祁连山高寒草甸不同退化阶段植被/土壤磷素特征及其与生物量的关系

磷素是高寒草地生态系统的重要支持元素,高寒草甸退化导致较为严重的生态和生产问题,同时也引起了生态系统物质循环的变化。为揭示高寒草甸退化中土壤磷素特征及其对植被特征的效应,以东祁连山轻度(LD)、中度(MD)、重度退化(SD)高寒草甸退化阶段为研究对象,以多年围封高寒草甸(FG)为对照,在春季和夏季分别对不同高寒草甸阶段样地不同土层深度土壤全磷、有效磷、微生物量磷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性等磷素特征进行了研究,并对夏季植被地上生物量和磷素含量等植被特征进行了调查。结果表明：东祁连山高寒草甸退化导致植被地上生物量和磷含量急剧下降,重度退化高寒草甸地上生物量干重仅是围封草地的35.93%,退化高寒草甸地上部磷含量仅为围封草地的60%,且不同退化阶段地上部磷含量没有明显差异。退化导致高寒草甸表层土壤的全磷、有效磷含量升高,相比FG,土壤有效磷含量春季LD、MD和SD分别升高了16.67%、36.67%和3.33%,夏季分别升高了4.35%、26.09%和4.35%,且有效磷含量具有夏季低于春季的季节差异性。退化导致土壤微生物量磷含量明显降低,而对碱性磷酸酶活性影响没有明显的规律性,但围封草地夏季碱性...     

高寒矮嵩草群落退化演替系列氮、磷生态化学计量学特征

运用历史资料与实地调查相结合的方法,以多元数量统计为手段确定采样地点,以空间尺度代替时间尺度,确定演替系列,以生态化学计量学为基础探讨了高寒矮嵩草草甸退化演替系列氮(N)磷(P)含量及化学计量学特征,发现:1)高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤全量N、P含量随退化演替程度的加深而呈倒"V"字形变化趋势,速效N、P含量随退化程度的加深呈降低趋势,但土壤草甸全量及速效N/P化学计量学特征则呈现降低趋势;2)地上植物N/P化学计量学特征在整个退化演替过程没有明显的差异。说明高寒矮嵩草群落退化改变了土壤中全量及速效N、P的积累和分解速率,打破了土壤系统养分平衡模式,但并没有明显改变植物地上部分整体的N/P化学计量学特征,因此在退化演替过程中植物N/P比为草地退化诊断的惰性指标;土壤N/P化学计量学特征变化同草地退化演替过程具有较好的同步性,其对草地退化演替的敏感性较高,有可能成为未来草地退化诊断的生态指示指标。     

放牧干扰下若尔盖高原沼泽湿地植被种类组成及演替模式

以若尔盖高原退化沼泽植被为研究对象,应用多重比较、双因素方差分析、物种累积曲线、PCA排序、方差分解等方法分析了不同放牧压力、放牧季节下物种丰富度、多度、生活型组成、群落演替的变化。结果表明:不同放牧季节物种丰富度格局不尽相同,其中6、9、10月在各牧压梯度间无显著差异,7、8月均以极重度和极度阶段(中生草甸)的最高,原生沼泽的最低。在物种累积速率上,沿牧压梯度以极重度和极度阶段的最高,沿放牧季节以7、8月最高;双因素方差分析结果进一步表明物种丰富度与放牧季节无显著关系,但与放牧压力关系显著。放牧压力和放牧季节共解释了物种多度总方差的47.6%,其中放牧压力解释了50.1%,放牧季节以及二者方差交集均为负值;沿牧压梯度,沼泽植被逆向演替模式倾向于沼泽→草甸,沼泽化草甸阶段不明显,但是演替方向未发生变化,建群种替代规律为:乌拉草→木里苔草→栗褐苔草,生活型组成中直立型植物比例较少,莲座型和匍匐型植物增加。总之,放牧季节对物种丰富度无显著影响,但在一定程度上改变了其牧压梯度格局,降低了物种累积速率。放牧压力改变了群落物种丰富度、生活型组成和演替模式,但放牧可能仅为沼泽植物群落物种多样性格局和演替的驱动力之一。     

放牧对小嵩草草甸生物量及不同植物类群生长率和补偿效应的影响

基于小嵩草(Kobresia parva)草甸连续2 a的牦牛放牧试验,研究了暖季和冷季放牧草场地上地下生物量及其分配规律、不同植物类群的绝对生长率生长率,探讨了放牧制度和放牧强度对不同植物类群补偿效应的影响。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加地上总生物量呈减小趋势,放牧强度对暖季草场地上总生物量的影响极显著（P?0.01）,对冷季草场地上总生物量的影响不显著（P?0.05）;两季放牧草场各土壤层地下生物量随放牧强度的增加呈明显下降趋势,放牧强度对暖季放牧各土壤层地下生物量的影响显著（P?0.05）,对冷季放牧各土壤层地下生物量的影响不显著（P?0.05）;冷季放牧草场牧草生长季地下生物量与地上生物量的比值随放牧强度的增大而减小,暖季放牧草场对照区地下生物量与地上生物量的比值低于轻度放牧和中度放牧、高于重度放牧;暖季放牧草场各放牧处理不同植物类群均存在超补偿生长,但莎草科和禾本科植物的超补偿生长在8月份,阔叶植物的超补偿生长发生在6月和7月份,禾本科植物的超补偿生长效应强于莎草科植物和阔叶植物,轻度和中度放牧的补偿效应更明显;冷季放牧下不同植物类群也存在超补偿生长,但补偿效应不明现。因此,暖季适度（轻、中度）放牧利用更有利于产生超补偿生长,而重度利用对植被的稳定产生潜在的不利影响。     

内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段植物养分化学计量学

对内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段群落土壤养分动态及空间格局、植物养分及其化学计量比时空动态、植物与土壤养分相关性等进行了分析, 以揭示放牧干扰对植物的养分及其化学计量比影响。结果表明: 土壤各养分含量表现为恢复群落略高于严重退化群落, 土壤全氮(STN)/土壤全磷(STP)恢复群落高于严重退化群落, 土壤有机质(SOC)/STN恢复群落低于严重退化群落; 大多数植物叶片C含量在恢复群落最高, 严重退化群落最低, 与恢复演替时间呈正相关, 而植物的全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量则是严重退化群落最高, 恢复群落最低, 与退化程度呈正相关, 且TP含量的变幅明显高于TN含量; 植物叶的N:P和C:N表现为严重退化群落最低, 与退化程度呈负相关; 严重退化群落植物相对于P而言, 总体上表现为缺N; 而恢复群落相对于N而言, 更为缺P, 或同时缺N和P; 群落优势种化学计量学特征对群落演替方向有一定的指示作用。     

呼伦贝尔典型退化草原土壤理化与微生物性状

以内蒙古克鲁伦河流域呼伦贝尔典型草原为对象,设置了轻度、中度和重度退化3种类型样地,研究不同程度退化草原的物种组成、地上生物量、土壤理化性状、土壤微生物数量和酶活性,以及微生物生物量的变化.结果表明: 中度退化样地的群落物种丰富度最大,轻度退化样地的地上生物量显著高于重度退化样地.退化样地的土壤水分、养分(有机质、全氮),微生物量碳、氮,以及微生物数量和酶活性显著下降,土壤容重显著增加.退化样地的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮在128～185和5.6～13.6 g·kg^-1,土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性均与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与土壤全氮、有机质、微生物数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮呈显著正相关,地上生物量与土壤细菌和真菌数量呈不同程度的正相关.     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.     

Role of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the function of generalization in the cat

In chronic experiments on cats contribution of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the organization of the processes of generalization and abstraction was studied by means of alternation method. Electrolytic ablation of the nucleus retarded the learning and impeded the initial stages of formation of the generalization function. Mechanisms of thalamic dementia are discussed.