SPERMIOGENESIS OF THE TELEOST,ORYZIAS LATIPES,WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FORMATION OF FLAGELLAR MEMBRANE *

In the early stage of Oryzias spermiogenesis, an axonemal bud appears at the distal end of a centriole characterized by its electron dense accessories. When the axoneme begins to grow in the cytoplasm, small vesicles come to surround it. These vesicles are similar to those produced by the Golgi apparatus which lies close to the growing axoneme. At this stage, the spermatid cell membranes disappear, causing transformation of the mononuclear spermatids into a multinucleated syncytium. As each axoneme elongates in the syncytium, it is enveloped by a cylindrical array of vesicles which are most likely derived from the Golgi apparatus. Shortly after this stage, the syncytium is again partitioned by cell membranes, restoring the existence of mononuclear spermatids. The arrayed vesicles fuse with each other to form two concentric membranes surrounding the axoneme. The inner membrane becomes the flagellar membrane and the outer one, the membrane of a flagellar sheath. These observations lead to the conclusion that the formation of the flagellar membrane is due to the fusion of vesicles surrounding the axoneme which are derived from the Golgi apparatus. In the course of spermiogenesis, no indication of an acrosomal structure is observed.     

蟋蟀精子形成部分时期尾部超微结构观察

通过对黄脸油葫芦精子尾部形成过程4～10期超微结构的观察,发现该虫精子细胞发育至第6期轴丝微管束9 9 2完整形成;7、8两期精子细胞内一些高尔基体、内质网膜系统结构包绕着轴丝;第9期精子细胞及成熟精子轴丝内副微管、双微管中的A微管、中央单微管内充满小圆柱状纤维;中心粒侧体纤维状,成熟精子的线粒体衍生体内不具纵嵴;细胞质膜外不具发达的糖蛋白套。通过比较发现该虫精子与蝗总科癞蝗科精子类型比较相似,同属于原始类型精子。     

短翅华癞蝗精子发生中尾部的演化过程及与飞蝗有关内容的比较（直翅目：蝗总科）

本文以精子发生中线粒体衍生体的演化为主要线索系统描述了短翅华癞蝗（Ｓｉｎｏｔｍｅ－ｔｈｉｓｂｒａｃｈｙｐｔｅｒｕｓ）精子尾部演化过程,并参照Ｓｚｏｌｌｏｓｉ（１９７５）的文章将整个过程分为１０个阶段。与飞蝗（Ｌｏｃｕｓｔａｍｉｇｒａｔｏｒｉａ）精子发生中尾部演化过程（Ｓｚｏｌｌｏｓｉ,１９７５）相比较,两者间１至６期及９期精细胞尾部结构惊人地相似,而７、８两期精细胞尾部线粒体衍生体周围微管排列及分布有所差异,第１０期即精子的中心粒侧体及线粒体衍生体超微结构有明显不同。     

SPERMIOGENESIS IN THE PULMONATE SNAIL,EUHADRA HICKONIS III. FLAGELLUM FORMATION*

The formation of the flagellum in the spermatid of the Japanese land snail, Euhadra hickonis, is introduced by the appearance of a central indentation in the differentiated posterior side of the spherical nucleus early in spermiogenesis. One centriole moves to this part of the cell, changes in several structural respects and acquires a short-lived “centriole adjunct”. At first it lies tangential to the nuclear surface as it begins to induce formation of the flagellar axoneme; then it turns so that its proximal end fits into the deepening nuclear indentation (“implantation fossa”). Cytoplasmic tubules appear to mediate this shift in direction. Internal changes in the centriolar components begin as it initiates formation of the axoneme, and continue throughout spermiogenesis. First, a dense “cap” forms at its proximal end, the microtubular triplets become doublets and a pair of singlets occupies the center of the complex. All these microtubules extend from the dense cap and are continuous with those of the axoneme. As the basal body (modified centriole) becomes set in the implantation fossa, the material of the centriole adjunct forms 9 strands, which are continuous with the peripheral coarse fibers when these develop. The microtubular doublets of the basal body are visible for a short time between the fiber strands; in the mature spermatozoon they are found embedded in the basal body portions of the coarse fibers in a degenerated form. Posterior to the basal body, however, they separate from the inner sides of the striated coarse fibers and become the doublets of the axoneme. The proximal part of the elongating axoneme lies in a posterior extension of the cell, in which glycogen particles and mitochondria are conspicuous. As the mitochondria unite into a sheath tightly surrounding the axoneme, the structure of their cristae changes to form a paracrystal-line “mitochondria derivative”, which consists of many layers close to the nucleus and progressively fewer posteriorly. Outside of this “primary sheath”, more modified mitochondria unite to form a “secondary sheath” of paracrystalline lamellae which encloses a compartment, filled with glycogen particles, that extends in a low-pitched helix nearly to the end of the flagellum. In the late spermatid, microtubules become arranged at regular intervals around the nucleus and secondary sheath of the flagellum for a short period while the remaining cytoplasm and spermatid organelles such as the Golgi complex are being discarded. The flagellum of the mature spermatozoon is 250–300 μm in length, tapering gradually from a diameter of ca 1 μm just behind the nucleus to less than 0.3 μm at its tip, as the result of reduction in the amount of stored glycogen, the number of paracrystalline lamellae and the diameter of the peripheral fibers.     

日本鳗鲡精子形成过程中的形态结构特点

本文通过扫描电镜、透射电镜观察了日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）精子形成的特殊过程及产生细胞器的特殊结构。由精细胞变成精子包括四个特殊阶段,即经过早期、中期、晚期和精子期．最后形成正常成熟的精子．（1）早期阶段：其特征是细胞核由椭圆形逐步变成长条形;在细胞核的一端．有一个大的圆的染色较浅的形状似球形的特殊结构,约占细胞核的三分之一,其内含有少量着色深的颗粒状和线条状物质,外面由质膜包被着与细胞核分开,该结构和细胞核的外层还有一层质膜包着形成一个整体：精子早期阶段没有形成独立的线粒体和中心粒。（2）中期阶段：其特征是细胞核呈长条形．有球形结构的一端成为细胞核的上端,无球形结构的一端成为细胞核的下端,在下端出现鞭毛的原基;球形结构伴随着精子的发生也发生变化,内部逐步分化出中心粒和线粒体等细胞器：在细胞核的中段有明显的溶酶体分布。（3）晚期阶段：其特征是细胞核呈“眉形”或“新月形”．中心粒从球形结构中释放出来形成独立结构．球形结构中只剩下还没有形成独立结构的线粒体：在细胞核的下端鞭毛的原基处长出较长的鞭毛,这时期的精子已具有运动能力。（4）精子期：其特征是细胞核呈圆形,中心粒位于植入窝内,线粒体分布在细胞核的下面．在线粒体的下面有袖套腔形成,此时形成的鞭毛为“9＋2”结构。日本鳗鲡精子经过四个时期的变态．才能形成真正成熟的精子。     

SPERMIOGENESIS IN THE PULMONATE SNAIL, EUHADRA HICKONIS II. STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE NUCLEUS

In accordance with the characteristic shape of the nucleus and degree of condensation of the nuclear substance, spermiogenesis in Euhadra hickonis can be roughly divided into four stages. The chromatin in the highly polymorphic nucleus of the first stage, early spermatid, forms relatively thick (ca. 50 nm) fibrils which associate here and there into irregular clumps. In the next stage, the spermatid nucleus becomes conspicuously spherical, its contents appear more finely homogeneous and the irregular clumps of chromatin are few. In the third stage, the nucleus gradually takes on an ellipsoidal shape as the antero-posterior axis shortens. The anterior part of its envelope becomes structurally modified in preparation for the adherence to it of the developing acrosome, and an implantation fossa forms posteriorly at the center of a second area where the nuclear envelope has been modified. The diameter of the chromatin fibrils again increases and those near the implantation fossa become oriented perpendicular to the nuclear envelope.
As the nucleus elongates in the fourth stage, a concentric sheath of microtubules closely surrounds it. These appear to depolymerize as the nuclear elongation proceeds, so that they are no longer present in the head region of the mature spermatozoon. The diameter of the chromatin fibrils increases to about 10 nm and they become oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell. With the decrease in the nuclear volume the fibrils unite laterally to form longitudinal sheets, and these finally merge in the mature spermatozoon into a mass of very dense chromatin without perceptible internal structure.     

中国雨蛙精子形成的研究

中国雨蛙的精子形成过程中,细胞核的浓缩经历了５个时期。从第１期进入第２期,染色质纤维增粗并聚集成卷曲的柱状结构。从第２期进入第３期,染色质纤维进一步增粗,细胞核逐渐伸直成柱状。进入第４期,染色质紧密聚集,纤维之间间隙很小。进入第５期,染色质纤维聚集成均匀的致密结构。伴随着染色质的浓缩,核膜数次更新,核内不参与浓缩的物质渐次从核中排出,核中出现一串核泡。顶体在染色质未浓缩之前（第１期）开始分化,由一     

MORPHOGENESIS OF THE AXONEME IN THE SPERMATOCYTE OF COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA LINNAEUS

Abstract  Using cell whole mount preparation, early morphogenesis and ultrastructure of the axoneme of Coccinella septempunctata L. spermatocyte were investigated by transmission electron microscope. During spermatogenesis two pairs of basal body-axoneme complexes originated from centrioles are found in the spermatocyte and they are separated completely from each other at interkinesis. The centriolar adjunct begins to generate while a basal body-axoneme complex is attached to the nuclear envelope of a spermatid nucleus, and it, on the proximal end of a growing axoneme, reaches a maximum before chromatin condensation. The growing axoneme is accompanied by the condensable nucleus elongation. The early axoneme of a basal body-axoneme complex consists nine doublets with only inner and outer dynein arms, no central microtubules.     

SPERMIOGENESIS IN BARNACLES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ORGANIZATION OF THE ACCESSORY BODY*

Ultrastructural changes during spermiogenesis in the barnacles, Balanus amphitrite albicostatus, Balanus tintinnabulum rosa, Balanus trigonus and Tetraclita squamosa japonica, and organization of the sperm with special reference to the accessory body were studied. The Golgi complex organizes both the acrosome and the accessory body at different stages during spermiogenesis; the former is formed at the mid-spermatid stage and the latter is formed at the late spermatid stage. The arrangement of the components in the mature filiform sperm is quite unique, with the acrosome, the basal body just behind the acrosome, the axial filament parallel to a long nucleus, and a slender long mitochondrion behind the nucleus. The sperm in the anterior and posterior half of the ejaculatory duct differ from each other in form in that the sperm in the anterior duct are not equipped with the accessory body and the sperm in the posterior duct are. The accessory body can be artificially broken down by some treatments (1 M urea, alkaline sea water: pH 9.0-9.7, low ionic concentration of sea water). The loss of the accessory body from the sperm is assumed to be related to the ferti-lizability of the sperm.     

褶纹冠蚌精子发生的研究

光镜和透射电镜研究结果表明：褶纹冠蚌精子发生是非同步的,精子发生经历了一系列重要的形态和结构变化,主要包括：核逐步延长、染色质浓缩、线粒体逐渐发达与融合、胞质消除以及鞭毛的形成。精原细胞胞质中含有许多致密的轴纤丝,它们后来形成鞭毛轴丝。精母细胞质中含有线粒体、中心粒、内质网和电子透明的囊泡。精细胞分化为４个时期。成熟精子属原始类型,由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。多核结构和细胞间桥自始至终存在于精子     

七星瓢虫精母细胞内轴丝的形态发生(英文)

应用细胞整装技术研究了七星瓢虫精子轴丝的早期形态发生和超微结构。在精子发生期间,起源于中心粒的两对基体—轴丝复合体出现在精母细胞内,在分裂间期它们彼此完全分离。当基体—轴丝复合体附着于精细胞核的核膜上,中心粒附体开始发生于生长轴丝的近心端,在染色质凝聚前中心粒附体最大。生长着的轴丝伴随着凝聚细胞核伸长。一个早期基体—轴丝复合体的轴丝是由具有内、外动力蛋白臂的9个双微管组成,缺少中央微管。     

拟异蚖和古蚖精子的超微形态和精子形成的研究(原尾目:古蚖科)

余山拟异蚖和3种古蚖的精子均为扁圆形,未见顶体,线粒体集中在一侧;核呈环形、边位、中部由膜状体分布其间.领结古蚖的早期精细胞为球形,染色质凝集成团,继而核中裂并沿细胞赤道逐渐围绕成环,染色质呈细沙状,胞间有“桥”相通.核膜一端开始内陷,出现黑点.待发育到中期精细胞,这些黑点逐渐形成奇特的管状核膜陷体;染色质变成短线形,随后排成4—5行.线粒体颗粒状,细胞间仍有“桥”连通.晚期精细胞的染色质凝集成粗带,最后形成光滑质密的核,而多余的核物质,一段一段从精子一端脱离,形成一串孢囊状体夹在精子之间,待精子成熟游离时,这些孢状体分散开来.从观察结果表明拟异蚖精子与古蚖的非常相近.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NUCLEI DURING SPERMIOGENESIS IN THE HOUSE CRICKET : I. Initial Stages of Differentiation and the Loss of Nonhistone Protein

The early stages of nuclear differentiation in spermatids of the house cricket are described with regard to the fine structural elements and chemical components which occur. Particular attention is given to the loss of nonhistone protein from the nucleus and its relation to chromatin structure. Granular elements about 25 to 80 mµ in diameter, and fibers about 8 mµ in diameter occur in the earliest spermatid nucleus. The fibers are found in diffuse and condensed chromatin while granules are found only in diffuse material. DNA and histone parallel the chromatin fibers in distribution, while nonhistone protein and RNA parallel the granules in distribution. The granules and most of the nonhistone protein are lost, simultaneously, after the early spermatid stage. The protein loss occurs without detectable change in the structure of chromatin fibers. Chromatin fibers first show a structural change in mid spermiogenesis, when they become thicker and very contorted. Unusually thin fibers (about 5 mµ) also appear in mid spermatid nuclei; they are apparently composed of nonhistone protein and free of DNA and histone.     

CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX

Studies by eminent surgeons to reevaluate the place of radical operations in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix—now that extensive procedures have become less hazardous—apparently have led to confusion in some minds as to choice between surgical and radiation therapy. Pending outcome of the studies, general employment of surgical treatment is unwarranted. Radiation is the treatment of choice in most cases, particularly if the lesion is in an early stage, although radical operation is indicated in certain rare early cases in which delivery of an effective dose of radiation to involved areas is technically difficult. Elsewise it appears at present that operation should be used only in cases of stages III or IV carcinoma—in which results by either means of treatment are poor.One hundred and seven patients were treated with a combination of x-ray and radium irradiation. X-ray was used first to reduce the hazard of implanting the radium. The “five-year arrest” rates were as follows: For 22 patients with stage I lesion, 70 per cent; for 31 with stage II, 55.7 per cent; 33 with stage III, 39.7 per cent; 21 with stage IV, 0. Eighteen patients with diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix who had had subtotal hysterectomy were treated. The stage of the disease could not be determined. In this group the five-year arrest rate was 52 per cent.     

STUDIES ON THE MICROTUBULES IN HELIOZOA : V. Factors Controlling the Organization of Microtubules in the Axonemal Pattern in Echinosphaerium (Actinosphaerium) nucleofilum

On the assumption that the double-coiled pattern of microtubules in the axoneme of Echinosphaerium might be due to links of two sizes between adjacent microtubules, we disassembled microtubules with low temperature and then carefully analyzed the patterns of microtubules that formed upon the addition of heat (22°C) or heat and D₂O. Although most of the initial clusters of microtubules that formed could not be interpreted as part of an axoneme, the spacings between these microtubules were the same as that in the axoneme, 70 and 300 A. By model building we were able to show that all clusters that form, including stages in the formation of the axoneme and its 12-fold symmetry, could be explained by links of two sizes (70 and 300 A) and the substructure of the microtubule. We could demonstrate these links with improved staining methods. We suggest that nonaxonemal assemblies of microtubules may be eliminated by the natural selection of the most energetically stable configuration of microtubules, all others undergoing disassembly under equilibrium conditions. Model building further supports this suggestion since the model axoneme possesses more links per tubule than any other cluster found.     

褐菖■精细胞晚期的变化及精子结构研究

本文研究卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖（Ｓｅｂａｓｔｉｓｃｕｓｍａｒｍｏｒａｔｕｓ）精细胞的成熟变化和精子结构。褐菖精细胞发育晚期已具有硬骨鱼类精子的结构雏形：细胞核的背面较平坦,腹面稍外鼓,呈弧面;染色质浓缩成团块状,核的腹侧和后端的染色质较致密;中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和基体组成,近端中心粒和基体排成“Ｌ”形;近端中心粒向细胞核的背侧伸出中心粒附属物,中心粒附属物由９条微管组成,９条微管围成一筒状结构,类似轴丝。在晚期精细胞形成精子的过程中,中心粒附属物和近端中心粒相继退缩以至消失不见,同时细胞核后端的形状也随着发生变化。中心粒附属物和近端中心粒的相继消失可以看作是成熟的最后标志。精子的中心粒复合体由基体及其上方的基体帽组成,袖套接于核的后端,其中约有３０～４０个线粒体;鞭毛从袖套腔中伸出,鞭毛的中心结构是轴丝;轴丝外方为细胞质形成的侧鳍,在鞭毛的近核段,轴丝两侧的侧鳍较宽且不对称。     

大黄鱼精子的超微结构

大黄鱼的精子由头产和尾部两部分组成。头部结构较为独特,其腹侧有一较大的细胞核,背部有中心粒复合体。头部的后端是袖套。细胞核的腹面稍向外突出背面则稍向内凹。细胞核中的染以质浓缩成致密的团块状。团块状的染色质之间分布着松散的纤维状染色质。植入窝位于细胞核的背部表面,由细胞核背面向内凹陷而成,呈一沟状,其走向与精子的长轴平行。     

不同生长阶段遮荫对番茄光合作用、干物质分配与叶N、P、K的影响

对番茄植株做了两种不同程度的遮荫处理,观测了夏季午间遮荫对光合速率,干物质积累量及其在根,茎,叶之间的分配,和叶N,P,K的含量以及经济产量的影响,发现不同时期遮荫影响不同。（1）遮荫增加三个阶段（开花早期,盛花期和开花后期）的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,显著降低开花早期中午的净化合速率,但盛花期中度遮荫（40%遮荫）使净光合速率随着时间的增加逐渐上升,在开花后期表现更加明显,平均净光合速率比对照高20%以上,蒸腾速率也增加较多。（2）开花早期和盛花期重度遮荫（如本实验中的75%遮荫）显著降低根,茎的干重,而开花后期中度遮荫的根,茎干重高于对照,但遮荫对叶干重的影响不明显。（3）开花早期和盛花期遮荫不明显影响叶片中N,P,K的含量,但开花后期中度遮荫使N,P,K含量增加,（4）开花早期两种遮荫对果实产量影响较小,但盛花期重度遮荫使产量降低,全部产量中无效部分所占的比例上升,开花后期中度遮荫的总产量和有效产量增加,单果重也增加,这些结果表明,在某些时期中度遮荫可以克服夏天辐射过强,气温过高对番茄的不良影响,对番茄生长,干物质积累和提高产量等有利,在生产上有意义。