Lysosomal enzyme oligosaccharide phosphorylation in mouse lymphoma cells: specificity and kinetics of binding to the mannose 6-phosphate receptor in vivo

Phosphomannosyl residues on lysosomal enzymes serve as an essential component of the recognition marker necessary for binding to the mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P) receptor and translocation to lysosomes. The high mannose-type oligosaccharide units of lysosomal enzymes are phosphorylated by the following mechanism: N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate is transferred to the 6 position of a mannose residue to form a phosphodiester; then N- acetylglucosamine is removed to expose a phosphomonoester. We examined the kinetics of this phosphorylation pathway in the murine lymphoma BW5147.3 cell line to determine the state of oligosaccharide phosphorylation at the time the newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes bind to the receptor. Cells were labeled with [2-(3)H]mannose for 20 min and then chased for various times up to 4 h. The binding of newly synthesized glycoproteins to the Man 6-P receptor was followed by eluting the bound ligand with Man 6-P. Receptor-bound material was first detected at 30 min of chase and reached a maximum at 60 min of chase, at which time approximately 10 percent of the total phosphorylated oligosaccharides were associated with the receptor. During longer chase times, the total quantity of cellular phosphorylated oligosaccharides decreased with a half-time of 1.4 h, suggesting that the lysosomal enzymes had reached their destination and had been dephosphorylated. The structures of the phosphorylated aligosaccharides of the eluted ligand were then determined and compared with the phosphorylated oligosaccharides of molecules which were not bond to the receptor. The major phosphorylated oligosaccharide species present in the nonreceptor-bound material contained a single phosphosphodiester at all time examined. In contrast, receptor-bound oligosaccharides were greatly enriched in species possessing one and two phosphomonoesters. These results indicate that binding of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes to the Man 6-P receptor occurs only after removal of the covering N- acetylglucosamine residues.     

Expression of the yeast aspartyl protease, proteinase A. Phosphorylation and binding to the mannose 6-phosphate receptor are altered by addition of cathepsin D sequences

Proteinase A, a yeast aspartyl protease that is highly homologous to the mammalian lysosomal aspartyl protease, cathepsin D, was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and its biosynthesis and post-translational modifications were characterized. While 29-45% of the proteinase A was secreted from oocytes, approximately 37% of the cell-associated proteinase A underwent proteolytic cleavage, characteristic of delivery to a lysosomal organelle. Although proteinase A is not targeted to the yeast vacuole by a mannose 6-phosphate receptor-dependent pathway, 2-5% of the proteinase A molecules expressed in oocytes bound to a Man-6-P receptor column. However, analysis of its [2-3H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharides revealed that 14-23% of these units contain phosphomannosyl residues. A hybrid molecule (H6), in which the propiece and first 12 amino acids of proteinase A were changed to the cathepsin D sequence, was also expressed in oocytes. The binding of H6 to the Man-6-P receptor was approximately 12-fold greater than observed for proteinase A. This increased level of receptor binding could be accounted for by three factors: 1) a small increase in the total amount of phosphorylated oligosaccharides, 2) an increase in the number of oligosaccharides which acquire two phosphomonoesters, and 3) the presence of a greater percentage of oligosaccharides with one phosphomonoester which exhibit high affinity binding to the Man-6-P receptor. These results demonstrate that proteinase A is recognized by UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase. However, this interaction is altered by the addition of cathepsin D sequences, resulting in the generation of a higher affinity ligand for binding to the Man-6-P receptor.     

Interaction of Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomal enzymes with the mammalian phosphomannosyl receptor. The importance of oligosaccharides which contain phosphodiesters

Mammalian cell lysosomal enzymes or phosphorylated oligosaccharides derived from them are endocytosed by a phosphomannosyl receptor (PMR) found on the surface of fibroblasts. Various studies suggest that 2 residues of Man-6-P in phosphomonoester linkage but not diester linkage (PDE) are essential for a high rate of uptake. The lysosomal enzymes of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum are also recognized by the PMR on these cells; however, none of the oligosaccharides from these enzymes contain 2 phosphomonoesters. Instead, most contain multiple sulfate esters and 2 residues of Man-6-P in an unusual PDE linkage. In this study I have tried to account for the unexpected highly efficient uptake of the slime mold enzymes. The results show that nearly all of the alpha-mannosidase molecules contain the oligosaccharides required for uptake, and that each tetrameric, holoenzyme molecule has sufficient carbohydrate for an average of 10 Man8GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides. None of the oligosaccharides or glycopeptides from the lysosomal enzymes bind to an immobilized PMR, but those with 2 PDE show slight interaction. Competition of 125I-beta-glucosidase uptake by various carbohydrate-containing fractions indicates that the best inhibitors are those with 2 PDE, either with or without sulfate esters. Furthermore, the uptake of a lysosomal enzyme isolated from a mutant strain (modA), which produces oligosaccharides with only 1 but not 2 PDE, is about 10-fold less than the uptake of wild-type enzyme which has predominantly 2 PDE. Complete denaturation of 125I-labeled wild-type beta-glucosidase in sodium dodecyl sulfate/dithiothreitol also reduces its uptake by about 10-fold. Taken together, these results suggest that the interactions of multiple, weakly binding oligosaccharides, especially those with 2 PDE, are important for the high rate of uptake of the slime mold enzymes. The conformation of the protein may be important in orienting the oligosaccharides in a favorable position for binding to the PMR.     

Basis for low affinity binding of a lysosomal cysteine protease to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor

In cultured mouse fibroblasts, secretion of the lysosomal cysteine protease, MEP (major excreted protein) is regulated by growth factors and viral transformation. The ability of this protein to be regulated has been attributed to its intrinsic low affinity for the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor (Dong, J., Prence, E. M., and Sahagian, G. G. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7377-7383). In this study, the basis for this low affinity was examined. Chromatography on a cation-independent Man-6-P receptor affinity matrix was used to assess relative affinities of Man-6-P-containing oligosaccharides and proteins, and the state of phosphorylation of the oligosaccharides was determined by ion exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. MEP proteins synthesized by normal NIH 3T3 cells or NIH cells transformed with Kirsten sarcoma virus displayed a similar low affinity for the receptor and were found to possess oligosaccharide species with two phosphomonoester moieties. The affinity of these oligosaccharides for the receptor was the same as intact MEP protein and as great as phosphorylated oligosaccharides obtained from lysosomal proteins with the usual high affinity for the receptor. These results indicate that the polypeptide portion of MEP has no effect on binding of the protein to the receptor and that the difference in affinity of MEP and lysosomal proteins with high affinity cannot be attributed to differences in oligosaccharide structure. To investigate this further, we examined the binding characteristics of MEP made by CHO cells. In contrast to mouse MEP, CHO MEP bound to the receptor with high affinity. Partial endoglycosidase H treatment indicated that CHO MEP has two phosphorylated oligosaccharides, whereas the mouse protein has only one. Both oligosaccharides of the CHO cell protein contained two phosphomonoester moieties and displayed an affinity for the receptor that was indistinguishable from that of oligosaccharides of the mouse protein. Conversion of CHO MEP to a one-oligosaccharide species by partial endoglycosidase H treatment produced a protein that displayed low affinity binding similar to that of mouse MEP. A substantial portion of the pool of CHO cell lysosomal protein was also converted to a low affinity ligand by this treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that high affinity binding to the cation-independent receptor involves a divalent interaction with lysosomal proteins that contain two or more phosphorylated oligosaccharides, and that the low affinity of MEP results from an inability to form this multivalent interaction.     

Structural insights into the mechanism of pH-dependent ligand binding and release by the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) is a key component of the lysosomal enzyme targeting system that binds newly synthesized mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P)-containing acid hydrolases and transports them to endosomal compartments. The interaction between the MPRs and its ligands is pH-dependent; the homodimeric CD-MPR binds lysosomal enzymes optimally in the pH environment of the trans Golgi network (pH approximately 6.5) and releases its cargo in acidic endosomal compartments (相似文献   

Mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated endocytosis of acid hydrolases: internalization of beta-glucuronidase is accompanied by a limited dephosphorylation

Endocytosis of acid hydrolases via the cell surface mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P) receptor results in the delivery of the enzymes to lysosomes. To examine the fate of the ligand-associated phosphorylated high mannose oligosaccharides, we have analyzed the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides attached to beta-glucuronidase after uptake and processing by Man 6-P receptor-positive mouse L cells. beta-Glucuronidase, double-labeled with [2-3H]mannose and [35S]methionine, was isolated from the growth medium of mouse P388D1 cells. 80% of the [3H]mannose associated with the secreted enzyme was recovered as high mannose-type oligosaccharides, and 24-37% of these units were phosphorylated. Three species of phosphorylated oligosaccharides were identified; high mannose-type units containing either one or two phosphomonoesters, and hybrid-type units containing one phosphomonoester and one sialic acid residue. After endocytosis by the L cells, the beta-glucuronidase molecules migrated faster on an SDS gel, suggesting that the enzymes had been processed within lysosomes. Examination of the cell-associated beta-glucuronidase molecules indicated that: (a) the percentage of phosphorylated oligosaccharides remained comparable to the input form of the enzyme, even after a 24-h chase period, (b) the presence of a single species of phosphorylated oligosaccharide that contained one phosphomonoester, and (c) the positioning of the phosphate within the intracellular monophosphorylated species was comparable to the positioning of the phosphate within the two phosphomonoester species originally secreted by the P388D1 cells. Therefore, the internalized beta-glucuronidase molecules undergo a limited dephosphorylation; oligosaccharides containing two phosphomonoesters are converted to monophosphorylated species, but the one phosphomonoester forms are conserved. A comparison of the phosphorylated oligosaccharides recovered from ligands internalized by the L cells at 37 degrees and 20 degrees C indicated that: (a) molecules internalized at 20 degrees C retain a higher percentage of phosphorylated structures; and (b) at both temperatures the predominant phosphorylated oligosaccharide contains a single phosphomonoester group. The results indicate that the Man 6-P recognition marker persists after endocytosis and delivery to lysosomes and support the possibility that the limited dephosphorylation of the oligosaccharides may occur en route to these organelles.     

Domain 5 of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor preferentially binds phosphodiesters (mannose 6-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine ester)

The 300 kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and the 46 kDa cation-dependent MPR (CD-MPR) are key components of the lysosomal enzyme targeting system that bind newly synthesized mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P)-containing acid hydrolases and divert them from the secretory pathway. Previous studies have mapped two high-affinity Man-6-P binding sites of the CI-MPR to domains 1-3 and 9 and one low-affinity site to domain 5 within its 15-domain extracytoplasmic region. A structure-based sequence alignment predicts that domain 5 contains the four conserved residues (Gln, Arg, Glu, Tyr) identified as essential for Man-6-P binding by the CD-MPR and domains 1-3 and 9 of the CI-MPR. Here we show by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses of constructs containing single amino acid substitutions that these conserved residues (Gln-644, Arg-687, Glu-709, Tyr-714) are critical for carbohydrate recognition by domain 5. Furthermore, the N-glycosylation site at position 711 of domain 5, which is predicted to be located near the binding pocket, has no influence on the carbohydrate binding affinity. Endogenous ligands for the MPRs that contain solely phosphomonoesters (Man-6-P) or phosphodiesters (mannose 6-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine ester, Man-P-GlcNAc) were generated by treating the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) with recombinant GlcNAc-phosphotransferase and uncovering enzyme (N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase). SPR analyses using these modified GAAs demonstrate that, unlike the CD-MPR or domain 9 of the CI-MPR, domain 5 exhibits a 14-18-fold higher affinity for Man-P-GlcNAc than Man-6-P, implicating this region of the receptor in targeting phosphodiester-containing lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome.     

A novel pathway for phosphorylated oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Identification of an oligosaccharide-specific phosphate methyltransferase in dictyostelium discoideum.

The N-linked oligosaccharides on three lysosomal enzymes in Dictyostelium discoideum were found to contain mannose 6-phosphomethyl residues. We have identified and partially characterized a novel S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase that is probably responsible for the synthesis of this unusual diester from Man-6-P. The enzyme selectively methylates the phosphate group of Man-6-P (Km 4.3 mM). Glucose-6-P and fructose-1-P are relatively poor acceptors; however, the enzyme is inactive against a broad array of other phosphorylated compounds. Using model di-, tri-, and pentasaccharide acceptors that include portions of the three different branches of high mannose-type oligosaccharides, we found that the enzyme prefers terminal alpha 1----2-linked Man-6-P residues (Km 0.15-1.25 mM) found on the known phosphorylated branches. The enzyme is membrane bound, has a neutral pH optimum and cofractionates on sucrose gradients with GlcNAc-1-P transferase, which resembles its mammalian counterpart, and is, presumably, the first enzyme in the phosphorylation pathway. Based on the substrate specificity and colocalization with GlcNAc-1-P transferase, the phosphate methyltransferase is likely to be responsible for the generation of mannose-6-phosphomethyldiester on Dictyostelium oligosaccharides.     

Glycan Microarray Analysis of P-type Lectins Reveals Distinct Phosphomannose Glycan Recognition

The specificity of the cation-independent and -dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptors (CI-MPR and CD-MPR) for high mannose-type N-glycans of defined structure containing zero, one, or two Man-P-GlcNAc phosphodiester or Man-6-P phosphomonoester residues was determined by analysis on a phosphorylated glycan microarray. Amine-activated glycans were covalently printed on N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated glass slides and interrogated with different concentrations of recombinant CD-MPR or soluble CI-MPR. Neither receptor bound to non-phosphorylated glycans. The CD-MPR bound weakly or undetectably to the phosphodiester derivatives, but strongly to the phosphomonoester-containing glycans with the exception of a single Man7GlcNAc2-R isomer that contained a single Man-6-P residue. By contrast, the CI-MPR bound with high affinity to glycans containing either phospho-mono- or -diesters although, like the CD-MPR, it differentially recognized isomers of phosphorylated Man7GlcNAc2-R. This differential recognition of phosphorylated glycans by the CI- and CD-MPRs has implications for understanding the biosynthesis and targeting of lysosomal hydrolases.     

Cation-independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor: A COMPOSITE OF DISTINCT PHOSPHOMANNOSYL BINDING SITES*

The 300-kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), which contains multiple mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) binding sites that map to domains 3, 5, and 9 within its 15-domain extracytoplasmic region, functions as an efficient carrier of Man-6-P-containing lysosomal enzymes. To determine the types of phosphorylated N-glycans recognized by each of the three carbohydrate binding sites of the CI-MPR, a phosphorylated glycan microarray was probed with truncated forms of the CI-MPR. Surface plasmon resonance analyses using lysosomal enzymes with defined N-glycans were performed to evaluate whether multiple domains are needed to form a stable, high affinity carbohydrate binding pocket. Like domain 3, adjacent domains increase the affinity of domain 5 for phosphomannosyl residues, with domain 5 exhibiting ∼60-fold higher affinity for lysosomal enzymes containing the phosphodiester Man-P-GlcNAc when in the context of a construct encoding domains 5–9. In contrast, domain 9 does not require additional domains for high affinity binding. The three sites differ in their glycan specificity, with only domain 5 being capable of recognizing Man-P-GlcNAc. In addition, domain 9, unlike domains 1–3, interacts with Man₈GlcNAc₂ and Man₉GlcNAc₂ oligosaccharides containing a single phosphomonoester. Together, these data indicate that the assembly of three unique carbohydrate binding sites allows the CI-MPR to interact with the structurally diverse phosphorylated N-glycans it encounters on newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes.     

Protein determinants impair recognition of procathepsin L phosphorylated oligosaccharides by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor

Cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is the major excreted protein of transformed mouse NIH 3T3 cells. Previous studies have shown that asparagine-linked oligosaccharides associated with the secreted hydrolase contain mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P), the recognition marker for transport of newly synthesized acid hydrolases to lysosomes. To investigate the mechanism by which cathepsin L evades targeting to lysosomes, we determined the structure of the enzyme's oligosaccharides and analyzed its interaction with the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-PCl) receptor. Oligosaccharides associated with procathepsin L isolated from the medium of [3H]mannose-labeled J774 cells were remarkably homogeneous; all of the radiolabeled structures were high mannose-type units that contained two phosphomonoesters and 7 mannose residues. Both the alpha 1,3- and alpha 1,6-branches of the oligosaccharides were phosphorylated. Oligosaccharides released by endoglycosidase H from [3H]mannose-labeled procathepsin L bound to a Man 6-PCl receptor affinity column. Despite the high affinity binding of these oligosaccharides, the intact glycoprotein was not a good ligand for the Man 6-PCl receptor. Procathepsin L was internalized poorly by Man 6-P receptor-mediated endocytosis and the purified acid protease interacted weakly with a Man 6-PCl affinity column. In contrast, pro-beta-glucuronidase (another acid hydrolase produced by J774 cells) was an excellent ligand for the Man 6-PCl receptor as judged by the endocytosis and affinity chromatographic assays. Phosphorylated oligosaccharides associated with the J774-secreted pro-beta-glucuronidase were heterogeneous and contained both mono- and diphosphorylated species. Tryptic glycopeptides generated from [3H]mannose-labeled procathepsin L, unlike the intact protein, were excellent ligands for the Man 6-PCl receptor. The results indicate that oligosaccharides associated with procathepsin L are processed uniformly to diphosphorylated species that bind with high affinity to the Man 6-PCl receptor. Protein determinants inherent within the intact acid hydrolase, however, inhibit the high affinity binding of these oligosaccharides and, as a result, impair the interaction of procathepsin L with the receptor.     

Dimerization of the insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF2R) interacts with lysosomal enzymes through two binding domains in its extracytoplasmic domain. We report in the accompanying article (Byrd, J. C., and MacDonald, R. G. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18638-18646) that only one of the two extracytoplasmic mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) binding domains is necessary for high affinity Man-6-P ligand binding, suggesting that, like the cation-dependent Man-6-P receptor, oligomerization of the IGF2R contributes to high affinity interaction with lysosomal enzymes. In the present study, we have directly characterized both naturally occurring and engineered forms of the IGF2R for their ability to form oligomeric structures. Whereas gel filtration chromatography suggested that purified bovine IGF2R species exist in a monomeric form, native gel electrophoresis allowed for the separation of dimeric and monomeric forms of the receptors with distinct phosphomannosyl ligand binding characteristics. The ability of the IGF2R to form oligomeric complexes was confirmed and localized to the extracytoplasmic domain through the use of epitope-tagged soluble IGF2R constructs bearing deletions of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Finally, chimeric receptors were engineered containing the extracytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the IGF2R fused to the cytoplasmic domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor with which dimerization of the chimeras could be monitored by measuring autophosphorylation. Collectively, these results show that the IGF2R is capable of forming oligomeric complexes, most likely dimers, in the absence of Man-6-P ligands.     

Strategies for carbohydrate recognition by the mannose 6-phosphate receptors

The two members of the P-type lectin family, the 46 kDa cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) and the 300 kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), are ubiquitously expressed throughout the animal kingdom and are distinguished from all other lectins by their ability to recognize phosphorylated mannose residues. The best-characterized function of the MPRs is their ability to direct the delivery of approximately 60 different newly synthesized soluble lysosomal enzymes bearing mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) on their N-linked oligosaccharides to the lysosome. In addition to its intracellular role in lysosome biogenesis, the CI-MPR, but not the CD-MPR, participates in a number of other biological processes by interacting with various molecules at the cell surface. The list of extracellular ligands recognized by this multifunctional receptor has grown to include a diverse spectrum of Man-6-P-containing proteins as well as several non-Man-6-P-containing ligands. Recent structural studies have given us a clearer view of how these two receptors use related, but yet distinct, approaches in the recognition of phosphomannosyl residues.     

Expression of human cathepsin D in Xenopus oocytes: phosphorylation and intracellular targeting

We have obtained expression of a cDNA clone for human cathepsin D in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biosynthetic studies with [35S]methionine labeling demonstrated that most of the cathepsin D remained intracellular and underwent proteolytic cleavage, converting a precursor of Mr 47,000 D to a mature form of Mr 39,000 D with processing intermediates of Mr 43,000-41,000 D. greater than 90% of the cathepsin D synthesized by oocytes bound to a mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor affinity column, indicating the presence of phosphomannosyl residues. An analysis of [2-3H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharides directly demonstrated phosphomannosyl residues on cathepsin D. Sucrose-gradient fractionation, performed to define the membranous compartments that cathepsin D traversed during its biosynthesis, demonstrated that cathepsin D is targeted to a subpopulation of yolk platelets, the oocyte equivalent of a lysosome. Xenopus oocytes were able to endocytose lysosomal enzymes from the medium and this uptake was inhibited by Man-6-P, thus demonstrating the presence of Man-6-P receptors in these cells. Therefore, the entire Man-6-P dependent pathway for targeting of lysosomal enzymes is present in the oocytes. Xenopus oocytes should be a useful system for examining signals responsible for the specific targeting of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes.     

Localization of the carbohydrate recognition sites of the insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor to domains 3 and 9 of the extracytoplasmic region

The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor is a multifunctional receptor that binds to a diverse array of mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) modified proteins as well as nonglycosylated ligands. Previous studies have mapped its two Man-6-P binding sites to a minimum of three domains, 1-3 and 7-9, within its 15-domain extracytoplasmic region. Since the primary amino acid determinants of carbohydrate recognition by the insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor are predicted by sequence alignment to the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor to reside within domains 3 and 9, constructs encoding either domain 3 alone or domain 9 alone were expressed in a Pichia pastoris expression system and tested for their ability to bind several carbohydrate ligands, including Man-6-P, pentamannosyl phosphate, the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, and the carbohydrate modifications (mannose 6-sulfate and Man-6-P methyl ester) found on Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomal enzymes. Although both constructs were functional in ligand binding and dissociation, these studies demonstrate the ability of domain 9 alone to fold into a high affinity (K(d) = 0.3 +/- 0.1 nm) carbohydrate-recognition domain whereas the domain 3 alone construct is capable of only low affinity binding (K(d) approximately 500 nm) toward beta-glucuronidase, suggesting that residues in adjacent domains (domains 1 and/or 2) are important, either directly or indirectly, for optimal binding by domain 3.     

Recognition of Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomal enzymes is conferred by the amino-terminal carbohydrate binding site of the insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF-II/MPR) is a type I glycoprotein that mediates both the intracellular sorting of lysosomal enzymes bearing mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues to the lysosome and the bioavailability of IGF-II. The extracytoplasmic region of the IGF-II/MPR contains 15 repeating domains; the two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) have been localized to domains 1-3 and 7-9, and the high-affinity IGF-II binding site maps to domain 11. To characterize the carbohydrate binding properties of the IGF-II/MPR, regions of the receptor encompassing the individual CRDs were produced in a baculovirus expression system. Characterization of the recombinant proteins revealed that the pH optimum for carbohydrate binding is significantly more acidic for the carboxyl-terminal CRD than for the amino-terminal CRD (i.e., pH 6.4-6.5 vs 6.9). Equilibrium binding studies demonstrated that the two CRDs exhibit a similar affinity for Man-6-P. Furthermore, substitution of the conserved arginine residue in domain 3 (R435) or in domain 9 (R1334) with alanine resulted in a similar >1000-fold decrease in the affinity for the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase. In contrast, the two CRDs differ dramatically in their ability to recognize the distinctive modifications (i.e., mannose 6-sulfate and Man-6-P methyl ester) found on Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomal enzymes: the amino-terminal CRD binds mannose 6-sulfate and Man-6-P methyl ester with a 14-55-fold higher affinity than the carboxyl-terminal CRD. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the IGF-II/MPR contains two functionally distinct CRDs.     

The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor

Recent evidence from molecular cloning, biochemical and immunological experiments has established that the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) receptor are the same protein. Although the role of the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor as a transporter of hydrolytic enzymes in the biogenesis of lysosomes is certain, elucidation of the receptor's structure has not yet provided major insights into the function of IGF-II binding. Mutually exclusive binding of IGF-II and naturally occurring phosphomannosyl ligands to distinct but proximal sites on the receptor suggests that the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor cannot simultaneously fulfill the functional requirements of both IGF-II and lysosomal enzymes. Does the receptor transduce on intracellular signal in order to mediate the biological effects of IGF-II? If so, then the receptor must interact with an effector molecule, perhaps a G protein, in the mechanism of IGF-II action. Further information from ligand binding and especially mutagenesis experiments will be needed to elucidate the potentially multiple functions of the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor.     

Renin, a secretory glycoprotein, acquires phosphomannosyl residues

Renin is an aspartyl protease which is highly homologous to the lysosomal aspartyl protease cathepsin D. During its biosynthesis, cathepsin D acquires phosphomannosyl residues that enable it to bind to the mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor and to be targeted to lysosomes. The phosphorylation of lysosomal enzymes by UDP- GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase (phosphotransferase) occurs by recognition of a protein domain that is thought to be present only on lysosomal enzymes. In order to determine whether renin, being structurally similar to cathepsin D, also acquires phosphomannosyl residues, human renin was expressed from cloned DNA in Xenopus oocytes and a mouse L cell line and its biosynthesis and posttranslational modifications were characterized. In Xenopus oocytes, the majority of the renin remained intracellular and underwent a proteolytic cleavage which removed the propiece. Most of the renin synthesized by oocytes was able to bind to a Man-6-P receptor affinity column (53%, 57%, and 90%, in different experiments), indicating the presence of phosphomannosyl residues. In the L cells, the majority of the renin was secreted but 5-6% of the renin molecules contained phosphomannosyl residues as demonstrated by binding of [35S]methionine- labeled renin to the Man-6-P receptor as well as direct analysis of [2- 3H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharides. Although the level of renin phosphorylation differed greatly between the two cell types examined, these results demonstrate that renin is recognized by the phosphotransferase and suggest that renin contains at least part of the lysosomal protein recognition domain.     

Biosynthesis of the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II)/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in rat C6 glial cells: the role of N-linked glycosylation in binding of IGF-II to the receptor.

We examined the role of N-linked glycosylation of the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II)/mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor in binding of [125I]IGF-II to the receptor. First we studied the synthesis and posttranslational processing of this receptor in rat C6 glial cells, which have abundant IGF-II/Man-6-P receptors. Cells were pulse labeled with [35S]methionine and lysed, and the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor was immunoprecipitated using a specific IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor antibody (no. 3637). Analysis of the immunoprecipitate by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with reduction of disulfide bonds showed a 235-kDa receptor precursor that was processed into the mature 245-kDa IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor within 2 h of chase. Digestion of the 235-kDa precursor with endoglycosidase-H (Endo H) produced a 220-kDa form, whereas the mature 245-kDa receptor was relatively resistant to cleavage by Endo H. When cells were cultured in the presence of 2 microM monensin, the 235-kDa receptor was not further processed into the mature Endo H-resistant receptor form. In addition, the presence of swainsonine in C6 glial cell cultures led to the formation of a 240-kDa receptor hybrid molecule, which was cleaved by Endo H into a 225-kDa species. When tunicamycin was present during the pulse-chase labeling experiment, a 220-kDa receptor species accumulated. This species was 205 kDa by immunoblotting when SDS-PAGE was performed under nonreducing conditions. Pure IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor was digested with N-glycosidase-F, and the digest was immunoblotted with antiserum 3637 after SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. Whereas undigested receptor was a single band of 215 kDa under nonreducing conditions, digested receptor was 205 kDa. The binding affinity of IGF-II for the digested receptor was the same as the binding affinity of IGF-II for the undigested receptor. In addition, affinity cross-linking experiments showed that [125I]IGF-II also bound to the unglycosylated receptor precursor that accumulated in the tunicamycin-treated cells, and the binding affinity of IGF-II for this species was indistinguishable from the binding affinity of IGF-II for the mature receptor. We conclude that IGF-II can bind to an IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor that lacks N-linked oligosaccharides.     

Biochemical evidence that the type II insulin-like growth factor receptor is identical to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor

Cloning and sequencing of the human type II insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor cDNA revealed an 80% deduced amino acid sequence homology with the bovine cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor, suggesting identity of the two receptors (Morgan, D. O., Edman, J. C., Standring, D. N., Fried, V. A., Smith, M. C., Roth, R. A., and Rutter, W. J. (1987) Nature 329, 301-307). We have performed biochemical experiments that support this proposal. Rat liver type II IGF receptor, purified by the conventional method of IGF-II affinity chromatography, bound quantitatively to a beta-galactosidase affinity column and was eluted with Man-6-P. Bovine liver Man-6-P receptor, prepared by the conventional method of affinity chromatography on phosphomannan-Sepharose, bound IGF-II with high affinity (Kd = 1 nM). Affinity cross-linking of 125I-IGF-II to the Man-6-P receptor and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis showed that beta-galactosidase, but not Man-6-P, inhibited the formation of the 250-kDa 125I-IGF-II-receptor complex. The inhibition by beta-galactosidase was prevented by coincubation with Man-6-P. 125I-IGF-II did not bind to the 46-kDa cation-dependent Man-6-P receptor. For immunologic studies we purified type II IGF receptors and Man-6-P receptors in parallel from rat placental membranes using either IGF-II- or beta-galactosidase affinity chromatography. A panel of five antisera that previously had been raised against either type II IGF receptor or Man-6-P receptor behaved identically toward type II IGF receptor versus Man-6-P receptor in ligand blocking and immunoprecipitation assays. Our data support the conclusion that the type II IGF receptor and the cation-independent Man-6-P receptor are the same protein and that the IGF-II and Man-6-P-binding sites are distinct.