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1.
Compared with mycorrhizal relationships, the relationships between mycoheterotrophic plants and insects have rarely been studied. Here we report a previously unknown tripartite interaction among an endangered mycoheterotrophic orchid, an orchid‐feeding fly, and a parasitoid wasp. The flowers and stems of Eulophia zollingeri were heavily attacked by Japanagromyza tokunagai (Sasakawa) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and the parasitoid wasp Gronotoma guamensis (Yoshimoto) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was reared from these J. tokunagai individuals. Considering the high infestation rate of J. tokunagai, G. guamensis could be important in suppressing the J. tokunagai population, and positively affect the reproductive success of E. zollingeri. 相似文献
2.
Although the majority of Assara (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae feed on pinaceous cones, Assara balanophorae Sasaki & Tanaka is known to infest the infructescence of the holoparasitic plant Balanophora tobiracola Makino (Santalales: Balanophoraceae). Here, we report additional feeding ecology of A. balanophorae. We found that A. balanophorae larvae bored into the infructescence of the holoparasitic plant Mitrastemon yamamotoi Makino (Ericales: Mitrastemonaceae), pushing frass to the outside from small holes, and occasionally exited from the holes and consumed the scale leaves. Although Mitrastemon is distantly related to Balanophora at the order level, both plants could present a similar resource for A. balanophorae, due to their convergent holoparasitic characteristics. Given that A. balanophorae is considered as the brood‐site pollinator of Balanophora, rather than only parasitizing it, the morphological and ecological similarities between M. yamamotoi and Balanophora might suggest that the relationship between M. yamamotoi and A. balanophorae is also brood‐site pollination mutualism. 相似文献
3.
John E. Losey Maureen E. Carter Susan A. Silverman 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2002,105(2):89-96
The ability of non‐crop plants to support complete development of insect pests is an important factor for determining the impact of those plants on resistance management programs for transgenic crops. We assessed the effect of one physical factor, plant stem diameter, on the ability of plants to support full development of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), the target pest of transgenic Bt‐corn. In the field, European corn borer larvae were significantly more likely to tunnel and survive in plants with larger stem diameters. Larvae were 40× more likely to survive on corn, the largest plant tested, compared to many of the smaller plants. In the laboratory, larvae were more likely to survive in and less likely to abandon the largest diet‐filled artificial stems that varied only in stem diameter. In conditions simulating those that an ECB larvae would encounter upon abandoning a host, larvae survived up to three weeks and were able to locate corn as a new host with a significantly higher frequency than would be expected if they were foraging randomly. These results indicate that the probability of ECB larval survival to maturity on a plant other than corn is relatively low and thus these smaller stemmed non‐corn plants may not make a substantial contribution to the pool of susceptible adults. Conversely, since more mature larvae are not as susceptible as neonates, any larvae that partially develop on non‐corn plants and subsequently colonize Bt‐corn may not be exposed to a lethal dose of the toxin. Since some proportion of the individuals that survive could be partially resistant heterozygotes the presence of non‐corn host plants could facilitate the development of resistant ECB populations. 相似文献
4.
We conducted field studies to investigate the involvement of volatile cues in early-season host plant colonization by striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Wind-directed traps were baited with male or female A. vittatum, potted cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings that were of near-isogenic lines which either contained or lacked cucurbitacin, or combinations of male or female A. vittatum feeding on one or the other cucumber variety. We found no response to undamaged plants of either cucumber variety or plants that were actively being fed upon by A. vittatum females, whereas the response to volatiles associated with male A. vittatum was strong. Both male and female conspecifics and totals of up to sevenfold the number of males in the trap lures were caught overnight. Feeding males attracted more than double the number of conspecifics that responded to nonfeeding males. Active consumption of cucurbitacin in the plant on which the males were feeding, however, had no effect on attraction. A shift in sex ratio from a male to a female bias during field colonization season also supports the hypothesis that host finding is initiated by pioneer males. The importance of this aggregation pheromone in early-season host plant colonization and the evolutionary and adaptive significance of this pheromone are discussed. 相似文献
5.
【目的】本文探究了大豆食心虫Leguminirora glycinioorella(Mats.)Obraztsov进入滞育以后体内糖类、脂质和水分含量的变化,以及不同寄主植物和滞育诱导期温度对大豆食心虫体内糖类、脂质和水分含量的影响。【方法】通过蒽酮硫酸法和氯仿甲醇分离法测定了滞育前后、以大豆Glycine max(L.)Merr和野大豆Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.两种植物为寄主以及不同滞育诱导温度下的大豆食心虫体内脂质、水分、总糖、糖原和海藻糖的含量,结果利用SPSS17.0数据分析软件进行分析。【结果】进入滞育阶段的大豆食心虫体内脂质、总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量显著增加,含水量显著下降。以大豆为寄主的大豆食心虫在滞育阶段体内水分含量、总糖和糖原含量较野大豆寄主的高,海藻糖含量较野大豆的低,差异均显著。不同滞育诱导温度下的大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量基本一致。【结论】滞育前后大豆食心虫体内各种生化物质变化明显,以栽培大豆为寄主和以野大豆为寄主的大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量不同,而滞育诱导温度对大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量影响不大。 相似文献
6.
It is important to understand the interactions between orchids and their herbivores, especially considering the rarity of most orchids and the potential negative effects of pests on orchid reproduction. Here, we report the infestation of leaves of Cephalanthera spp. orchids by Parallelomma vittatum (Scathophagidae) in Japan. The present study represents the first report of P. vittatum on orchid hosts in Asia. 相似文献
7.
The relationship between plant and pollinator is considered as the mutualism because plant benefits from the pollinator's transport of male gametes and pollinator benefits from plant's reward.Nectar robbers are frequently described as cheaters in the plant-pollinator mutualism,because it is assumed that they obtain a reward (nectar) without providing a service (pollination).Nectar robbers are birds,insects,or other flower visitors that remove nectar from flowers through a hole pierced or bitten in the corolla.Nectar robbing represents a complex relationship between animals and plants.Whether plants benefit from the relationship is always a controversial issue in earlier studies.This paper is a review of the recent literatures on nectar robbing and attempts to acquire an expanded understanding of the ecological and evolutionary roles that robbers play.Understanding the effects of nectar robbers on the plants that they visited and other flower visitors is especially important when one considers the high rates of robbing that a plant population may experience and the high percentage of all flower visitors that nectar robbers make to some species.There are two standpoints in explaining why animals forage on flowers and steal nectar in an illegitimate behavior.One is that animals can only get food in illegitimate way because of the mismatch of the morphologies of animals'mouthparts and floral structure.The other point of view argues that nectar robbing is a relatively more efficient,thus more energy-saving way for animals to get nectar from flowers.This is probably associated with the difficulty of changing attitudes that have been held for a long time.In the case of positive effect,the bodies of nectar robbers frequently touch the sex organs of plants during their visiting to the flowers and causing pollination.The neutral effect,nectar robbers' behavior may destruct the corollas of flowers,but they neither touch the sex organs nor destroy the ovules.Their behavior does not affect the fruit sets or seed sets of the hosting plant.Besides the direct impacts on plants,nectar robbers may also have an indirect effect on the behavior of the legitimate pollinators.Under some circumstances,the change in pollinator behavior could result in improved reproductive fitness of plants through increased pollen flow and out-crossing. 相似文献
8.
The relationship between plant and pollinator is considered as the mutualism because plant benefits from the pollinator’s
transport of male gametes and pollinator benefits from plant’s reward. Nectar robbers are frequently described as cheaters
in the plant-pollinator mutualism, because it is assumed that they obtain a reward (nectar) without providing a service (pollination).
Nectar robbers are birds, insects, or other flower visitors that remove nectar from flowers through a hole pierced or bitten
in the corolla. Nectar robbing represents a complex relationship between animals and plants. Whether plants benefit from the
relationship is always a controversial issue in earlier studies. This paper is a review of the recent literatures on nectar
robbing and attempts to acquire an expanded understanding of the ecological and evolutionary roles that robbers play. Understanding
the effects of nectar robbers on the plants that they visited and other flower visitors is especially important when one considers
the high rates of robbing that a plant population may experience and the high percentage of all flower visitors that nectar
robbers make to some species.
There are two standpoints in explaining why animals forage on flowers and steal nectar in an illegitimate behavior. One is
that animals can only get food in illegitimate way because of the mismatch of the morphologies of animals’ mouthparts and
floral structure. The other point of view argues that nectar robbing is a relatively more efficient, thus more energy-saving
way for animals to get nectar from flowers. This is probably associated with the difficulty of changing attitudes that have
been held for a long time. In the case of positive effect, the bodies of nectar robbers frequently touch the sex organs of
plants during their visiting to the flowers and causing pollination. The neutral effect, nectar robbers’ behavior may destruct
the corollas of flowers, but they neither touch the sex organs nor destroy the ovules. Their behavior does not affect the
fruit sets or seed sets of the hosting plant. Besides the direct impacts on plants, nectar robbers may also have an indirect
effect on the behavior of the legitimate pollinators. Under some circumstances, the change in pollinator behavior could result
in improved reproductive fitness of plants through increased pollen flow and out-crossing.
__________
Translated from Acta phytoecologiaca Sinica, 2006, 30(4): 695–702 [译自: 植物生态学报] 相似文献
9.
John E. Losey Maureen E. Carter Susan A. Silverman 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2002,105(2-3):89-96
The ability of non-crop plants to support complete development of insect pests is an important factor for determining the impact of those plants on resistance management programs for transgenic crops. We assessed the effect of one physical factor, plant stem diameter, on the ability of plants to support full development of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), the target pest of transgenic Bt-corn. In the field, European corn borer larvae were significantly more likely to tunnel and survive in plants with larger stem diameters. Larvae were 40× more likely to survive on corn, the largest plant tested, compared to many of the smaller plants. In the laboratory, larvae were more likely to survive in and less likely to abandon the largest diet-filled artificial stems that varied only in stem diameter. In conditions simulating those that an ECB larvae would encounter upon abandoning a host, larvae survived up to three weeks and were able to locate corn as a new host with a significantly higher frequency than would be expected if they were foraging randomly. These results indicate that the probability of ECB larval survival to maturity on a plant other than corn is relatively low and thus these smaller stemmed non-corn plants may not make a substantial contribution to the pool of susceptible adults. Conversely, since more mature larvae are not as susceptible as neonates, any larvae that partially develop on non-corn plants and subsequently colonize Bt-corn may not be exposed to a lethal dose of the toxin. Since some proportion of the individuals that survive could be partially resistant heterozygotes the presence of non-corn host plants could facilitate the development of resistant ECB populations. 相似文献
10.
水稻田越冬代二化螟最早于4月26日开始羽化,其羽化高峰期为5月13-14日,而茭白田越冬代二化螟的始见蛾日为5月5日,比水稻田二化螟迟了9d,羽化始盛期、高峰期、盛末期均比水稻田二化螟迟2-5d,水稻田二化螟越冬幼虫的存活率和化蛹率明显比茭白田二化螟低,而二者的羽化率则差不多,水稻田二化螟羽化成虫的雌雄性比为1:1.44,而茭白田二化螟则接近1:1。室内选择试验表明,水稻田和茭白田二化螟均喜在高大的茭白植株上产卵,而幼虫则选择嫩绿的水稻。然而田间选择性试验证实,二化螟幼虫在钻蛀前无法越过田埂而转移到水稻植株上为害,取食茭白的二化螟个体明显大于取食水稻的二化螟,两种寄生上二化螟幼虫的酯酶同工酶也存在着差异。不繁殖试验表明,茭白和水稻上的二化螟属于同一种,但存在着部分生殖隔离。 相似文献
11.
荔枝蝽取食行为的研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
在越冬前和产卵期,荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa Drury在寄主植物-荔枝树的花枝、嫩枝和老枝上都有取食行为。但在这两个不同时期, 其取食行为有显著差异。在越冬前,只有50%~70%的成虫在各类枝条上取食;而处于产卵期的荔枝蝽成虫,在各类枝条上,100%积极取食,且其取食前时间显著短于越冬前在同类枝条上的取食前时间。同一时期在不同枝叶上,荔枝蝽的取食行为也有显著差异。被置于嫩枝叶和花枝上的成虫取食前时间明显短于被置于老枝叶上者;在有选择的情况下,两个时期的成虫都明显地选择在花枝和嫩枝上取食。经分析测定:在不同生长时期,荔枝树的花枝和嫩枝的含水量与含氮量均较老枝叶中的高,可溶性糖含量的变化较大;组织结构也存在明显差异。 相似文献
12.
Abstract. 1. For insect herbivores the quality of the larval host plant is a key determinant of their fitness. Only little attention, however, has been given to the effects of plants on mating success of males and its consequence for the reproductive output of their mates. In addition, almost all the studies that have investigated the influence of host plants on herbivore fitness components have been done in the laboratory, and less is known of these effects in natural conditions.
2. Using the phytophagous European grapevine moth ( Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff., Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we tested the influence of grape cultivars as larval food on the probability of acquiring a mate for both sexes, and on the reproductive output of females and males.
3. Results from this study stress the importance of larval host plants on the reproductive success of both sexes. Larval diet differentially affected mating success and reproductive output of male and female moths. Fecundity, egg size, and egg hatchability were significantly different when larvae were fed on particular grape cultivars.
4. A given cultivar that is of poor quality for females is generally also of poor quality for males. A cultivar, however, could be suitable for females but not for males and vice-versa. Apparently, the nutrients required for adult reproduction are not necessarily the same for males and females.
5. The important conclusion from this study is that evaluating the differential effect of host-plant species on traits associated with reproductive success of herbivores requires that the effects on both sexes be taken into account. 相似文献
2. Using the phytophagous European grapevine moth ( Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff., Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we tested the influence of grape cultivars as larval food on the probability of acquiring a mate for both sexes, and on the reproductive output of females and males.
3. Results from this study stress the importance of larval host plants on the reproductive success of both sexes. Larval diet differentially affected mating success and reproductive output of male and female moths. Fecundity, egg size, and egg hatchability were significantly different when larvae were fed on particular grape cultivars.
4. A given cultivar that is of poor quality for females is generally also of poor quality for males. A cultivar, however, could be suitable for females but not for males and vice-versa. Apparently, the nutrients required for adult reproduction are not necessarily the same for males and females.
5. The important conclusion from this study is that evaluating the differential effect of host-plant species on traits associated with reproductive success of herbivores requires that the effects on both sexes be taken into account. 相似文献
13.
烟粉虱对寄主的选择行为 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫对寄主植物选择行为的实验结果表明,烟粉虱是通过植物广谱的绿色气体识别植物材料,并进一步受到绿色的诱导。通过烟粉虱在适宜与非适宜寄主植物上滞留时间的差异,可以看出烟粉虱是通过口针刺探的寄主评估过程逐渐实现寄主偏好性的,存在一个短的时滞。综合来看,烟粉虱的寄主选择是通过嗅觉、视觉和味觉共同参与的一个决策过程,以寄主植物的气味、颜色和质量为线索,逐步定位到适宜的寄主植物上,因此在寄主选择过程中存在很大的可塑性。 相似文献
14.
Odours of female Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh, elicit strong electroantennogram (EAG) responses in their sexual partners. Virgin female insects used in experiments were of different ages and given seeds, or not, of the host plant, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The odours of females which did not get host plant seeds, do not elicit EAG responses in virgin males, until they are at least 6 days old. On the other hand, the release of the sex pheromone as perceived by the male antennae, occurs earlier in the life of females when they are in contact with the host plant's seeds. This suggests that the sexual attractiveness of the females of this specialist insect is probably closely correlated with vitellogenesis. The latter is indeed highly dependent on host plant stimulation.Résumé Des EAG sont enregistrés chez les mâles de Zabrotes subfasciatus en réponse à l'odeur du partenaire sexuel. Les insectes femelles, utilisés dans les expériences sont d'âges différents, vierges et mis en présence ou non de graines de la plante-hôte, Phaseolus vulgaris. Les odeurs des femelles vierges mises en absence des graines n'évoquent pas de réponses électroantennographiques chez les mâles vierges — tout au moins tant qu'elles n'ont pas atteint un âge relativement avancé (6 jours environ). Par contre, le contact avec les graines de la plante-hôte favorise une émission plus précoce de la phéromone sexuelle perçue par les antennes des mâles. Ceci nous fait supposer que l'attractivité sexuelle des femelles est probablement corrélée à la vitellogenèse, elle-même très dépendante de la stimulation par la plante-hôte chez cet insecte spécialiste. 相似文献
15.
James D. Fry 《Experimental & applied acarology》1999,23(5):379-387
Reproductive isolation between demes of a phytophagous arthropod population that use different host plant species could evolve in two different ways. First, adaptation to different host species might result in reproductive isolation as a pleiotropic by-product. Second, if adaptation to one host species strongly reduces fitness on others, selection could favour mechanisms, such as host fidelity and assortative mating, that restrict gene flow between host-adapted demes. A laboratory selection experiment on the broadly polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae gave information on these possibilities. A population allowed to adapt to tomato plants showed increased survival, development rate and fecundity on tomato relative to the base population from which it was derived. In spite of the large difference between the tomato-adapted and base populations in performance on tomato plants, the two populations showed no evidence of reproductive isolation, as measured by the hatching rate of eggs laid by F1 hybrids between the lines. Furthermore, a genetically variable population formed by hybridizing the tomato-adapted and base populations did not show evidence for a decline in ability to survive on tomato after more than ten generations of mass rearing on lima bean, indicating that tomato-adapted genotypes suffered little or no selective disadvantage on bean. These results give no support for the role of host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation in T. urticae. 相似文献
16.
1 Larval and adult Hylobius abietis (L.) can feed and, in the case of the adults, cause commercially significant damage to many species of conifer. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of larval and adult feeding on different host plants on subsequent reproductive fitness. 2 Hylobius abietis larvae were reared on logs of four host species known to vary in suitability for development; Pinus nigra ssp. laricio, Picea sitchensis, Larix kaempferi and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Adult females were collected on emergence and allocated to complete maturation feeding on one of four seedling conifer species, P. nigra spp. laricio, P. sitchensis, P. menziesii and Larix ×marschlinsii. It was assumed that variation in both larval and adult host plant quality had the potential to influence subsequent reproductive behaviour. 3 The time taken for females to attain reproductive maturity was assessed, and reproductive output was measured over an average period of 17 days. 4 The best predictor of the time to attain reproductive maturity was found to be the initial adult body weight. This was strongly related to the larval host species, with the largest adults emerging from P. nigra ssp. laricio. The time taken to begin oviposition was in the range 10–49 days (mean 23 days). The subsequent mean rate of oviposition for individual females was in the range 0.1–3.7 eggs per day. Egg volumes varied between and within individual females, in the range 0.241–1.079 mm3. 5 The species of seedling provided for maturation feeding had no significant impact on reproductive behaviour over the course of the experiment. It is possible, however, that the quality of the adult diet might exert a greater influence on behaviour over a longer period because H. abietis is a relatively long‐lived species. 相似文献
17.
烟粉虱对寄主植物叶背的定向行为 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫在自然条件下总是能够准确定位到寄主的叶片背面进行取食和产卵,这是一种本能的定向行为。以扶桑和油麦菜为寄主材料,通过非选择性和选择性实验,研究和评价光照、叶面物理性状和重力3个环境因子在烟粉虱成虫定向行为中的作用。结果显示,重力在定向行为中起主导作用,寄主叶片正反面的物理性状差异也能够使烟粉虱成虫定位到寄主叶片的背面,但是存在时滞效应。说明烟粉虱成虫在定向到寄主叶片背面的过程中存在2个系统,一个是以重力为线索的垂直方向感作为导航系统,另一个则是以叶面物理性状为线索的行为调节作为校正系统,二者的相互协作使得烟粉虱成虫能够精确定位到寄主叶片的背面。 相似文献
18.
Shuichi Yano Motoharu Wakabayashi Junji Takabayashi Akio Takafuji 《Experimental & applied acarology》1998,22(10):595-601
The host plant acceptance of the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae was experimentally quantified. Host plant acceptance is described as the proportion of adult females settling on the test plant on which they have been placed. On the other hand, the host plant suitability of T. urticae on different plant species is expressed as the mean number of eggs produced by the females within 5 days (hereafter 'fecundity'). An inbred T. urticae line was tested with regard to host plant acceptance and fecundity on 11 potential host plants. These two variables were positively correlated across host plants; host plant species on which the fecundity was low were also those on which females settled less readily compared to host plants with high fecundity. The characteristics of host plant acceptance of the T. urticae are discussed in light of their potential food resource under natural conditions. 相似文献
19.
Ostrinia palustralis memnialis is an oligophagous insect that feeds on the species of the genus Rumex. Continuous rearing of O. palustralis memnialis was carried out from 2004 to 2005, and its general biology was studied. The preliminary host specificity test showed a promising result for O. palustralis memnialis as a potential biological control agent for Rumex spp. 相似文献