哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

Preliminary life table of the spotted tortoise beetle,Aspidomorpha miliaris (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Sumatra

From December, 1981 to February, 1982, a population study of the spotted tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris, feeding on a shrub-like morning glory, Ipomea carnea, was conducted in Padang, Sumatra with the construction of a life table.

1. Dissection of oothecae collected from the field after hatching clarified that the average egg mass size was 43.4 and hatching rate was 25.0%. Causes for egg mortality included: parasitism by a wasp, Tetrastichus sp. A(Europhidae) (49.8% of eggs laid), predation (12.8%), disappearance of egg masses (5.3%) and hatching failure (7.1%). An ant, Dolichoderus bituberculatus, visiting the extrafloral nectaries of the host plnts was responsible for predation and disappearance of the egg masses. The ants again attacked the larvae and pupae.
2. Larvae showed a gregarious habit for almost the entire larval period. Survival rates between two successive instars were low and constant, ranging from 70 to 90%, but only 1.3% of final (5th) instars become pupae (six individuals). Since the growth of host plants was extremely rapid, shortage of food was rare in larval stages. The sudden drop in numbers after 5th instar may be due to predation and/or dispersal of matured larvae from the host plants for pupation.
3. Pupae were attacked by three species of parasitic wasps:Tetrastichus sp. C, Pediobius elasmi (Eulophidae) and Cassidocida aspidomorphae (Tetracampidae). Among the six pupae, two were parasitized, one died of disease and two disappeared. Out of 4078 eggs laid, only one emerged to adult.

     

The effect of soil depth and exposure to winter conditions on survival of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of solanaceous crops including potato [Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae)]. Recent evidence of survival of the pest in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington, USA, is surprising as potato tuberworm is most commonly a pest in tropical and subtropical regions. Potato tuberworm was studied in a manipulative experiment to determine how stage (egg, larva, and pupa) and soil depth affected the potential for winter survival. In early January 2007, eggs, tubers infested with larvae, and pupae were placed in the soil at 6, 10, and 20 cm depths, or left on the soil surface. Each potato tuberworm life stage was sampled at 7–17‐day intervals for 90 days and survival was estimated at each time period. Eggs survived up to 54 days with the greatest survival observed at 6‐cm soil depth and the lowest survival on the soil surface. However, egg survival was significantly reduced after 1 month of exposure to winter conditions. Larvae were able to survive up to 30 days with the greatest survival observed at 20‐cm soil depth. Tubers at the surface and buried at 6 cm were frozen; thus, no larval survival was recorded. The pupal stage showed a greater tolerance to winter conditions than the egg or larval stages, surviving up to 91 days of exposure. These results suggest that the pupal stage is probably the stage most likely to survive winter conditions in the northwestern USA.     

Aseptic rearing of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on a meridic diet

The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), was reared aseptically from newly hatched larvae to adults for three generations on a meridic diet. Growth and development on this diet were comparable with that on oligidic diets and on host‐plants. At 25 ± 1°C, 50–60% R.H., and 12‐h photophase, the average larval period was approx. 28 days, pre‐pupal and pupal 11–12 days, and pre‐oviposition approx. 2 days; the incuva‐tion period of eggs was approx. 7 days. The average developmental period from egg to adult was thus about 49 days; 89 % of larvae reached the adult stage. The average fecundity was 598 eggs per female, and the sex ratio was nearly 1:1. There were no differences in the rate of development or in fecundity of insects reared on media with and without a mould inhibitor.     

A sampling plan for population dynamics studies on currant clearwing,Synanthedon tipuliformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

Abstract

Sampling techniques for eggs, larvae, and pupae of the currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), attacking blackcurrant were developed, and their precision was evaluated. Reliable population estimates for the egg and early larval stages (standard error < 10%) were obtained by sampling one cane with at least two age groups of wood from the north and south halves of seven bushes in nine blocks. Similar precision was obtained for post-winter larvae from samples comprising three canes from each half of the bushes, but using this sampling scheme a lower precision (S.E.?25–30%) had to be accepted for overwintering mortality factors. The pupal population was estimated from the numbers of live larvae at the end of the post-winter feeding stage, and cross-checked from the number of emergence holes in the 1-year-old wood taken for egg sampling the following year. This procedure gave estimates of similar reliability to those for the egg and larval stages.     

Food plants and life cycle of Lymantria bantaizana Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in northern Honshu, Japan

The food plants and life cycle of Lymantria bantaizana were investigated in Iwate Prefecture, northern Honshu, Japan from 2000 to 2002. Eggs laid in July hatched approximately 10 days after oviposition. Hatched larvae fed only on Juglandaceae, Juglans mandshurica var. sachaliensis, J. regia var. orientalis and Pterocarya rhoifolia when reared in the laboratory. In field rearing, the plants of Juglans enabled the moth to complete its life cycle. Differing from all other known Lymantria species in Japan, the moth overwintered not in the egg stage but in the fifth or sixth instar larval stage. Lymantria bantaizana had eight larval instars in both sexes. Moth emergence occurred mostly in July at a field‐trapping site in Iwate Prefecture.     

Age-specific bioassays and fecundity of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) reared on cry1Ac -transgenic potato plants

Variation in the susceptibility of lepidopterous pest larvae of different ages to transgenic crops and the potential for survivors to reproduce could have important consequences for the development of resistance in such pests. Experiments were undertaken in the laboratory to determine if larvae of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, of different ages (0 (< 1 day old), 3, 5, 7 days) varied in their susceptibility to cry1Ac9–transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) foliage grown in the glasshouse or field. The survival and fecundity of larvae reared on transgenic tubers was also determined in the laboratory. There were no apparent differences in susceptibility of larvae of different ages to transgenic foliage. Larvae fed glasshouse or field‐grown non‐transgenic foliage had significantly larger relative growth indices and more larvae pupated, than those fed transgenic foliage, regardless of larval age. Eggs from a laboratory colony were placed on transgenic or non‐transgenic tubers to measure survival and fecundity. Between 6% and 15% of eggs placed on transgenic tubers developed into pupae for three of the four transgenic potato lines tested. On one transgenic line, only six adults emerged from 1300 eggs. In contrast, between 71% and 97% of the eggs placed on non‐transgenic tubers developed into pupae. Male and female pupae from transgenic lines weighed less than those from non‐transgenic lines. The fecundity of females from two of four transgenic lines was lower than from the non‐transgenic parent cultivar. Although larvae of different ages did not exhibit any overall age‐dependent pattern of increasing or decreasing susceptibility to transgenic foliage of glasshouse or field‐grown plants, the ability of larvae to survive and reproduce on transgenic tubers suggests this pest has the ability to evolve resistance to the transgenic plants used in the present study.     

Effects of crowding on populations of Aedes albifasciatus larvae under laboratory conditions

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) albifasciatus(Macquart 1838) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a neotropical flood water mosquito, incriminated as the main vector of the western equine encephalitis virus, and which affects beef and milk production in central Argentina. The short time required to hatch and develop from egg to adult, usually in temporary pools, suggests a strategy which allows for exploitation of transient pools, thus evading predation and interspecific competition. Under these conditions intra specific competition could represent a major density-dependent source of larval mortality, but the relative importance of density-dependent regulation of mosquito populations has generated controversy. Therefore we examined the effects of larval density on basic population characteristics of Ae. albifasciatusin the laboratory. Larvae were obtained by synchronous hatching of eggs laid by field-trapped females. Emerging larvae (L1) were used to build cohorts of different initial densities, kept in plastic trays with 400 ml of distilled water, and food supplied daily during the first 10 days (0.1 g per larvae day^–1). Age-specific development time and specific and relative mortality were estimated, and their relation to initial larval density was assessed through linear and non-linear regressions and correlation analysis. First hatching was registered 3 h after flooding the eggs. Higher levels of pre-adult mortality were detected in groups with higher densities. Specific mortality and average time to enter a stage of L1 to L3 could directly be related to initial larval density, but no significant relations were found for L4 and pupae. Results suggest that crowding could be a factor capable of regulating the density of natural populations of Ae. albifasciatus.     

Embryonic and larval development of a Japanese spinous loach,Cobitis takatsuensis

The embryonic and larval development ofCobitis takatsuensis, a mountain stream spinous loach, was surveyed by incubating artificially inseminated eggs. The mean diameter of the inflated eggs and mean total length of newly-hatched larvae were 2.7 mm and 5.7 mm, respectively. The eggs were spherical, transparent and unpigmented, with a pale yellow yolk and no oil globule. The daily cumulative temperature to hatching was estimated to be 70–110°C. day. Hatched larvae were unpigmented with outer gill filaments on their cheeks, as in otherCobitis species, but the melanophores were comparatively less obvious at each developmental stage. The larvae started feeding eleven days after hatching yolk absorption being completed sixteen days after hatching. All the fin rays were fully developed and the juvenile stage reached at 16 mm TL, 38 days after hatching. Embryonic and larval developmental traits ofC. takatsuensis, such as egg size, clutch size and larval pigmentation, were similar to the Korean species,Niwaella multifasciata, that lives in the upper reaches of the Nak-tong river, andN. delicata, which inhabits Japanese mountain streams, rather than to its congeners. Among cobitine fishes, the spawning of a small number of larger eggs yielding larger larvae without pigmentation, characteristics shared byC. takatsuensis, N. multifasciata andN. delicata, is attributable to adaptation to cold mountain streams.     

Stage‐specific probabilistic phenology model of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using laboratory maximum likelihood parameter estimates

In this study, a probabilistic degree‐day phenology model has been developed for the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, and calibrated using data from laboratory growth studies. The model is further used to predict the succession and overlapping of certain biological events of C. pomonella in probabilistic‐physiological time scale in northern Greece fruit orchards. The model satisfactorily predicts the stage‐specific pest population dynamics, including egg laying and hatching, the occurrence of larvae and pupae stages and the emergence of adults. According to the model projections for the adult flights, there is a very high probability, p = 0.999, of observing adults of the first flight generation until 333 degree‐days (DD), but a very low probability of finding adults of the second flight generation. Moreover, at 575 DD, the probability of finding an individual to lay eggs is p = 0.15. However, there is nearly the same probability of egg hatch, p = 0.36, and larval completion p = 0.313, while at the same time, the probability of pupal completion is very low, p = 0.001. The above model predictions were validated using field data for the adult stage emergence as well as for the percentage of larval damage providing satisfactory results considering that larval emergence prediction was close to actual fruit damage observed in field. This information is very important considering that IPM programs rely on the use of biorational compounds, such as IGRs and bio‐toxins which are stage selective and often have a shorter residual activity than the preceding broad‐spectrum insecticides.     

Biology of Hylobitelus xiaoi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a new pest of slash pine, Pinus elliottii

The biology of the weevil Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang was studied in both field and laboratory in Shangyou, Jiangxi Province, China. This species required 2 yr to complete one generation with overwintering by adults in pupal chambers and larvae in galleries in the bark of host trees. Adults emerged from early March to early April and fed on the inner bark of branches of the trees. Adults fly little. Adults exhibited a diel periodicity, climbing up the trees around sunset and returning to the tree base the next morning. The mean preovipostion period was 46 d. Oviposition commenced in early May and ended in late August. The average fecundity per female was 36 eggs. Overwintered adult females and males lived 208 and 227 d, respectively. At 25 degrees C, the mean egg incubation period was 13 d. In the field, egg hatch occurred in 12-15 d with 83% survival. There were five to seven instars. At 25 degrees C, duration of the larval stage averaged 129 d. Pupation commenced in late August. At 25 degrees C, pupation averaged 20 d. In the field, pupation required 20-26 d. Transformation to adults occurred from late September to October. New adults remained in the pupal chambers until the next year. Infection by Beauveria bassiana Vuill. occurred in 0.8% of the pupae and 8.8% of the overwintered adults.     

黑广肩步甲形态特征及其生物学特性

记述了黑广肩步甲CalosomamaximocicziMorawitz各虫态的形态特征、生物学特性。在山东栖霞地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至9月末发生,8月产卵。卵期平均为5d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为5～6d,4～5d,5～6d;预蛹期约为25d;蛹期为24～27d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

卵液成分改变及卵表涂施引诱剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂产卵发育的影响

试验通过部分改变人造卵卵液成分和在人造卵表涂施引诱剂2种途径来试图提高人造卵繁育玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Panget Chen的成功率。结果表明,不同比例的亚洲玉米螟OstriniafurnacalisGuenée幼虫和蛹匀浆替代部分柞蚕蛹匀浆后,对赤眼蜂寄生率有明显提高,但赤眼蜂在人造卵内的化蛹率和羽化率均较低,赤眼蜂发育至老熟幼虫因卵液过剩而被淹死;在原卵液卵表涂施亚洲玉米螟卵和鳞片正己烷提取液后,评价繁蜂成功率的各项参数都有明显提高,赤眼蜂可以完成发育,羽化成蜂,但繁蜂成功率还较低。综合上述试验结果,应用人造卵繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂研究重点要解决卵液过剩以及其它相关的营养学问题。     

Egg size affects larval performance in a coleopteran parasitoid

Abstract 1. Optimal progeny size models assume that the more eggs a female produces, the lower the amount of resource allocated per egg. As egg size generally correlates with the fitness of the emerging immature, this trade‐off can be expressed as a choice between the production of numerous low quality or fewer high quality progeny. 2. The first‐instar larvae of the coleopteran parasitoid Aleochara bilineata have to search for and parasitise dipteran pupae. The present study found a positive correlation between egg size and larval weight, but not between egg size and development time. Larger first‐instar larvae survived longer, were more active, and found and parasitised their host more rapidly. 3. Female A. bilineata may invest smaller larvae in conditions of high host density and low intraspecific competition, but investing fewer, larger larvae would bring them more fitness when hosts are scarce and competition high.     

Photoperiodic responses during larval development and diapause of two geographic ecotypes of the rice stem maggot, Chlorops oryzae

Chlorops oryzae is bivoltine in northern Japan but trivoltine in the southern part of the country. In the bivoltine strain, both the egg and larval stages were found to be sensitive to photoperiod. When the egg stage was exposed to a long-day photoperiod (16L:8D), larval development showed a short-day type response, and mature third-instar larvae entered a summer diapause under a long-day photoperiod (15L:9D). When eggs experienced short days, the first-instar larvae entered a winter diapause under short-day conditions, and the critical photoperiod in the larval stage ranged from about 14L:10D to about 12L:12D as the photoperiod experienced by the eggs increased from 12L:12D to 14L:10D. However, the development of the larvae after overwintering was not influenced by the photoperiod. In the trivoltine strain, larval development was retarded under a 14L:10D photoperiod but not under either shorter or longer photoperiods, when larvae had spent the egg stage under a 16L:8D photoperiod. The critical photoperiod of the larval stage for the induction of a winter diapause in the first instar was about 12L:12D, though it varied to some extent with the photoperiod during the egg stage. Thus, Chlorops oryzae was able to adapt itself to the local climatic conditions by the development of variable and complicated photoperiodic responses.     

Interspecific interactions in a tri-trophic arthropod system: effects of a spider on the survival of larvae of three predatory ladybirds in relation to aphids

The effects of the crab spider, Misumenops tricuspidatus (Fabricius), on the larval survival of three ladybird species, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Coccinella septempunctata L., and Propylea japonica L., in relation to aphids were investigated in the laboratory. Predation by the spider on the three ladybird species differed. All the larvae of C. septempunctata, none of H. axyridis, and an intermediate number of P. japonica were attacked and eaten by the spider. All the larvae of H. axyridis suffered mortality due to cannibalism or starvation in the treatments with and without a spider. In case of C. septempunctata, however, mortality in the early instars was significantly greater in the treatment with a spider than without a spider and no larvae developed into pupae due to predation. In the treatment without a spider, the majority of the larvae in the former treatment suffered mortality due to cannibalism or starvation, and only 13.3% of larvae developed into the adult stage. In the case of P. japonica, mortality was mainly attributed to predation in the treatment with a spider and only 26.7% became adult. In comparison, 86.7% of larvae survived to the adult stage in the treatment without a spider. In addition, in both H. axyridis and C. septempunctata, the development of young larvae was significantly slower in the presence of a spider, but this was not the case with the older larvae of H. axyridis, which indicates that the effect of the spider on larval development changed with the developmental stage of the larvae in this species. However, the spider had no significant effect on the developmental time of P. japonica larvae. Although both the spider and the ladybirds significantly affected the number of aphids, they did not have an additive effect on aphid abundance. The interactions between the spider and the ladybirds, such as intraguild predation or competition, caused them to reduce aphid population density less than the ladybirds did on their own. The effect of the spider on the larval performance of three predatory ladybirds was found to be unequal in terms of their vulnerability to predation and rate of larval development and it depended on the species and developmental stage of the ladybird.     

啮小蜂毒液对寄主亚洲玉米螟蛹发育的影响

假寄生和毒液注射实验表明啮小蜂Tetrastichussp .毒液能永久麻痹亚洲玉米螟蛹Ostriniafurnacalis,较高剂量的毒液对亚洲玉米螟蛹有不同程度的麻痹作用。麻痹的蛹在室温下较长时间内不腐烂和干化。低剂量毒液能延长亚洲玉米螟蛹期 1～ 3d ,导致畸形成虫。啮小蜂初产卵转移寄主实验证实毒液可以帮助啮小蜂卵在亚洲玉米螟蛹体内的发育 ,啮小蜂初产卵在转移寄主体内发育到羽化时间为 2 5d ,比它们在原寄主内的羽化时间增加 8d左右 ,初产蜂卵与 1个毒液储液囊当量的毒液同时注入转移寄主体内 ,初产卵的羽化时间明显缩短 ,死亡率降低     

Life history strategy and adult and larval behavior of Macrodiplosis selenis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a species that induces leaf‐margin fold galls on deciduous Quercus (Fagaceae)

Life historical, behavioral and ecological traits of Macrodiplosis selenis, which induces leaf‐margin fold galls on Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica and Q. dentata (Fagaceae) in Japan and South Korea, were studied. Daily activity and larval development indicate that M. selenis is a diurnal and univoltine gall midge. In April, females lay their eggs both on upper and under surfaces of fresh leaves. The duration of the egg stage varies from 5 to 9 days, depending on daily temperatures. Hatched larvae crawl to the upper surface of the leaf margin, where they start to induce galls. Larvae become full‐grown in October, drop to the ground in November and overwinter in cocoons on the ground, while larvae of congeners mature in May and drop to the ground in June. A relatively long period of the second larval stadium from July to October on the host trees seems to be effective for M. selenis in avoiding summer mortalities caused by predation and aridity on the ground and by ectoparasitoids that attack mature larvae or pupae on the host leaves. The spatial distribution pattern of M. selenis leaf galls is contagious and the mean gall density per leaf is significantly correlated with the mean crowding. This study adds new insights of life history strategy and adult and larval behavioral pattern to the ecological knowledge of gall midges, and these kinds of information are essential for further studies of M. selenis population dynamics and interactions with other Quercus‐associated herbivores.     

绿步甲的形态特征及其生物学特性

记述绿步甲Carabus(Coptolabrus)smaragdinus Fischervon Waldheim各虫态的形态特征及其生物学特性。在山东嘉祥,该虫1年发生2代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在4月至10月活动,分别与7月上旬、9月中旬产卵。卵期平均为8d;幼虫共2龄,历期分别为4d,13～15d;预蛹期约为15d;蛹期为7～8d。成、幼虫以蜗牛和多种鳞翅目昆虫为食。     

Host refractoriness of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, to the braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes

Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) is a gregarious endoparasitoid of several pyralid stemborer larvae of economic significance including the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. In this study, the ability of this parasitoid to develop in a sphingid host, Manduca sexta, was tested. First, second, third, fourth, and even pharate fifth instar host tobacco hornworm larvae were readily parasitized by the female C. flavipes parasitoids but no wasp larvae hatched from the eggs in this refractory host. Instead, the parasitoid eggs were invariably encapsulated by the host's hemocytes and, ultimately, no parasitoids emerged from tobacco hornworm hosts. The first stages of encapsulation were evident at 2 h post-parasitization of the host M. sexta larvae, when the beginning stages of capsule formation were seen. The developmental fate of the host larvae with encapsulated parasitoids was variable. Most succumbed as abnormally small fifth instars or as post-wandering prepupal animals, while a few developed normally to the pupal stage. Dissection of all the larvae or pupae with encapsulated wasp eggs showed evidence of hemocytic encapsulation and melanization of the C. flavipes eggs. This report describes the association between C. flavipes and M. sexta, which appears to be an excellent model system for studying the physiological processes accompanying wasp egg encapsulation that result in death of the host as well as the parasitoid. Since the parasitoid egg never hatches, the system offers an excellent opportunity to identify and study the effects of parasitoid-injected polydnavirus and venom on host physiology.