海南长臂猿的抱仔交配行为

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是世界上最为濒危的灵长类动物(IUCN濒危物种红色名录2016),国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,《中国脊椎动物红色名录》(蒋志刚2016)极危级物种,属中国特有的长臂猿物种之一,截至2020年8月,数量为5个家庭群共33只(海南热带雨林国家公园新闻发布会2020,http:/...     

狼分布于三江并流区南部区域的实证资料

正狼Canis lupus在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中被列为无危(LC)物种(IUCN,2017),是《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)》附录Ⅱ物种,在《中国哺乳类红色名录》中为易危(VU)物种(蒋志刚,2015)。中国是野生狼种群数量最多的国家之一,很多国外研究者认为狼仅分布在中国北部(Nowak,2003;Larson et al.,2014;IUCN,2017),或者中国南部历     

云南沧源发现伊江巨蜥

巨蜥隶属爬行纲(Reptilia)有鳞目(Squamata)巨蜥科(Varanidae)巨蜥属(Varanus),全球约有70种(IUCN 2010),分布区包括非洲、南亚次大陆、东南亚至新几内亚、澳洲及印度洋岛屿(赵尔宓等1999)。巨蜥多栖息于热带或亚热带地区的河岸附近或沿海河口(赵尔宓1998,徐正强等2006)。     

保护新疆马鹿塔里木亚种的建议

马鹿塔里木亚种分布于新疆塔里木盆地各沿河地带,强度适应荒漠生境。采用分子系统学方法研究表明,世界马鹿分为东西两大系统,马鹿塔里木亚种是我国唯一属于西部系统的亚种。在中国濒危动物红皮书中被列为濒危(E)亚种,按国际自然与自然资源保护联盟(IUCN)1993年制定的世界物种红色名录濒危定级标准,属于极危级(EN)。自20世纪50年代以来,由于自然和人为因素的影响,种群数量急骤下降,现今马鹿塔里木亚种在塔河流域被隔离为莎雅、尉犁和且末3个小种群,当前该亚种正受到栖息地减小和片断化的双重影响,而且因遗传漂变和近亲繁殖的不断增加也进一步加剧它的濒危程度。为有效保护该物种特提出可行的保护建议。     

四川万源金雕繁殖巢记述

正金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)是寿命较长的大型猛禽,广布于古北区、新北区以及北非、西亚和印度的部分地区(Orta et al.2016)。巢通常营造于偏远、安静的地方,置于高大乔木顶部的枝杈上或悬崖峭壁的凹陷处。金雕为我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,在中国脊椎动物红色名录中被列为极危物种(蒋志刚等2016),繁殖记述较少(徐中辉等1988,侯功周等1993,邱富才等1998,隋金玲等2008,赵序茅等2013)。2015年4月13日和2016年4月21日在四川省万源市太平镇项家坪(32°7′18″N,108°7′28″E,海拔1 360 m),     

国家濒危物种红色名录的生物多样性保护意义

IUCN濒危物种红色名录与国家濒危物种红色名录都是物种灭绝风险的测度, 前者是全球性评估, 后者则是国别研究。IUCN濒危物种红色名录预警了全球物种的濒危状况, 为全球生物多样性研究提供了大数据; 国别红色名录确定了各国物种受威胁状况, 填补了前者的知识空缺, 两份名录互为补充。目前对国家濒危物种红色名录重视不够。基于如下原因, 应当重视国别濒危物种红色名录的意义: (1)国家是濒危物种保护的行为主体, 物种在一个国家的生存状况是确定其保护级别、开展濒危物种保育的依据; (2)对于仅分布于一个国家的特有物种来说, 其国别濒危物种红色名录等级即是其全球濒危等级; (3)对于跨国境分布的物种来说, 国别濒危物种红色名录等级则确定了该物种在本国的生存状况; (4)结合IUCN濒危物种红色名录, 国别濒危物种红色名录为建立跨国保护地、保护迁徙物种的栖息地与跨国迁徙洄游通道提供依据; (5)国别濒危物种红色名录所特有的“区域灭绝”等级, 反映了一个物种边缘种群在该国的区域灭绝, 恢复“区域灭绝”物种是该物种原分布国重引入保育工作的重点; (6)国别濒危物种红色名录提供了该国物种编目、分类、分布和生存状况的最新信息。然而, 国别濒危物种红色名录的重要性在许多情况下被忽视了。目前正值全球新冠肺炎大流行, 人们正在重新审视人与野生动物的关系。我国将修订有关野生动物保护与防疫法法律以及《国家重点保护野生动物名录》, 防控新的人与野生动物共患疾病再次暴发。对于确定国家重点保护野生动物物种名录来言, 物种受威胁程度是物种列为国家重点保护物种的特征之一。重视国别红色名录有特别的意义。     

贵州省哺乳动物名录更新

在《贵州兽类志》的基础上,参照最新的哺乳动物分类学和分子系统学研究成果,梳理2019年12月31日以前与贵州省哺乳动物相关的研究资料,变更了一些贵州省原记录的哺乳动物物种名称和分类地位,更新了贵州省哺乳动物名录。更新后的贵州省哺乳动物名录共记录哺乳纲9目29科84属153种。其中,翼手目56种、啮齿目38种、食肉目24种、劳亚食虫目19种、偶蹄目7种、灵长目4种、兔形目3种、鳞甲目和攀鼩目各1种。与《贵州兽类志》相比,共计新增哺乳动物36种,包括近年来在贵州发现的5个新种,水甫管鼻蝠（Murina shuipuensis）、梵净山管鼻蝠（M. fanjingshanensis）、榕江管鼻蝠（M. rongjiangensis）、荔波管鼻蝠（M. liboensis）和黑姬鼠（Apodemus nigrus）;1个中国新记录种,即2011年发表的艾氏管鼻蝠（M. eleryi）;14个贵州分布新记录种,以及近年来有研究证据支持分布于贵州的17个种;此外,由于标本鉴定有误,或同物异名,或被研究证实不分布于贵州等原因,删除了23个物种。贵州省境内目前记录到的重点保护野生动物有19种,其中,国家Ⅰ和Ⅱ级保护野生动物分别为5种和14种。根据IUCN受胁物种红色名录（IUCN 2019）,贵州省分布的哺乳动物1种属于极危级（CR）、5种属于濒危级（EN）、5种属于易危级（VU）、9种属于近危级（NT）。根据《中国脊椎动物红色名录》（蒋志刚等 2016）,有6种被评估为极危级（CR）、5种为濒危级（EN）、17种为易危级（VU）、39种为近危级（NT）。     

极度濒危的洞栖蛙类——务川臭蛙的生境和现状初报

务川臭蛙是中国特有的两栖动物,自1979年采集到该种标本到1983年被命名以来,其已知分布点仅有模式标本产地1处,对其种群现状几乎一无所知：故被《中国物种红色名录》和国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）《受胁物种红色名录》评估为极危级（CR）。2003年5月至2008年11月,笔者对贵州省务川仡佬族苗族自治县柏村镇的大沟水库溶洞等70多个洞穴进行了较为全面的种群调查,新发现了3处分布点,掌握了栖息地环境状况,并对务川臭蛙的行为和生态作了初步观察。目前,已初步了解了该种的生存现状,以期为今后实质性的保护工作提供有益的依据。     

IUCN受威胁物种红色名录进展及应用

IUCN受威胁物种红色名录已经成为世界上最全面的关于全球动物、真菌和植物物种灭绝风险状况的信息来源, 是生物多样性健康的关键指标, 是促进生物多样性保护和决策的有力工具。本文全面介绍IUCN受威胁物种红色名录(简称IUCN红色名录)的发展以及应用状况, 积极推动其在中国的物种评估和广泛应用。总结了IUCN红色名录从依赖于评估专家的主观意志决定物种濒危等级的濒危物种红皮书(Red Data Book)到IUCN受威胁物种等级和标准(3.1版)的客观量化和所有门类使用统一标准的过程。该等级体系可囊括全球所有物种, 其中“受威胁”的3个等级——极危(CR)、濒危(EN)或易危(VU)需使用5个标准进行量化评估, 对评估规范有非常严格的要求。该等级和标准体系不仅适用于全球层面, 同样也适用于地区层面物种评估, 只是在具体物种种群如果和周边其他地区(国家)存在种群交流情况时, 评估结果要进行调整。迄今为止, 全球层面使用该等级体系和标准评估了14万多种(其中在中国有分布的物种10,846种), 100多个国家和地方制定了地区/国家层面的红色名录, 中国红色名录评估了5.5万多种。IUCN红色名录已广泛应用于评估生物多样性变化速度; 为保护规划提供决策信息; 支持履行国际公约、修订国家/地区重点保护物种名录和自然保护地管理等; 指导资源有效合理分配和宣传教育等。广泛应用过程中, 讨论主要集中在获取数据的方法改进上; 另外, 一方面有专家认为标准存在缺陷需要完善, 另一方面有呼吁维持标准的长期相对稳定, 以便进行跨时间、跨区域、跨物种门类的比较。本文提出来了中国红色名录的持续机制和应用建议, 包括建立中国红色名录委员会、建立中国红色名录专业网站、发展评估专家队伍、建立中国红色名录评估更新机制, 以及加强国际协作、促进全球和中国红色名录的应用和发展。     

深山中的隐士——白颈长尾雉

正白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti),俗称横纹背鸡,由于它喜欢在地面活动,故又名地鸡,为鸡形目(Galliformes)雉科(Phasianidae)的鸟类[1],为中国特有种[2]。白颈长尾雉为国家I级重点保护野生动物;在《世界自然保护联盟红色名录(IUCN)》中被列为近危(NT)物种;在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中被列为易危(VU)物种,在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》中被列为附录I的物种。白颈长尾雉主要分布于我国湖南、安徽南部、江西、浙江、福建、广东和广西等地的低山丘陵地区的阔叶林、混交林、针叶林、竹林和林缘灌丛地带。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism     

Analysis of mechanism of formation of epidemic variant of disease activator

Pre-epidemic circulation of a multivariate agent is simulated. An assumption on the possibility of forming a new variant as a combination of properties of circulating variants is examined.     

Effect of composition of cellular lipids of formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance of alkanotrophic rhodocoocci

The antibiotic resistance and lipid composition of rhodococci grown in rich organic media with gaseous or liquid n-alkanes were studied. Hydrocarbon-grown rhodococci exhibited an increased resistance to a wide range of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, linkosamides, macrolides, beta-lactams, and aromatic compounds). The enhanced antibiotic resistance of rhodococci grown on n-alkanes correlated with an increased content of total cell lipids (up to 14-28%) and saturated straight-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C21:0) and was accompanied by the appearance of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in cells. These lipid compounds were supposed to promote the formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance in rhodococci by decreasing the permeability of their cell envelope to antibiotics.     

A quantitative estimation of degree of purity of preparations of subcellular structures

A method of mathematical treatment of the results of the analysis of enzymic activity of fractions has been suggested, allowing a quantitative estimation of both the degree of purity of fractions and the yield. Using this method the preparation of mitochondria, microsomes and lysosomes have been characterized. The method may also be used to elucidate the localization of some, not strictly organelle-specific enzymes of different subcellular structures.     

Formulation of Statistical Equation of Motion of Blood

A general form of the statistical equation of motion of the blood is derived by averaging the motion of individual elements of the blood over a small volume in space. This equation can be transformed into an explicit form to find the constitutive equations of the blood provided the detailed motion of the plasma in some neighborhood of a suspended particle is known. As a demonstration of such transformation, the general form of the statistical equation of motion is applied to the suspension of sphere with a very low concentration to find the effective viscosity.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.     

Possible mechanisms of implementation of toxic potential of lipopolysaccharides of pathogenic bacteria

The significance of variability of biological properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is discussed in the paper within the pathogenesis of infectious process. On the basis of an analysis of published data and of results of independent research of two microorganisms (Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis) a conclusion is made on that a biologically inert LPS form (with a weak cytokine-inducing ability, apirogenicity and non-toxicity etc.) is typical of highly pathogenic bacteria. It is suggested that the above phenomenon is biologically expedient. Presumably, the inert LPS transforms to the active form inside a sensitive host and, according to an infection stage, each of them being functionally significant. It is the inert status of LPS that enables the pathogens, at the initial stages, to surmount freely the humoral and cell barriers of host. As the infection progressively aggravates and the proliferation of bacteria modifies itself due to LPS micro- and macroorganisms, its chemical structure and biopolymer conformation change. Both modification mechanisms enhance the LPS toxic potential. In case of a sensitive host, such variations transform the biologically inert LPS into a toxically active form with its function of endotoxin being realized. There is no LPS modification in a host insensitive to such infection, which entails either recovery or prolonged persistence of the pathogen inside the microorganism.