Laccase production and wood degradation by a white-rot fungus Daedalea flavida

A comparative study has been conducted on seven white rot fungi to investigate their abilities to produce laccase and selectively degrade lignin. Laccase was produced constitutively on the different media tested. Of the different lignins, phenolic compounds and sugars involved, the highest laccase yield was obtained on indulin AT. Salicylic acid inhibited enzyme activity. A temperature of 20°C and 0.2% of indulin AT were found to be optimum for enzyme activity. No correlation was found between the amount of enzyme and fungal mass produced. During semisolid degradation of angiospermic wood sawdust, Daedalea flavida caused a total weight loss of 11%, with a lignin loss of 15.77% during two months of decay. Lignin removal was comparatively selective during the first month, during which time laccase production was also higher, indicating its probable role in lignin degradation.     

Decolorization and Detoxification of Textile Dyes with a Laccase from Trametes hirsuta

Trametes hirsuta and a purified laccase from this organism were able to degrade triarylmethane, indigoid, azo, and anthraquinonic dyes. Initial decolorization velocities depended on the substituents on the phenolic rings of the dyes. Immobilization of the T. hirsuta laccase on alumina enhanced the thermal stabilities of the enzyme and its tolerance against some enzyme inhibitors, such as halides, copper chelators, and dyeing additives. The laccase lost 50% of its activity at 50 mM NaCl while the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of the immobilized enzyme was 85 mM. Treatment of dyes with the immobilized laccase reduced their toxicities (based on the oxygen consumption rate of Pseudomonas putida) by up to 80% (anthraquinonic dyes). Textile effluents decolorized with T. hirsuta or the laccase were used for dyeing. Metabolites and/or enzyme protein strongly interacted with the dyeing process indicated by lower staining levels (K/S) values than obtained with a blank using water. However, when the effluents were decolorized with immobilized laccase, they could be used for dyeing and acceptable color differences (ΔE*) below 1.1 were measured for most dyes.     

Laccase activity from the fungus Trametes hirsuta using an air-lift bioreactor

AIM: To produce high laccase activities from the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta in an in-house air-lift bioreactor (ALB). METHODS AND RESULTS: Trametes hirsuta was grown in a 6-l ALB. A fed-batch strategy with glycerol as an addition resulted in maximum laccase activity of 19,400 U l(-1), which was the highest reported from the fungus. CONCLUSION: The ALB configuration with additional glycerol resulted in high laccase activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides useful information on how to produce high concentrations of laccase.     

Indigo degradation with purified laccases from Trametes hirsuta and Sclerotium rolfsii

The degradation of the textile dye indigo with purified laccases from the fungi Trametes hirsuta (THL1 and THL2) and Sclerotium rolfsii (SRL1) was studied. All laccases were able to oxidize indigo yielding isatin (indole-2,3-dione), which was further decomposed to anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid). Based on the oxygen consumption rate of the laccases during indigo degradation, a potential mechanism for the oxidation of indigo involving the step-wise abstraction of four electrons from indigo by the enzyme was suggested. Comparing the effect of the known redox-mediators acetosyringone, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (PHBS) on laccase-catalyzed degradation of indigo, we found a maximum of about 30% increase in the oxidation rate of indigo with SRL1 and acetosyringone. The particle size of indigo agglomerates after laccase treatment was influenced by the origin of the laccase preparation and by the incubation time. Diameter distributions were found to have one maximum and compared to the indigo particle size distribution of the control, for all laccases, the indigo agglomerates seemed to have shifted to smaller diameters. Bleaching of fabrics by the laccases (based on K/S values) correlated with the release of indigo degradation products.     

毛栓菌产漆酶

<正>漆酶是一种环境友好型酶类,其催化底物单电子氧化形成自由基,同时将分子氧还原形成水,产生的自由基则耦合成二聚体或低聚物。漆酶可催化氧化多种底物,如酚类及其衍生物、芳胺及其衍生物、羟酸及其衍生物、一些金属有机化合物和甾类激素、生物色素等,在环境保护与修复、造纸工业、有机合成、食品工业、生物监测等领域有着广泛的应用前景。例如在染料脱色方面,以白腐真菌为主的一组丝状真菌对染料的降解脱色在近二十年来成为染料生物脱色研究的热点和主流。尽管漆酶在自然界中分布广泛,但     

Laccase from Trametes hirsuta Grown on Paper Cuttings: Application to Synthetic Dye Decolorization at Different pH Values

The potential of paper cuttings to produce laccase from Trametes hirsuta grown under solid‐state conditions was investigated. In addition, cultures were also grown on barley bran, a support commonly used in solid‐state fermentation (SSF), for comparison. Paper cutting cultures showed a maximum individual laccase activity of 7695 U/L on day 9. In addition, the ability to decolorize two structurally different dyes (Indigo Carmine and Lissamine Green B) by the extracellular liquid from both paper and barley bran cultures at pH values between 2 and 11 was analyzed. Laccase‐containing enzyme preparations from both cultures decolorized the dyes tested at pH values between 4 and 7 and, in addition, the laccase‐containing enzyme preparation from paper cutting cultures was also able to decolorize the dyes tested at alkaline pH values. This is a very interesting and novel result, since no decolorization by fungal laccases has been reported until recently at pH values higher than pH 7.     

毛栓菌原生质体制备和再生及单核菌株产漆酶特性

毛栓菌Trametes hirsuta能有效地降解木质素,在生物燃料、制浆和饲料工业等方面具有很高应用价值。为了获得遗传性能稳定的T. hirsuta单核菌株,研究了其菌丝生长培养基的类型、菌丝生长时间（菌龄）、酶解时间、原生质体纯化离心速度和原生质体再生培养基类型对T. hirsuta YJ-9-1原生质体制备与再生的影响;采用DAPI染色和锁状联合缺失的观察,从再生株中筛选单核菌株并考察其产酶特性。结果表明：采用YGM菌丝生长培养基、88h菌龄、1h酶解时间、4,000r/min原生质体纯化离心速度以及YGMS再生培养基,最终可获得密度大约为5.0×106个/mL的原生质体悬浮液和9.1%的再生率;从200株再生菌株中筛选出了3株单核菌株,其中一株单核菌株D-2-1的漆酶产量比原菌T. hirsuta YJ-9-1明显提高,在第12天其漆酶酶活为771.67U/L,是原菌的1.51倍。     

Laccase activities of Penicillium chrysogenum in relation to lignin degradation

 An extracellular laccase capable of oxidizing ABTS (the diammonium salt of 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) was detected in ligninolytic cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum. By contrast, no lignin peroxidase, manganese-dependent peroxidase or aryl-alcohol oxidase was detected at any time during culturing. Both ABTS laccase activity and mineralization of dehydrogenative polymerizate of coniferyl alcohol were regulated by the C/N ratio in the medium and partially inhibited in the presence of thioglycolic acid, suggesting that both events are associated. In the presence of several known laccase inducers neither ABTS laccase activity nor mineralization rates were enhanced. However, a new laccase was detected in P. chrysogenum, able to oxidize 2,6-dimethoxyphenol but not involved in lignin mineralization. Studies with the known ligninolytic basidiomycete Trametes villosa suggest that lignin degradation by this fungus also involves the action of laccase. Received: 6 July 1995/Received revision: 28 October 1995/Accepted: 6 November 1995     

Laccase production in semi-solid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, operating with an inert carrier (nylon sponge) and a non-inert carrier (barley straw), were employed in order to study laccase production during semi-solid state conditions. Manganese (IV) oxide, added to the cultures increased laccase activity 16-fold especially in barley straw cultures, in which a maximum laccase activity of 360 U/l (one unit is defined as 1 mol of 2,2-azino-di-[3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-(6)-sulphonicacid] oxidized per minute) was achieved.     

Laccase production by polyporus versicolor on different substrates

Extracellular production of laccase (E.C. 1.10.3.2) by Polyporus versicolor was studied on lignin, complex and defined media. Although the production of enzyme was more on lignin the specific activity was more on malt extract. Laccase was produced on all the media tested i.e. phenolic compounds, lignins and sugars alone, and in combination with malt extract, excepting salicylic acid. On single source media maximum yields of enzyme were obtained on polyfon followed by resorcinol, reax and lignin. As compared to phenolic compounds the enzyme production was low on sugars. Addition of malt extract enhanced the enzyme yield which was maximum in the case of lignin followed by gallic acid.     

Characterization of a thermostable Deconica castanella Laccase and application toward pentachlorophenol degradation

Abstract

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine pesticide whose toxicity led it to be banned in several countries. In Brazil however, this compound is widely accessible, and its indiscriminate use leads to extensive soil contamination, which requires henceforth, the development of new approaches to manage PCP presence in environment. Considering that PCP is susceptible to undergo enzymatic degradation, this investigation is thence, aimed at the purification, and characterization, of a thermostable fungal enzyme (i.e. Laccase of Deconica castanella (Dc-Lac), and assess its role in PCP in vitro biodegradation. Results evidenced that, molecular mass of the partially purified Dc-Lac was estimated to be of 64?kDa, presenting apparent K_m of 0.47?µmol, and V_max of 11.56?U mg^?1. The optimum temperature and pH were 55?°C and 2.5, respectively. The T½ verified at 55, 60, and 80?°C were 19 and 17?hr, and 47?min, respectively. The highest PCP biodegradation was of 23% at pollutant concentration of 100?µg L^?1, which evidenced that Dc-Lac is a thermostable enzyme that acted directly in PCP degradation and may be a useful asset to remediate this pollutant.     

Laccase production at reactor scale by filamentous fungi

Laccases have received much attention from researchers during the past decades due to their broad substrate specificity and to the fact that they use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor instead of hydrogen peroxide as used by peroxidases. This makes laccases highly interesting for a wide variety of processes, such as textile dye decolouration, pulp bleaching, effluent detoxification, biosensors and bioremediation.

The successful application of laccases to the above-mentioned processes requires the production of large quantities of enzyme at low cost. Filamentous fungi are able to produce laccases in high amounts, however, an efficient production system at bioreactor scale is still lacking. This is mainly due to the fact that laccase production by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi is linked to secondary metabolism, which implies that the following drawbacks must be overcome: uncontrolled fungal growth, the formation of polysaccharides around mycelia and the secretion of certain compounds (i.e. proteases) that inactivate laccases. This review summarizes the current status of laccase production by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi at the bioreactor scale.     

Laccase of the lignolytic fungus Trametes hirsuta: Purification and characterization of the enzyme, and cloning and primary structure of the gene

The main physicochemical characteristics of the major isoform of the laccase secreted by the fungus Trametes hirsuta 072 were studied. The enzyme belongs to the group of high redox potential laccases (E _T1 ⁰ 790 ± 5), and it oxidizes with high efficiency various substrates of phenolic nature. The gene of this isoform was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The length of the complete gene is 2134 bp. It comprises 11 exons and 10 introns. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of T. hirsuta 072 laccase demonstrated a high homology to the other laccases secreted by fungi of the genus Trametes.     

Laccase of the lignolytic fungus Trametes hirsuta: purification and characterization of the enzyme, and cloning and primary structure of the gene

The main physicochemical characteristics of the major isoform of the laccase secreted by the fungu, Trametes hirsuta 072 were studied. The enzyme belongs to the group of high redox potential laccases (E(T1) = 790 +/- 5), and it oxidizes with high efficiency various substrates of phenolic nature. The gene of this isoform was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The length of the complete gene is 2134 bp. It comprises 11 exons and 10 introns. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of T. hirsuta 072 laccase demonstrated a high homology (to 96.9%) to the other laccases secreted by fungi of the genus Trametes.     

Production of Laccase by Trametes hirsuta Grown in an Immersion Bioreactor and its Application in the Docolorization of Dyes from a Leather Factory

An alternative system for producing laccase on a bioreactor scale by the white‐rot fungus Trametes hirsuta is proposed. The experiments were performed in an immersion bioreactor (employing cuttings of stainless steel sponges as a support) and the culture medium was supplemented with copper sulfate (1 mM). Operating under these conditions, it was possible to obtain a maximum laccase activity of nearly 5,000 U/L within 9 days. In addition, the ability of the crude laccase produced to decolorize two synthetic acid dyes utilized in the leather industry (Luganil Green and Sella Solid Red) was investigated. The effect of the pH and the enzyme activity on decolorization was analyzed. It was found that a pH of 4.0 and a laccase activity of 300 U/L were optimal for Luganil dye decolorization (16.2 % in 2 hours). Sella Solid Red showed its highest decolorization (around 40 % in 2 hours) when used at pH 5.0 and at a laccase activity of 1,000 U/L.     

Laccase applications in biofuels production: current status and future prospects

The desire to reduce dependence on the ever diminishing fossil fuel reserves coupled with the impetus towards green energy has seen increased research in biofuels as alternative sources of energy. Lignocellulose materials are one of the most promising feedstocks for advanced biofuels production. However, their utilisation is dependent on the efficient hydrolysis of polysaccharides, which in part is dependent on cost-effective and benign pretreatment of biomass to remove or modify lignin and release or expose sugars to hydrolytic enzymes. Laccase is one of the enzymes that are being investigated not only for potential use as pretreatment agents in biofuel production, mainly as a delignifying enzyme, but also as a biotechnological tool for removal of inhibitors (mainly phenolic) of subsequent enzymatic processes. The current review discusses the major advances in the application of laccase as a potential pretreatment strategy, the underlying principles as well as directions for future research in the search for better enzyme-based technologies for biofuel production. Future perspectives could include synergy between enzymes that may be required for optimal results and the adoption of the biorefinery concept in line with the move towards the global implementation of the bioeconomy strategy.     

Laccase activity in lignin degradation by Coriolus versicolor in vivo and in vitro studies

Abstract Laccase activity in ligninolytic cultures of Coriolus versicolor was inhibited by the addition of antibodies. The degree and rate of lignin degradation was unaffected by this inhibition in comparison with cultures which had normal laccase activity. Although experiments in vitro showed that milled wood lignin was depolymerised by laccase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and that this reaction was inhibited by antibody, it is concluded that this degradative reaction was not the function of laccase in vivo.     

New uses of food waste: application to laccase production by Trametes hirsuta

Diverse food wastes, apple, orange and potato, were screened for laccase production, under solid-state fermentation conditions, by the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta. Potato peelings gave the highest activity, reaching about 5000 U l^–1 within 8 days. These values are higher than those reported to date.     

Influence of tropolone on Poria placenta wood degradation

Fenton reactions are believed to play important roles in wood degradation by brown rot fungi. In this context, the effect of tropolone (2-hydroxycyclohepta-2,4,6-trienone), a metal chelator, on wood degradation by Poria placenta was investigated. Tropolone (50 micro M) strongly inhibits fungal growth on malt agar, but this inhibition could be relieved by adding iron salts. With an experimental system containing two separate parts, one supplemented with tropolone (100 micro M) and the other not, it was shown that the fungus is able to reallocate essential minerals from the area where they are available and also to grow in these conditions on malt-agar in the presence of tropolone. Nevertheless, even in the presence of an external source of metals, P. placenta is not able to attack pine blocks impregnated with tropolone (5 mM). This wood degradation inhibition is related to the presence of the tropolone hydroxyl group, as shown by the use of analogs (cyclohepta-2,4,6-trienone and 2-methoxycyclohepta-2,4,6-trienone). Furthermore, tropolone possesses both weak antioxidative and weak radical-scavenging properties and a strong affinity for ferric ion and is able to inhibit ferric iron reduction by catecholates, lowering the redox potential of the iron couple. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that tropolone inhibits wood degradation by P. placenta by chelating iron present in wood, thus avoiding initiation of the Fenton reaction. This study demonstrates that iron chelators such as tropolone could be also involved in novel and more environmentally benign preservative systems.