THE GSTP1 c.313A>G POLYMORPHISM MODULATES THE CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO AEROBIC TRAINING

The GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism is a candidate to explain some of the individual differences in cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes’ responses to aerobic exercise training. We aim to explore the association between the GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism and the response to low-high impact aerobic exercise training. Sixty-six Polish Caucasian women were genotyped for the GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism; 62 of them completed 12-week aerobic (50-75% HR_max) exercise training and were measured for selected somatic features (body mass and BMI) and cardiorespiratory fitness indices – maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max, maximum heart rate (HR_max), maximum ventilation (V_Emax) and anaerobic threshold (AT) – before and after the training period. Two-factor analysis of variance revealed a main training effect for body mass reduction (p=0.007) and BMI reduction (p=0.013), improvements of absolute and relative VO_2max (both p<0.001), and increased V_Emax (p=0.005), but not for changes in fat-free mass (FFM) (p=0.162). However, a significant training x GSTP1 c.313A>G interaction was found only for FFM (p=0.042), absolute and relative VO_2max (p=0.029 and p=0.026), and V_Emax (p=0.005). As the result of training, significantly greater improvements in VO_2max, V_Emax and FFM were gained by the GG+GA group compared to the AA genotype group. The results support the hypothesis that heterogeneity in individual response to training stimuli is at least in part determined by genetics, and GSTP1 c.313A>G may be considered as one (of what appear to be many) target polymorphisms to influence these changes.     

EFFECTS OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION ON STRENGTH AND JUMPING PERFORMANCE IN VOLLEYBALL AND BEACH VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of 6-week strength training with whole body vibration (WBV) on leg strength and jumping performance in volleyball and beach volleyball players. Twenty-three sub-elite male volleyball (VB; n=12) and beach volleyball players (BVB; n=11) aged 21.2±3.0 years were divided into two groups and subjected to 6 weeks of strength training (three one-hour sessions per week): (I) 12 players (6 VB and 6 BVB players) underwent training with WBV (30-40 Hz, 1.7-2.5 mm, 3.0-5.7 g), and (II) 11 players (6 VB and 5 BVB players) underwent traditional strength training. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement squat jump (CMJ) measurements by the Ergo Tester contact platform and maximum leg press test (1RM) were conducted. Three-factor (2 time x 2 WBV use x 2 discipline) analysis of variance for SJ, CMJ and 1RM revealed a significant time main effect (p<0.001), a WBV use effect (p<0.001) and a discipline effect (p<0.001). Significantly greater improvements in the SJ (p<0.001) and CMJ (p<0.001) and in 1RM (p<0.001) were found in the WBV training groups than in traditional training groups. Significant 3-way interaction effects (training, WBV use, discipline kind) were also found for SJ, CMJ and 1RM (p=0.001, p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively). It can be concluded that implementation of 6-week WBV training in routine practice in volleyball and beach volleyball players increases leg strength more and leads to greater improvement in jump performance than traditional strength training, but greater improvements can be expected in beach volleyball players than in volleyball players.     

POLLEN APERTURE POLYMORPHISM AND GAMETOPHYTE PERFORMANCE IN VIOLA DIVERSIFOLIA

Pollen aperture polymorphism is studied in Viola diversifolia, where all plants produce three- and four-apertured pollen grains. We tested whether there are genetic differences among plants for the proportions of the different pollen morphs, and whether the morphs differ in gametophytic performance. Results show that the more apertures a pollen grain has, the more quickly it germinates but that few-apertured pollen grains have faster growing pollen tubes and longer life expectancies. The proportions of the different pollen morphs, together with pollen tube growth rates, may be inherited traits based on differences among maternal families. These results suggest that the different pollen morphs are favored in different pollination ecology situations. The production of several pollen morphs by the same individual could therefore be evolutionarily advantageous.     

红景天中药复方对低氧劳动能力的影响

我们研制了以藏产大花红景天为主要成分的中药复方用以提高机体的低氧劳动能力。在模拟海拔１００００ｍ的小鼠游泳实验中,药物组和对照组动物的存活时间分别为７３．２±３．８和６０．５±４．０ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;游泳６０ｍｉｎ（相当于对照组的平均存活时间）以后死亡的百分数分别为５３．０％和３５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。大鼠在模拟海拔５０００ｍ游泳１ｈ,药物组和对照组动物的血乳酸含量分别为１４．６±１．８和２１．１±１．９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在模拟海拔４３００ｍ低压舱内人体运动负荷试验中,药物组和对照组受试者的ＰＷＣ１７０分别为９８０．４±５２．８和８６６．４±３０．０（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示,红景天中药复方能明显提高低氧劳动能力。     

小麦蜡质基因座位上SSR的多态性及其与直链淀粉含量的关系

分析了蜡质基因(Wx)3′端的一个简单重复序列(SSR)(AT(AT)n AT)在32份小麦中的多态性及其与直链淀粉含量(AC)的关系。这些材料包括了山东省内的不同小麦品种,其AC含量差别较大。在扩增的小麦品种中均出现两条带,一条204bp(Wx-Dla)位于7DS染色体上,另一条225—346bp(Wx-Ala)位于7AS染色体上。也就是说在扩增的小麦品种中均存在Wx-Ala和Wx- Dla基因,并且较长的片段显示了长度多态性。分析表明AC与7D上这个SSR序列基因的多态性呈正相关,高AC小麦品种扩增的片段较长,电泳迁移率较小;相反,低AC小麦品种扩增的片段较短,迁移率较大,不同长度SSR品种间AC差异显著。虽然目前还不能确定这个SSR序列在直链淀粉合成中的直接功能,但SSR变异与AC之间的相关性可作为分子标记直接用于小麦品种改良。     

Genetic and environmental contributions to prosocial behaviour in 2- to 9-year-old South Korean twins

Although over 50 twin and adoption studies have been performed on the genetic architecture of antisocial behaviour, far fewer studies have investigated prosocial behaviour, and none have done so on a non-western population. The present study examined mothers' ratings of prosocial behaviour in 514 pairs of 2- to 9-year-old South Korean monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Correlational analyses showed a tendency of increasing genetic effects and decreasing shared environmental effects with age although shared family environment effects and the moderating effects of age did not attain statistical significance in model-fitting analyses. The best-fitting model indicated that 55% (95% CI: 45-64%) of the variance in the 2- to 9-year-olds' prosocial behaviour was due to genetic factors and 45% (95% CI: 36-55%) was due to non-shared environmental factors. It is concluded that genetic and environmental influences on prosocial behaviour in young South Koreans are mostly similar to those in western samples.     

中国维、苗、瑶、壮四个少数民族补体C4的遗传多态现象的检测报告

使用国际第四届补体遗传学会议推荐的方法及薄层激光扫描技术,检测了我国维吾尔族、苗族、瑶族、壮族的补体组分4(C4)的多态性,并与我们以往检测过的汉族的C4多态性一起进行了比较。结果发现,在C4A座位上,以C4A3频率最高,以下在汉族、苗族、瑶族、壮族中依C4A2、Q0、4、1次序降低。在C4B座位上,频率最高的均为C4B1。其它基因频率的依次排列,汉与维为2、Q0、3,苗与壮为92、Q0、2、3,瑶为Q0、2、92等。民族间的差异比较集中地存在于C4A2、C4B2、C4AQ0、C4BQ0等4个基因。本文还对中国汉族、日本人、白种、黑种人群的C4同种异型差异进行了对比与讨论。     

人胎儿胸腺内bc1－2基因表达与分布

采用免疫酶组织化学与地高辛标记的单链ｃＤＮＡ探针原位杂交技术,研究了抗凋亡基因ｂｃｌ－２在人胎儿胸腺组织中的表达与分布。结果ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ及其蛋白均优势定位于髓质区。提示胸腺中ｂｃｌ－２基因表达调控发生在转录水平;ｂｃｌ－２基因介导的细胞凋亡状态可能参与Ｔ淋巴细胞的成熟过程。     

URINARY CREATINE AT REST AND AFTER REPEATED SPRINTS IN ATHLETES: A PILOT STUDY

Creatine plays a key role in muscle function and its evaluation is important in athletes. In this study, urinary creatine concentration was measured in order to highlight its possible significance in monitoring sprinters. The study included 51 sprinters and 25 age- and sex-matched untrained subjects as a control group. Body composition was measured and dietary intake estimated. Urine samples were collected before and after standardized physical exercise. Creatine was assessed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Basal urinary creatine (UC) was significantly lower in sprinters than controls (34±30 vs. 74±3 µmol/mmol creatinine, p < 0.05). UC was inversely correlated with body mass (r = −0.34, p < 0.01) and lean mass (r = −0.30, p < 0.05), and positively correlated with fat mass (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). After acute exercise, urinary creatine significantly decreased in both athletes and controls. UC is low in sprinters at rest and further decreases after exercise, most likely due to a high uptake and use of creatine by muscles, as muscle mass and physical activity are supposed to be greater in athletes than untrained subjects. Further studies are needed to test the value of urinary creatine as a non-invasive marker of physical condition and as a parameter for managing Cr supplementation in athletes.     

维生素A对养成期草鱼生长性能以及骨骼中钙磷含量变化的影响

实验旨在探究养成期草鱼对饲料中维生素A的需求及维生素A对养成期草鱼的骨骼中钙磷含量的影响。选取养成期（254.6±0.5）g草鱼420尾,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾。分别用维生素A含量为89、732、1129、2378、4688、7218和9802 IU/kg的等氮等能实验饲料喂养84d。实验结果表明:（1）饲料中添加4688 IU/kg的维生素A显著提高了养成期草鱼的特定生长率（P < 0.05）,并显著降低了饲料系数（P < 0.05）,但饲料维生素A含量对鱼体摄食率、成活率以及肝脏指数没有显著影响（P>0.05）。（2）饲料添加维生素A对鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分没有显著影响（P>0.05）,但是9802 IU/kg组的鱼体水分显著低于其他实验组（P < 0.05）。（3）饲料中4688 IU/kg的维生素A显著提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶的活性（P < 0.05）,但饲料维生素A水平对血清丙二醛、钙、磷含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著影响（P>0.05）。（4）饲料添加4688和7218 IU/kg的维生素A能显著提高草鱼头骨和脊椎骨中灰分以及钙、磷含量（P < 0.05）。在实验条件下,以特定生长率、饲料系数以及血清SOD活性为评价指标,通过折线分析得出养成期草鱼适宜维生素A的需求量分别为3184和3077 IU/kg。     

SPECTROSCOPIC AND KINETIC STUDIES OF INTERACTIONS OF CALF SPLEEN PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE WITH 8-AZAGUANINE,AND ITS 9-(2-PHOSPHONYLMETHOXYETHYL) DERIVATIVE

Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of interactions of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase with 8-azaguanine, an excellent fluorescent/fluorogenic substrate for the synthetic pathway of the reaction, and its 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) derivative, a bisubstrate analogue inhibitor, were carried out. The goal was to clarify the catalytic mechanism of the enzymatic reaction by identification of ionic/tautomeric forms of these ligands in the complex with PNP.     

Synthesis and Biological Properties of 9-(2, 4-Dihydroxybutyl) Adenine and Guanine: New Analogues Of 9-(2, 3-Dihydroxyprqpyl)adenine (Dhpa) and 9-(2-Hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (Acyclovir)

Abstract

New analogues of antiviral agents 9-(2, 3-dihy-droxyproply) adenine (DHPA, 1a.) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine (acyclovir, Ib) - compounds Ic and Id were prepared and their biological activity was investigated. Racemic 1, 2, 4-butanetriol (2) was converted to the corresponding benzylidene derivative (3a) by acetalation with benzalde-hyde and triethyl orthoformate. Acetal 3a and p-toluene- sul-fonyl chloride in pyridine gave the corresponding p-toluenes fonate 3b. Alkylation of adenine 5a via sodium salt of 5a with 3b in dimethylformamide or in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran gave intermediate 6a. Reaction of 2-amino-6-chloropurine (5b) with 3b effected by K₂CO₃ in dimethylsulfoxide gave compound 6b and a smaller amount of 7-alkylated proauct 7. A similar transformation catalyzed by tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride afforded only intermediate 5b. Acid-catalyzed de-protection (hydrolysis) of 6b and 6a gave the title compounds Ic and Id. The S-enantiomer of Ic was deaminated with adenosine deaminase. Our results argue against the presence of a methyl group-binding site of adenosine deaminase. Compounds Ic and Id exhibited little or no activity in antiviral assays with several DNA and RNA viruses.     

Influence on the plasma membrane of Candida albicans by HP (2-9)-magainin 2 (1-12) hybrid peptide

A 20-residue hybrid peptide (HP (2-9)-MA (1-12): HP-MA), incorporating 2-9 residues of Helicobacter pyroli ribosomal protein L1 (HP) and 1-12 residues of magainin 2 (MA), has more potent antibacterial activity than parent peptide HP (2-20) and magainin 2. In this study, the antifungal activity and its mechanism of HP-MA were investigated. HP-MA displayed a strong antifungal activity in an energy-dependent manner. To elucidate the antifungal mechanism(s) of HP-MA, FACScan analysis and the change in membrane dynamics using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as a membrane probe of Candida albicans were examined. The results indicated that the HP-MA exerts its antifungal effect by acting on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the peptide induced remarkable morphological change when tested for membrane disrupting activity using liposomes (PC/Cholesterol; 10:1, w/w). In C. albicans, dimorphism plays a crucial role in pathogenesis but HP-MA could disrupt the mycelial forms and exert its antifungal effect on the blastoconidia in 20% fetal bovine serum.     

Genetic analysis of chromosomal region 97D2-9 of Drosophila melanogaster

The rough homeobox gene of D. melanogaster is required for the correct patterning of the developing eye. The locus maps to cytological location 97D2-5, a region which has not been extensively characterised. As part of our genetic and molecular characterization of rough we carried out an EMS mutagenesis to generate mutants that map to the surrounding region, 97D2-9 which is deleted in Df(3R)ro-XB3. We have generated 1 visible and 13 lethal mutations which, together with the previously described Toll and ms(3)K10 loci, and other unpublished lethals, define nine complementation groups — four lethal, three semi-lethal, one visible and one male-sterile. In addition to rough, one other locus within this region, 1(3)97De, was shown to be required for formation of the normal pattern of photoreceptor cells in the compound eye.The first two authors contributed equally to the work described in this paper     

骨关节炎患者血清中基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9的明胶酶谱分析

为探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9在骨关节炎发病中的作用,应用明胶酶谱分析方法研究其在骨关节炎患者血清中的表达水平。实验对象为27例膝骨关节炎患者,对照组为7例外伤骨折患者。结果发现病例组血清中基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9的表达水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。该结果显示基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9可能在骨关节炎的发病过程中均起着重要的作用。     

Temporal and spatial expression of MMP-2,-9,-14 and their inhibitors TIMP-1,-2,-3 in the corpus luteum of the cycling rhesus monkey

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ that secretes progesterone to support early pregnancy. If implantation is unsuccessful, luteolysis is initiated. Extensive tissue remodeling occurs during CL formation and luteolysis. In this study, we have studied the possible involvement of MMP-2,-9,-14, and their inhibitors, TIMP-1,-2,-3 in the CL of cycling rhesus monkey at various stages by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and microscopic assessment. The results showed that the MMP-2 mRNA and protein were mainly expressed in the endothelial cells at the early and middle stages of the CL development, while their expressions were observed in the luteal cells at the late stage during luteal regression. MMP-9 protein was detected in the CL at the early and middle stages, and obviously increased at the late stage. The expressions of MMP-14 and TIMP-1 mRNA were high at the early and late stages, and low at the middle stage. TIMP-2 mRNA was high throughout all the stages, the highest level could be observed at the late stage. The TIMP-3 production was detected throughout all the stages, but obviously declined during CL regression. MMP-9,-14 and TIMP-1,-2,-3 were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the steroidogenic cells. The results suggest that the MMP/TIMP system is involved in regulation of CL development in the primate, and the coordinated expression of MMP-2,-14 and TIMP-1,-3 may have a potential role in the CL formation and the functional maintaining, while the interaction of MMP-2,-9,-14 and TIMP-1,-2,-3 might also play a role in CL regression at the late stage of CL development in the primate.     

Metabolism and mechanisms of action of 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-6-mercaptopurine in Chinese hamster ovary cells

The mechanisms of action of 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-6-mercaptopurine (THFMP) have been studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in tissue culture. THFMP is relatively unstable in physiological buffers, being facilely converted to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) even in the absence of cells. Consequently, THFMP undergoes metabolic conversions characteristic of 6-MP, namely formation of 6-thioIMP and incorporation into DNA as 6-thioguanine (6-TG) nucleotide. A number of purines are capable of preventing the toxicity of THFMP in wild-type cells in a manner similar to that of 6-MP. However, exogenous purines and pyrimidines did not prevent the toxicity of THFMP to cells deficient in the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8; HGPRTase). Cells lacking HGPRTase were 20–40-fold resistant to 6-TG and 6-MP but were only 2–4-fold resistant to THFMP. Furthermore, the time-course for killing CHO cells deficient in HGPRTase was different from that in wild-type cells containing the enzyme. There was no apparent effect of THFMP on the utilization of precursors for DNA, RNA or protein synthesis in the enzyme-deficient mutant cell line. The results suggest that THFMP is converted non-enzymatically to 6-MP and shares its mechanisms of action in wild-type cells containing HGPRTase, i.e., inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis and incorporation into DNA as 6-TG nucleotide. However, the mechanism of action of THFMP in cells lacking HGPRTase is probably unique and is presently unknown.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号与除虫脲在实验室鱼水系统中归趋的比较研究

本研究选择当年草鱼为试验对象,放入水族箱内,分为试验组和对照组。每组两个平行样,灭幼脲Ⅲ号(CCU)和除虫脲(DFB)的暴露浓度分别都为5和50μg/L。未放鱼的水族箱作为对照。实验开始后,分别在0,6,24,48,72和120h后取样分析两种母体化合物浓度。CCU和DFB在水中的溶解度,用标准柱提取法测定为0.21mg/L和0.23mg/L(温度19℃±1℃),试验鱼体內类脂含量用1987年OECD法测定为1％(湿重计),水样与鱼样中的DFB与CCU,分别在样品纯化步骤后用高效液相色谱法进行测定。本实验结果表明:无论对照箱还是养鱼箱中,同DFB相比,水中CCU都消失得更快,同时它在鱼体内的积累值较低(BCF<100),说明CCU比DFB具有更强的生物可降解性。两种化学品在鱼体内的积累过程与水中暴露浓度有关。