医用金属及金属氧化物纳米材料的毒性研究

随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料在各领域的应用日益增多。金属及金属氧化物纳米材料因其独特的物化性质,为多种疾病的诊治提供了崭新的解决途径。其中,贵金属金、银及应用最为广泛的铁所形成的纳米材料在医学领域应用甚广。纳米金及纳米银具有优异的抗菌效能,广泛用于伤口敷料、化妆品、食品等的制造中。除此之外,纳米金、纳米银及含铁的磁性纳米颗粒也用于疾病诊治方面,如肿瘤的诊断和治疗、生物传感器、生物成像等。但是,大部分金属纳米材料可对机体产生不良作用,因而了解金属纳米材料的毒性显得非常重要。为了在医学应用中更有效地利用金属纳米材料,必须探究其大小、表面化学、特殊性质及毒性。本文总结了这几种金属纳米材料的医学用途,概述了它们的体内外毒性,并分析了可能的毒性作用机制。     

发光细菌法测定环境中金属毒性的研究进展

在环境污染物的毒性评价和监测中,发光细菌法是一种具有快速、灵敏和廉价等优点的直接生物测试方法.本文简要回顾了发光细菌法的测定原理及其在水环境中的应用;总结了发光细菌法测定水环境中金属毒性的主要影响因素(如pH、有机无机配体和交互作用);重点评述了发光细菌法在土壤样品金属毒性测定方面的应用、不同提取方法的优缺点以及土壤金属毒性与形态之间的关系;提出今后应加强土壤中金属对发光细菌的毒害机理、土壤环境中发光细菌法标准化以及发光细菌法与其他测试方法的关系等研究.快速、廉价、标准化发光细菌法的建立对土壤环境中金属风险评价和监测具有重要的意义.     

棒状金纳米颗粒探针的制备

利用晶种生长法制备金纳米棒,在其表面依次用聚丙烯酸(PAA)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰,降低了CTAB的细胞毒性,同时也增强了金纳米棒在盐和细胞培养液中的稳定性。又利用静电吸附作用,成功的将DNA连接到了金纳米棒的表面,制备了DNA传感器,可用于生物研究。     

脱细胞生物材料样品的细胞毒控制技术研究

细胞毒控制是脱细胞生物材料制备过程中的关键工艺,该工艺不稳定是造成脱细胞材料细胞毒性高、生物相容性差的重要原因之一。脱细胞后,采用酒精振荡清洗的方法优化制备工艺,可有效降低脱细胞样品的残余细胞毒性,提高细胞毒等级。试验结果证明, 30%的酒精振荡清洗至少12 h以上可以将脱细胞样品的细胞毒稳定在Ⅰ级水平。这对于降低脱细胞生物材料制备过程的废品率,提高脱细胞生物材料样品的生物相容性和临床应用安全性具有积极意义。     

Fe3O4/ 生物可降解复合材料研究

磁性氧化铁纳米粒子因具有尺寸小、低毒性和超顺磁性等特点,已经引起了生物化工、医药工业领域的广泛关注。生物可降解高分子材料是生物医用高分子研究中最活跃的领域之一,已广泛用于外科手术缝合线,植入体材料及药物释放载体等。将Fe3O4和生物可降解高分子材料进行复合,可以扩大两者的应用范围,达到理想的治疗效果,并有望开创临床治疗的新时代。本文介绍了磁性四氧化三铁粒子的化学制备方法,包括共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了比较;重点阐述了磁性壳聚糖,磁性聚乳酸,磁性PEG,磁性PCL复合材料的制备,及它们在酶的固定化、磁靶向药物及基因载体等医学领域的应用,显示了Fe3O4/生物可降解复合材料在医学领域的广阔应用前景;最后对复合材料走向临床应用所面临的问题及发展前景进行了讨论。     

金属纳米团簇的合成及抗菌效应的研究进展

金属纳米团簇(M NCs)是近年来出现的一类由几个至数百个原子组成的具有超小尺寸结构(<3 nm)的新型功能材料,因其有独特的物理化学性质以及良好的生物相容性,被广泛应用于生物分析、药物输送、医学成像以及肿瘤治疗等领域。最近,利用M NCs作为新型纳米抗菌材料解决细菌感染方面的研究成为热点,已经在抗生素耐药、致病菌的检测和治疗等方面得到了应用,为解决抗感染问题提供了新思路。本文首先介绍了不同M NCs的合成及性质的研究进展,然后根据近几年来国内外的相关研究,综述了单一M NCs及其复合物抗菌效应的应用现状及其作用机制,并对其作为一种新型纳米抗菌材料在实际应用过程中的稳定性、多功能性以及协同抗菌作用存在的问题进行了展望。     

ZnO和CuO纳米颗粒对废水生物处理的影响及缓解毒性的研究进展

ZnO和CuO纳米颗粒(nanoparticles, NPs)在研究、医学和工业等领域的广泛使用,已引起人们对其生物安全性的忧虑。相关学者已在污水处理系统中检测到ZnO NPs和CuO NPs,由于其独特的理化性质,低含量NPs就对微生物群落结构和生长代谢产生毒性,进而影响污水脱氮的稳定运行。本文综述了ZnO NPs和CuO NPs对生物脱氮系统中相关功能细菌的毒性及机制,并总结了通过调节水环境因素(如pH值、离子强度、离子类型和天然有机物等)缓解ZnO NPs和CuO NPs的细胞毒性,以期为今后缓解和应急调控金属纳米颗粒(metal oxide nanoparticles, MONPs)对污水处理系统的冲击提供理论基础和支撑。     

模板法金纳米簇的制备及其在生物分子检测中的应用

金纳米簇(AuNCs)作为一种新型荧光纳米材料,是由几个到约一百个金原子组成的分子聚集体,因制备简单、光学性质优异以及毒性低等特性,近年来在生物传感领域得到了广泛应用。本文首先对以巯基化合物、树枝状化合物、多肽和蛋白质、寡核苷酸DNA等为模板制备AuNCs的模板法及其优点进行阐述,对AuNCs的紫外吸收、荧光及电化学性质进行介绍,之后重点总结基于荧光AuNCs的生物传感器在生物大分子及小分子检测中的应用,最后对AuNCs应用于生物传感领域所面临的挑战进行分析,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

微生物表面展示技术及其在环境污染治理中的应用

微生物表面展示技术是通过基因工程手段,将短的外源肽或蛋白质表达在微生物细胞表面,该技术可以应用于开发活的细菌疫苗、筛选抗体库、生产生物细胞吸附剂以及制备整细胞生物催化剂。通过金属高效结合肽的肽库筛选和微生物展示技术,将金属结合肽直接展示在微生物的表面,用于处理环境中的重金属污染,为环境中重金属污染的防治提供了一条崭新的途径。利用微生物表面展示技术制备整细胞催化剂,用于有毒有机污染物的处理,可以极大地加快污染物的降解速率。简要介绍了微生物表面展示技术及其在重金属污染治理和毒性有机污染物的脱毒等环境生物修复方面的最新研究进展。     

贪铜杆菌Cupriavidus sp. SHE细胞上清液合成纳米硒

近年来,纳米硒凭借其良好的导电、光热以及抗癌等特性,在纳米技术、生物医学以及环境修复等诸多领域得到广泛应用。实验选择前期筛选得到的贪铜杆菌Cupriavidus sp. SHE,文中探究了该菌株的细胞上清液、全细胞以及胞内提取物合成纳米硒的能力,并对细胞上清液合成的纳米硒进行形貌表征与官能团分析,最后选取革兰氏阳性菌假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp. PI1和革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21进行抗菌实验。结果表明,菌株Cupriavidussp.SHE的细胞上清液、全细胞以及胞内提取物均具有合成纳米硒的能力。对于菌株Cupriavidus sp. SHE细胞上清液而言,在该实验中,研究范围内其合成纳米硒的最佳条件是SeO2浓度为5 mmol/L,pH为7。透射电子显微镜结果表明合成的纳米硒颗粒主要为球形,平均直径为196nm。X射线衍射结果表明合成的纳米硒晶体类型为六方形结构。傅立叶转换红外光谱和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明纳米硒表面有小分子蛋白结合,可能参与了纳米硒的合成和稳定过程。此外,抗菌实验表明菌株Cupriavidus sp. SHE细胞上清液合成的纳米硒颗粒对菌株E.coli BL21和Pseudomonas sp. PI1均无明显的抗菌活性。综上,该研究表明菌株Cupriavidus sp.SHE在细胞上清液中产生的蛋白类物质在其合成纳米硒的过程中发挥了重要作用,合成的生物纳米硒颗粒无毒且生物相容性良好,未来在生物医学等领域具有较好的应用潜力。     

植物精油生物活性作用机理研究进展

植物精油具有多种生物活性,被广泛应用于医疗保健、食品工业、化妆品、农业等多个领域.本文综述植物精油抗菌、抗癌、抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗氧化、延缓衰老、防治心血管疾病、抗病毒、消炎等多种生物活性的作用机理,并展望植物精油今后研究的重点及突破方向.     

抗菌肽及其应用研究进展

抗菌肽是生物防御系统产生的一类对抗外源性病原体的肽类物质,具有抗细菌、真菌、霉菌、病毒、原虫、癌细胞等多种活性,具有广阔的应用前景。本文就抗菌肽的分类、理化特征、结构、作用机制、基因工程、应用前景及存在问题等方面进行了简要综述。     

短小芽胞杆菌的益生作用及其生物降解功能

短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)是一种重要的微生物资源,能够分泌活性较强的代谢产物,在农业、工业、医药等领域具有良好的应用前景.就目前短小芽胞杆菌对动植物的抗菌、抗病毒、改善农作物品质等益生作用及其生物降解功能进行综述,总结并分析降解过程中可能存在的问题,为进一步研究短小芽胞杆菌的生物学功能及其在多个领...     

Magnetic fields,radicals and cellular activity

Some effects of low-intensity magnetic fields on the concentration of radicals and their influence on cellular functions are reviewed. These fields have been implicated as a potential modulator of radical recombination rates. Experimental evidence has revealed a tight coupling between cellular function and radical pair chemistry from signaling pathways to damaging oxidative processes. The effects of externally applied magnetic fields on biological systems have been extensively studied, and the observed effects lack sufficient mechanistic understanding. Radical pair chemistry offers a reasonable explanation for some of the molecular effects of low-intensity magnetic fields, and changes in radical concentrations have been observed to modulate specific cellular functions. Applied external magnetic fields have been shown to induce observable cellular changes such as both inhibiting and accelerating cell growth. These and other mechanisms, such as cell membrane potential modulation, are of great interest in cancer research due to the variations between healthy and deleterious cells. Radical concentrations demonstrate similar variations and are indicative of a possible causal relationship. Radicals, therefore, present a possible mechanism for the modulation of cellular functions such as growth or regression by means of applied external magnetic fields.     

Recent advances in the synthetic and medicinal perspective of quinolones: A review

In the modern scenario, the quinolone scaffold has emerged as a very potent motif considering its clinical significance. Quinolones possess wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory and diuretic activity etc. The versatile synthetic approaches have been successfully applied and several of the resulted synthesized compounds exhibit fascinating biological activities in numerous fields. This has prompted to discover quinolone-based analogues among the researchers due to its great diversity in biological activities. In the past few years, various new, efficient and convenient synthetic approaches (including green chemistry and microwave-assisted synthesis) have been designed and developed to synthesize diverse quinolone-based scaffolds which represent a growing area of interest in academic and industry as well as to explore their biological activities. In this review, an attempt has been made by the authors to summarize (1) One of the most comprehensive listings of quinolone-based drugs or agents in the market or under various stages of clinical development; (2) Recent advances in the synthetic strategies for quinolone derivatives as well as their biological implications including insight of mechanistic studies. (3) Further, the biological data is correlated with structure-activity relationship studies to provide an insight into the rational design of more active agents.     

Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms

Nanoparticle metal oxides represent a new class of important materials that are increasingly being developed for use in research and health-related applications. Highly ionic metal oxides are interesting not only for their wide variety of physical and chemical properties but also for their antibacterial activity. Although the in vitro antibacterial activity and efficacy of regular zinc oxides have been investigated, little is known about the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles of ZnO. Preliminary growth analysis data suggest that nanoparticles of ZnO have significantly higher antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus than do five other metal oxide nanoparticles. In addition, studies have clearly demonstrated that ZnO nanoparticles have a wide range of antibacterial effects on a number of other microorganisms. The antibacterial activity of ZnO may be dependent on the size and the presence of normal visible light. The data suggest that ZnO nanoparticles have a potential application as a bacteriostatic agent in visible light and may have future applications in the development of derivative agents to control the spread and infection of a variety of bacterial strains.     

Insect-parasitic nematodes: from lab curiosities to model organisms

Interest in studying insect-parasitic nematodes was originally focused on their potential as biological control agents of insects and other arthropod pests. Now, after 30 years of intense basic and applied research, realization of the practical use of insect-parasitic nematodes, particularly of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria, has spurred developments across a far broader scientific front. We are now entering a new era of discovery in which tools of molecular genetics are being increasingly used to address a range of biological questions. The knowledge gained from these efforts will directly benefit the practical application of insect-parasitic nematodes as more effective biopesticides. Moreover, these studies will advance these nematodes as unique and intrinsically interesting biological model systems not only for basic research but also in applied fields such as plant health, human medicine, pharmaceutical bioprospecting, and genetic engineering. In this review, the past and current state of insect-parasitic nematode research is summarized. Future research priorities and goals are identified and discussed.     

金属纳米材料的生物化学制备及在生物医学领域的应用

近40年来,金属纳米材料发展迅猛,因其不同于宏观晶体的特殊性质,逐渐在各行业中起到了不可或缺的作用。当下人类面临资源、环境等日益严重的生态问题,因此金属纳米材料与生物学结合的绿色生态模式是大势所趋。本文重点综述了利用各种植物提取物、微生物以及蛋白质等生物材料作为还原剂,制备金属以及金属氧化物纳米材料的生物化学绿色合成方法。这些方法操作简单,制备的材料形貌尺寸不会产生太大变化。除此之外,生物材料的特定结构与金属纳米材料结合,通常会表现出协同或者新的理化和生理性能,以至于这些金属纳米材料在光热治疗及生物成像、抑菌及康复治愈和生物传感器及检测等生物医学领域产生了重大影响。金属纳米材料的生物化学制备会给未来纳米材料和生物学领域带来更多的交叉,会有更多跨学科工作者对其现存挑战来进行努力工作,并且在未来的医疗领域定会有金属纳米材料不可或缺的身影。     

Synthesis,characterization, and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles-graphene and graphene oxide composites

In the field of nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles have been considered a promising antibacterial material for a century. The potential applications of graphene-based materials are increasingly recognized for their special physico-chemical and biological properties. In particular, graphene and graphene oxide as the foundation of nanocomposites have garnered much interest among researchers in many fields. In this review, we concentrate on different aspects of silver nanoparticle composites with graphene and graphene oxide, focusing on their synthesis methods, special characteristics, and antibacterial properties; we also briefly discuss limitations and future research.     

Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): A review

Many researchers have focused chitosan as a source of potential bioactive material during past few decades. However, chitosan has several drawbacks to be utilized in biological applications, including poor solubility under physiological conditions. Therefore, a new interest has recently been emerged on partially hydrolyzed chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). During the resent past, several technological approaches have been taken to prepare COS and, enzymatic preparation methods captured a great interest due to safe and non-toxic concerns. With time, new improvements were introduced to enzymatic production and presently it has been developed to a continuous production process. Many of the biological activities reported for COS, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunostimulant effects are depend on their physico-chemical properties. In this review, we have summarized different enzymatic preparation methods of COS and some of their reported biological activities.