球束梗孢属一新种——弯孢球束梗孢(英文)

报道了采自贵州省宽阔水自然保护区的球束梗孢属一新种——弯孢球束梗孢,对其进行了形态描述和基于ITS-5.8S rDNA序列的分子研究。在球束梗孢属中与具有类似弯曲的分生孢子的G.formosana进行了比较,本种瓶梗基部为近球形膨大,分生孢子较大,4.7 11×1.6 2.4μm;而G.formosana瓶梗基部是纺锤形,分生孢子较小,3.5 4×1.5 2.2μm。     

中国拟青霉新种及其与虫草的关系

从虫草[Cordyceps sinenisis(Berk.),Sacc.]上分离到中国拟青霉新种(Paecilomyces isnenisisp.nov.),对它进行了培养和形态学研究。中国拟青霉与蛹草[cordyceps militaris(L·)Liak]的无性阶段形态非常类似,但在分生孢子形态,分生孢子和瓶梗的量度上有所不同,且两者的寄主及生境不同,故定为新种。不仅可从长子座的殭虫获得其纯培养物,也可从不长子座而长孢梗束的虫草纯化培养获得。纯培养物的形态和天然虫体的孢梗束完全相同,故认为它可能是虫草的无性阶段。     

大别山的两种刺束梗孢

采自大别山的两种刺束梗孢,其中长孢刺束梗孢（Akanthomyceslongisporus）为新种,有拉丁文描述和图版。本种孢梗束多,密集,棕褐色,棒状。产孢结构和纤细刺束梗孢（A.gracilis相似,瓶梗以密集的子实层状被覆孢梗束。分生孢子多单细胞,少数双细胞,纺锤形至柱形,8.8～14.8×2．0～3.0μm。新几内亚刺束梗孢的标本同时并存刺状和棒状的孢梗束,这支持Samson将虫束梗孢属视为刺束梗孢属异名的观点。标本保存于安徽农业大学虫生真菌室（RCEF）     

球束梗孢属一新种

描述了采自湖北省神农架的球束梗孢属一新种,神农架球束梗孢Gibellula shennongjiaensis,该菌分生孢子梗表面粗糙,瓶梗为棒状,5.4–10.8×1.1–2.2μm。分生孢子为圆柱形或纺锤形,透明,表面光滑,3.2–6.5×1.1–1.6μm。具糙梗孢式共无性型的产孢结构,其分生孢子梗由不规则的菌丝组成,产孢细胞不规则形状,分生孢子无色,光滑,线形,12.1–15.2×1.4–2.1μm。模式标本保存在贵州大学菌种保藏中心(GZAC-SNJ2012,主模式)。     

金龟拟多头束霉Tilachlidiopsis scarabaei，一种稀有的束梗孢类虫生真菌

【目的】调查发现我国稀有但重要的虫生束梗孢类真菌。【方法】采用经典形态学及生态学特征对研究标本进行鉴定。【结果】在寄生鞘翅目昆虫的标本中,发现我国一拟多头束霉新记录种,金龟拟多头束霉Tilachlidiopsis scarabaei L.S.Olive,其形态特征为:寄主昆虫长约15 mm,宽4 mm。孢梗束下部深褐色,上部白色,长约36 mm,宽约1.8 mm,头状,可简单分枝。瓶梗锥形,少数棒状,顶端变细,长约19.4-25.9μm,宽1.1-2.2μm,在孢梗束的球状头部,呈栅栏状密集排列;在近头部的柄上瓶梗顶侧生于简单分枝的分生孢子梗上。分生孢子大多椭圆形,(2.2-3.2)μm×(1.1-2.2)μm;近柱形,(4.3-5.4)μm×(1.1-2.2)μm;少数球形,1.1-2.2μm。【结论】经文献检索和鉴定,金龟拟多头束霉为我国报道的新记录种。     

梵净山自然保护区的一些虫生真菌

本文报道了采自梵净山自然保护区的蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris),下垂虫草(Co-rdyceps nutans),金龟子虫草(Cordyceps scarabaeicola),蝉拟青霉(Paecilomyces cicadae),撑拟青霉(Paecilomyces suffultus),爪哇拟青霉(Paecilomyces javanicus)和暗绿拟青霉(Paecilomyces atrovirens)等14种昆虫病原真菌。其中撑拟青霉为国内首次报道的新记录种,暗绿拟青霉为一新种。此新种能以(1)在查氏琼脂上菌落暗绿、生长缓慢;(2)瓶梗基部球顶长颈瓶形;和(3)柱形分生孢子聚集成迭瓦状长链与已知种相区别。     

一株产色素真菌的形态及分子鉴定

从云南高原地区的竹叶病理组织上分离到1株可产生红棕色素的丝状真菌ZL07-8。通过对分生孢子梗、分生孢子、喙等的形态学研究及对ITS和5.8S rRNA序列的分子系统学分析,发现此菌为链格孢属小孢子种群成员。然而该菌具有区别于已知种的特征,如分生孢子梗常单生,少数成簇,无分枝;分生孢子大多单生,较少链生,孢身较大;寄主为华西箭竹,故立为竹链格孢新种。干制培养物ZL07-8D保藏于山东理工大学生命科学学院实验室。     

中国新记录种细刺束梗孢形态特征与DELTA专家系统的组合鉴定

通过形态特征和DELTA专家系统的组合分析,鉴定了GZUIFR121001标本为细刺束梗孢（Akanthomyces gracilis）中国新记录种。此种能以其柱状至棒状的产孢细胞,较细小的分生孢子和长的孢子链与其近似种一嗜蛛刺束梗孢[A．arachnophilus（Petch）Samson＆H．C．Evans]、杵形刺束梗孢[A．pistillariiformis（Pat．）Samson＆H．C．Evans]和琼斯刺束梗孢[A．johnsonii（Massee）Vincent,Seifert＆Samson]相区别。     

中国一新记录属--斯氏格孢属

斯氏格孢属 中国新记录属Spegazzinia Saccardo, Michelia 2：37 , 1880. 菌落松散,正圆形或平展,暗褐色至黑色;菌丝体表生;子座无,刚毛和附属丝缺;菌丝多分枝,常相互融合集结成网状;分生孢子梗常从近球形、安瓶形、盘形或瓮形的孢梗母细胞上生出,不分枝,直立或弯曲,窄细,近无色至褐色,光滑或具有瘤突。分生孢子梗常分为长、短两型,分别产生a,b两种类型的分生孢子：a分生孢子生在长的分生孢子梗上,b分生孢子生在短的分生孢子梗上;产孢细胞于顶端全壁芽生式产孢,单芽生,有限生长,窄细,圆柱状;分生孢子单生;a分生孢…     

梨形短梗蠕孢的分生孢子发育研究

采用玻片培养法对梨形短梗蠕孢(Trichocladium achrasporum)的分生孢子发育类型进行了研究。观察结果表明,梨形短梗蠕孢分生孢子既可以在菌丝顶端形成(顶生式),也可以在菌丝中间形成(间生式),其发育方式是全壁芽生式产孢。     

环链棒束孢菌株培养特征、致病性及遗传变异研究

为筛选一种对小菜蛾有高致病力的杀虫真菌,对来自不同地域的环链棒束孢菌株的培养特征尤其是孢梗束形成、对小菜蛾的致病性和基于5.8S-ITS nrDNA构建的系统发育等进行分析。结果表明,供试菌株的培养性状可分为3个类型：孢梗束浓密型、孢梗束稀疏型和不产孢梗束型。孢梗束浓密型对小菜蛾的致病性最高,平均达到88.9%,其中XS.1菌株,对小菜蛾幼虫的致死率达到98%;孢梗束稀疏型次之,为68.4%;不产孢梗束型最差,仅35%。系统发育聚类树分析表明,在环链棒束孢菌株中,致病性较高的菌株,如XS.1,XS.2和SL.7等聚在一亚分支内,致病性低的菌株8.02和468.10聚在一起;不产孢梗束的两个菌株8.02和468.10聚在一个亚支。这些结果表明环链棒束孢菌株间具有明显的种内遗传变异性。孢梗束形成与小菜蛾的致病死亡率有相关性。孢梗束的形成可作为高致病性菌株选择的一个重要指标。     

Ophiocordyceps sessilis sp. nov., a new species of Ophiocordyceps on Camponotus ants in Japan

Ophiocordyceps sessilis, a new species of Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, was found on Camponotus obscuripes ants, where the ants were primarily infected by another close relative, O. pulvinata. Morphological observation clearly indicated that O. sessilis and O. pulvinata are distinct species. Ophiocordyceps sessilis exhibited superficial development of perithecia and ascospore disarticulation into part-spores, not known in O. pulvinata. Nucleotide sequence data suggested that O. sessilis belongs in Ophiocordyceps, Ophiocordycipitaceae. Molecular data also indicated that O. sessilis is a close relative of O. cuboidea, O. prolifica, O. paracuboidea, and O. ryogamiensis, which are all known to produce part-spores. Since O. sessilis is always associated with ants infected by O. pulvinata, O. sessilis may be a hyperparasite of O. pulvinata.     

三江源区冬虫夏草资源适宜性空间分布

冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)是生长在青藏高原高寒地区的一种珍稀物种资源,具有极高的药用和经济价值,然而冬虫夏草资源的数量特征与空间格局尚不明确。以三江源区为例,结合冬虫夏草的生境条件,选取适宜冬虫夏草生长的生态环境指标,利用地理信息系统(GIS)中的空间分析方法对冬虫夏草资源的适宜性空间分布进行了研究,并用野外实地采样和入户调研数据进行验证。结果表明:三江源区冬虫夏草资源主要分布在东南部和中南部,分布面积约为18.45×10~4km~2,占该区总面积的50.74%。达日县、甘德县、玉树县、称多县、玛沁县、班玛县、久治县这7个县冬虫夏草适宜性面积占到了该县50%以上的面积,是三江源区冬虫夏草资源的主产区。基于GIS空间分析的结果与实地调查结果相符,说明利用空间分析方法划分冬虫夏草资源的适宜性分布区域是可行的,可为系统的全面调查冬虫夏草资源的分布及保护与合理开发利用冬虫夏草资源提供科学依据。     

Hyperparasitism of Streptomyces albus on a Destructive Mycoparasite Nectria inventa

Using scanning electron microscopy, Streptomyces albus was proved to be a hyperparasite of Nectria inventa, itself a well-known mycoparasite on many fungi. The hyperparasite had no apparent antagonistic activity against N. inventa, but did have intense tropic response toward it. Upon contact with the host, the hyperparasite grew along, and formed appressorium-like structures on the host hyphae. The parasitism that led to the eventual collapse of the host cells was not necessarily accompanied by actual hyphal penetration. The hyperparasite could, however, readily penetrate the host hyphae, and its hyphae were frequently found inside the host hyphae.     

冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis研究中几个值得关注的问题

扼要概述和讨论了冬虫夏草与寄主的关系,种的遗传变异、隐蔽种及伴生菌复合体,高活性产物的体细胞杂交方法及固体人工培养和产品标准等方面的一些新的研究动态。     

Reassessment of type specimens of Cordyceps and its allies, described by Dr. Yosio Kobayasi and preserved in the mycological herbarium of the National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS). Part 3: Cordyceps s. l. on Cicadidae

Twenty taxa of Cordyceps s. l. (belonging to three genera in the latest taxonomic system) from Cicadidae had been described by Kobayasi and Shimizu. Among them, 13 holotype specimens of Cordyceps were rediscovered from preserved specimens partially without ordering, and their registration numbers (TNS-F-number) were given: viz. (1) Elaphocordyceps inegoensis TNS-F-230289, (2) Elaphocordyceps paradoxa TNS-F-230313, (3) Elaphocordyceps toriharamontana TNS-F-230288, (4) Ophiocordyceps heteropoda TNS-F-230294, (5) Ophiocordyceps longissima TNS-F-230285, (6) Ophiocordyceps prolifica f. terminalis TNS-F-230295, (7) Ophiocordyceps pseudolongissima TNS-F-197983, (8) Ophiocordyceps takaoensis TNS-F-3026, (9) Cordyceps kanzashiana TNS-F-198015, (10) Cordyceps kobayasii Koval’ (≡C. sinclairii Kobayasi, not C. sinclairii Berk.) TNS-F-212384, (11) Cordyceps minuta TNS-F-11933, (12) Cordyceps ramosopulvinata TNS-F-197979, and (13) Cordyceps ryogamimontana TNS-F-230292. Two specimens were selected as lectotype: viz. (14) Ophiocordyceps prolifica TNS-F-230300 and (15) Ophiocordyceps yakusimensis TNS-F-230287. A paratype specimen of (16) Cordyceps pleuricapitata TNS-F-197965, and an authentic specimen of (17) Cordyceps imagamiana TNS-F-197966, were also rediscovered.     

香薷白粉病菌及其重寄生菌的分离鉴定

对采自中国长春香薷白粉病菌进行系统观察和测量,鉴定其为本间白粉菌(Erysiphe hommae Braun),同时发现了重寄生菌——白粉寄生孢（Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.）,并对重寄生茵的叶部寄生特征及培养特征进行了描述.室内检测结果表明,重寄生菌的重寄生强度较高,可抑制白粉病的发生.     

Host recognition by the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar] [Lep.: Lymantriidae] hyperparasite,Eurytoma appendigaster [Hym.: Eurytomidae] of cocoons ofCotesia melanoscela [Hym.: Braconidae]

Artificial and modified natural hosts were exposed to females of the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] hyperparasite,Eurytoma appendigaster (Swederus), to investigate its host recognition behavior on the primary host, which are cocooned larvae of the gypsy moth parasite,Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg). Material(s) which caused drilling behavior by the hyperparasite on host cocoons were extracted with both polar and non-polar solvents. However, cocoons washed with large volumes of solvent still caused substantial drilling activities by females, suggesting that additional cues may be important. Results suggest that host recognition in this hyperparasite involves a variety of host characteristics.      

Mineral nutrition of the hyperparasitic mistletoe Viscum articulatum Burm. f. (Viscaceae) in tropical Brunei Darussalam

A plant parasite parasitizing another plant parasite is known as a hyperparasite. Information is scarce regarding the ecophysiology of hyperparasites and their hosts despite their potential to illuminate processes of host–parasite solute flux. Here we present mineral profiles and stable isotopic data for two associations of the hyperparasite Viscum articulatum and its primary mistletoe and tree hosts. Acting as the terminal sink, the hyperparasite had consistently higher contents of all major and minor elements evaluated compared to the primary parasite and the proximal portion of the tree host branch. The primary parasite had lower contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, N, and Z relative to the proximal portion of the tree host branch, suggesting nutritional stress applied by the hyperparasite. Interestingly Fe and Cu showed no consistent pattern between host and primary parasite, while the osmotically active elements P and K increased from tree host, to primary mistletoe, and finally the hyperparasitic mistletoe. The δ¹³C partitioning patterns for hyperparasites, primary parasites, and hosts were non‐linear in contrast to linear patterns reported from the literature for autoparasitic mistletoe associations, demonstrating fundamental differences between nutrition in hyperparasites and autoparasites.     

Pathological effects of Urosporidium (Haplosporida) infection in microphallid metacercariae

Extensive pathological changes occur in Megalophallus metacercariae as a result of natural infections by the haplosporidan hyperparasite Urosporidium crescens. Infected and uninfected metaceriae, recovered from blue crabs from Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, were examined and compared histologically in regard to condition of metacercarial cyst wall, tegument, and specialized parenchymal cells. Changes from normal found in heavily infected metacercariae were (1) suppression and replacement of possible secretory and parenchymal cells by the hyperparasite, (2) lack of reticulin stromata, polysaccharides, and acid mucopolysaccharides, (3) reduction in thickness of cyst wall, tegumental, and connective tissue structures, and (4) loss of mobility and resistance to mechanical pressures. Though severe pathological changes occur in heavily infected metacercariae, most infected metacercariae remain viable within the blue crab and thereby serve as a vector for Urosporidium until the death of the blue crab. At the time of the crab's death and disorganization, infected metacercariae rupture and release spores of the hyperparasite.