土壤施镁矫治琯溪蜜柚缺镁的研究

本文探讨钙镁磷和硫酸镁的三种土壤施用量对矫治盛果期琯溪蜜柚缺镁的效应。试验结果表明,两种镁肥的土壤施用,对提高土壤有效镁和植株镁含量以及改善土壤和植株钾、钙与镁之间的平衡有一定的作用,从而不同程度地矫治了缺镁,并促进植林的生长与结果。试验结果还表明,施用钙镁磷的效果优于硫酸镁。作者推荐,盛果期每年株施钙镁磷1.5～2.0kg较为适宜。     

脯氨酸对缺钾植株的保护作用

在缺钾培养条件下,高粱苗地上部单位鲜重含钾量由于地上部鲜重的增加而下降。从高梁苗钾缺乏症出现的时间、频率和程度来看,Pro培养似乎有利于缓和或减轻缺钾对植物造成的伤害。在同样含钾量情况下,以Ca(NO_3)_2为氮源的苗受到缺钾伤害要重于以Pro为氮源的苗受到的伤害,其钾缺乏症植株的百分数增加值与含钾量降低值之比为0.26,以Pro为氮源的缺钾营养液培养的苗为0.09,即下降同样量的钾前者苗的钾缺乏症的增加要大大地超过后者。Pro并不减轻在缺钾情况下叶绿素含量的下降。     

植物缺钾诊断与施钾

土壤中钾的含量一般是氮、磷的10倍以上,所以,当土地复种指数一般,氮、磷化肥施用量较低时,植物往往不缺钾,钾肥效果也不十分明显。但是,近10多年来,由于氮肥猛增,磷肥用量不断提高,从而增加了植物对土壤中钾的摄取量,打破了土壤中钾素的平衡,这是导致植物生长中缺钾和出现缺钾症的重要原因。由于我国化学钾肥短缺,施用钾肥年限也不长,所     

dsRNA介导的番木瓜环斑病毒（PRSV）的抗病性研究

以模式植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）和烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）及PRSV寄主植物番木瓜（CaricapapayaL.）作为试验材料,开展了番木瓜环斑病毒外壳蛋白基因dsRNA介导的PRSV病原抗性的研究。利用农杆菌介导法将番木瓜环斑病毒外壳蛋白CP基因反向重复表达载体pHellsgate12-CPIR（简称PHG12-CPIR）分别转化到烟草和拟南芥中,获得阳性植株,并利用渗透法和农杆菌介导的瞬时表达体系将pHG12-CPIR载体导入到番木瓜中。对转基因植株进行攻毒试验并分析了其抗病性。在接种3~7d内,在拟南芥和番木瓜上转基因植株的发病情况较轻,而野生型植株叶片与转基因植株相比,均表现出不同程度的黄化、皱缩和枯斑等症状。在接种PRSV后,番木瓜和拟南芥转化植株表现症状的叶片的比例与对照相比,结果显著低于对照,而在烟草植株上症状表现的差异不明显。在3种植物上RT-PCR检测结果显示,在接种番木瓜环斑病毒PRSV后,野生型植株中有高浓度的病毒积累,而转pHG12-CPIR基因植株中几乎没有病毒积累,推测转pHG12-CPIR基因植株中瞬时表达系统已启动RNAi机制抑制了CP基因的表达。     

花粉管通道法介导PRSV-CP基因dsRNA转化番木瓜

以番木瓜‘蔬罗Ⅰ号’植株为受体材料,采用花粉管通道技术将番木瓜环斑病毒外壳蛋白(PRSV-CP)基因3′-端同源序列dsRNA转入番木瓜子房中。用PCR方法对T0代种子进行了分子检测,获得53株转基因番木瓜,转化率达到8.9%;对获得的T0代转基因番木瓜进行了田间抗病性鉴定,结果表明,转基因番木瓜植株对番木瓜环斑病毒(PRSV)表现为不同程度的抗性,可以推迟发病。     

闽西北桃小叶症病因诊断

通过对闽西北桃小叶症发病果园中健康植株及发病植株叶片及土壤的营养诊断,探明桃小叶症的发病原因系植株缺乏B、Ca所致。在排除农药污染因素后,桃小叶症主导病因为植株缺B,其次为缺Ca。     

转基因番木瓜研究进展

番木瓜环斑病毒 (PRSV)使热带亚热带的重要水果番木瓜的生产受到严重影响 ,在众多方法防效不佳的情况下 ,利用病原获得抗性防治PRSV给番木瓜的生产带来了光明。综述了近年来转PRSVCP基因番木瓜中影响番木瓜转化因素和转基因番木瓜的抗性因素。转PRSV外壳蛋白 (CP)基因的番木瓜中多以胚性组织为转化材料 ,被转化材料的生理状态和基因型 ,是影响转化效率和转基因植株质量的主要因素。所获得的转基因番木瓜对PRSV的抗性在很大程度上依赖于接种PRSV与所转化PRSVCP基因的序列同源性、转基因拷贝数和所转基因的位置等。     

番木瓜性别决定及其鉴定研究新进展

番木瓜有3种基本性别类型,性别遗传较为复杂.就其植株的多型性表现、性别决定及其鉴定研究、连锁遗传图的构建、分子标记辅助选择技术和花器的发育等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对番木瓜性别鉴定的应用前景做了展望.     

不同种类镁肥对烤烟中微量元素含量和产质量的影响

针对福建武平烟区土壤酸化严重,土壤有效镁含量偏低导致烟叶镁含量低的问题,研究了3 种不同镁肥对土壤和烤后烟叶中微量元素含量以及烤烟产质量的影响。结果表明,施用不同镁肥后均能显著提高土壤交换镁的含量,但不同镁肥对提高土壤交换镁含量的时效不同。各处理土壤其它中微量元素含量以施用硫酸镁的土壤较高,施用氢氧化镁的土壤偏低。烤后烟叶的镁含量以氧化镁处理最高,其次为氢氧化镁。施用镁肥会影响烟叶其它中微量元素的含量,其中施用氢氧化镁会导致中上部烟叶钙铁含量轻度缺乏,而施用硫酸镁会导致烟叶中锌锰含量过高。各处理中以氧化镁处理烟叶化学成分含量最适宜,且经济性状最优。因此,在福建武平烟区建议施用氧化镁,既可以防止烤烟生育前期有效镁的淋失,又可以提高烟叶的产量和质量。     

硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸性和盐基离子动态变化的影响

南方稻田土壤大面积酸化是水稻生产的主要限制因子.尽管石灰作为酸化土壤调理剂已广泛应用,但大量或长期施用石灰不仅会引起土壤板结,而且会导致土壤钙、钾、镁等元素的平衡失调.硅钙钾镁肥由于溶解度更低、养分全面是良好的替代材料.为了明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,本研究采用连续4年的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥为对照,分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875 kg·hm^-2硅钙钾镁肥下稻田土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子和有效硅的动态变化.结果表明: 农民习惯施肥导致土壤pH、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度逐年下降,土壤交换性酸逐年增加.与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥处理显著提高了土壤pH值,提高幅度随硅钙钾镁肥施用次数或用量的增加而增大.连续多次施用硅钙钾镁肥有效促进了盐基离子在土壤中的累积和土壤交换酸的消耗,特别是土壤交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的累积和土壤交换性Al³⁺的消耗,硅钙钾镁肥用量越大,积累或消耗的量越多,但速率相对越慢.土壤交换性酸消耗量中,硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基离子和相应碱贡献了108.8%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径.硅钙钾镁肥在改良稻田土壤酸性的同时,土壤有效硅含量逐年增加,增幅随硅钙钾镁肥施用量的增加而显著增大.总之,农民习惯施肥导致土壤持续酸化,酸化率为2.86 kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1,硅钙钾镁肥能有效阻控酸化过程,产生了大量碱(9.69~18.44 kmol OH^-·hm^-2·a^-1),释放的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺盐基离子和相应碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用因子.     

Effect of potassium deficiency upon translocation of C in attached blades and entire plants of sugarcane

A deficiency in potassium decreased the translocation of labeled photosynthate from the leaf to the rest of the plant. Translocation was inhibited in blades which exhibited no visible symptoms of potassium deficiency and in which no decrease in photosynthesis was detected. In more severe deficiency both the rate of photosynthesis and the conversion of intermediates to end products decreased. The rate of respiration in deficient blades increased. The decrease in translocation caused by potassium deficiency is considered to be a primary effect and not secondary to the development of the well-known symptoms of potassium deficiency.     

番木瓜果实内生细菌MGP3 菌株的鉴定及拮抗作用

【目的】从番木瓜果皮内筛选具有较强拮抗活性的内生细菌防治番木瓜采后炭疽病和疫霉病,以减少果实采后病害带来的损失。【方法】采用稀释分离和平板抑菌圈法进行内生细菌的分离筛选,结合形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA部分序列同源性分析对菌株进行鉴定,菌株经利福平诱抗处理后田间接种到果树树干上,测定内生菌的定殖动态,采用采前和采后生防试验测定菌株对番木瓜炭疽病和疫霉病的生防效果。【结果】从番木瓜果皮中分离筛选到一株具有拮抗活性的内生细菌MGP3,对10种病原菌有较强的拮抗作用,鉴定该细菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,登录号JF708186),MGP3可进入番木瓜叶片、叶柄和果皮中定殖。MGP3对采后番木瓜炭疽病和疫霉病的防治效果分别达到50%和71%;除苗期外,采前4个不同时期经MGP3菌液处理可以显著降低采收后果实炭疽菌的潜伏侵染率和炭疽病的病情指数。【结论】番木瓜内生拮抗细菌MGP3具有潜在的生防应用价值。     

Thermal favorability for the Oidium caricae and Asperisporium caricae in areas of edaphoclimatic aptitude for the Carica papaya

Objective this study aimed to determine the thermal favorability for the oidium (Oidium caricae) and early blight (Asperisporium caricae) in areas of edaphoclimatic aptitude for the papaya (Carica papaya) in the Espírito Santo state, Brazil. The edaphoclimatic zoning was based on the overlapping of maps that characterize the average annual air temperature obtained by multiple linear regression, annual water deficiency calculated by the Thornthwaite and Matter method (1955) and favorable soil classes to the development of papaya. The results indicated that as regards the edaphoclimatic zoning for the papaya crop it was observed that 71.70% of the area is classified as apt for its development. In relation to agrometeorological favorability for the occurrence of fungal diseases, there was a favorability of 7.64% for the development without restrictions of the oidium and a predominance of 64,56% of favorability with thermal restriction. For the early blight fungus, it was observed that the zones of favorability without restriction correspond to 11.66% of the area apt for the papaya cultivation and that 55.13% of the area has favorability with restriction of humidity. The edaphoclimatic zoning for the papaya crop showed compatibility with the most productive areas of this crop in the state of Espírito Santo. The zoning of thermal favorability for the occurrence of papaya fungal diseases proved to be a valuable tool for studies of plant diseases, allowing the establishment of plans for the allocation of resistant varieties, in order to minimize the risks of loss of crop productivity due to the disease. This methodology presents potential to be used in other areas, cultures and phytopathological diseases.     

Responses of Papaya Seedlings (Carica papaya L.) to Water Stress and Re-Hydration: Growth, Photosynthesis and Mineral Nutrient Imbalance

The effects of water stress and subsequent re-hydration on growth, leaf abscission, photosynthetic activity, leaf water potential and ion content were investigated in papaya seedlings (Carica papaya L.) cv. “Baixinho de Santa Amalia”. Water stress was imposed by suspending irrigation during 34 days. Thereafter, plants were regularly re-watered. Drought arrested plant growth, induced leaf abscission and drastically decreased photosynthetic rate. However, leaf water potential was hardly reduced. Water deficit also induced sodium, potassium and chloride accumulation in leaves and roots, and did not modify nitrogen levels in both organs. Re-hydration stimulated growth, promoted emergence of new leaves, reactivated photosynthetic machinery function and reduced ion content to control levels. The results indicated that the ability of papaya plants to improve drought tolerance is not mediated through the reduction of leaf abscission, the detention of growth or the decrease of net CO₂ assimilation. In contrast, the data suggested that under water stress conditions these plants appear to posses a certain capacity to increase ion content, which might contribute to osmotic adjustment.     

The Effect of Phosphorus and Potassium Deficiencies on Transpiration in Tea (Camellia sinensis)

The effect of phosphorus and potassium deficiencies on transpiration in tea (Camellia sinensis L. Clone DT 1) was studied. The plants were grown in sand culture, and measurements were made after the plants showed phosphorus or potassium deficiency symptoms. The overall growth of plants was reduced by potassium deficiency but not by phosphorus deficiency. Both deficiencies reduced stomatal aperture and increased leaf water potential. Stomatal density decreased in phosphorus deficient leaves and it increased in potassium deficient leaves. The transpiration of whole plants was reduced by both deficiencies. The relative sensitivity of transpiration to water stress was increased by potassium deficiency but not by phosphorus deficiency.     

The Relation between the Putrescine Content and Potassium Status of Black Currant Leaves

Black currant cuttings were grown with six levels of potassiumand two levels of phosphorus. Shoot length, leaf number, leafweight, and deficiency symptoms were recorded 11 and 16 weeksafter commencement of the treatments, and leaf samples wereanalysed for putrescine, potassium, and nitrogen. Shoot length,leaf number and leaf weight were reduced by potassium deficiency,the greatest effect being observed in leaf weight Potassium-deficiencysymptoms appeared first on the lower branches, the most severedeficiency symptoms being found on the plants grown with highphosphate. In terms of the fresh weights, the highest concentrationof both putrescine and potassium were found in the leaves ofthe upper shoots. Lower putrescine and higher potassium levelsin the leaves were found in the low-phosphate nutrient series.In terms of cation equivalents the deficit of potassium wascompensated to the extent of 30 per cent by the formation ofputrescine.     

Relationship between onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and Stemphylium vesicarium in the development of Stemphylium leaf blight in onion

Stemphylium leaf blight caused by Stemphylium vesicarium and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are two common causes of leaf damage in onion production. Onion thrips is known to interact synergistically with pathogens to exacerbate plant disease. However, the potential relationship between onion thrips and Stemphylium leaf blight is unknown. In a series of controlled laboratory and field trials, the relationship between thrips feeding and movement on the development and severity of Stemphylium leaf blight were examined. In laboratory assays, onions (“Avalon” and “Ailsa Craig”) with varying levels of thrips feeding damage were inoculated with S. vesicarium. Pathogen colonisation and leaf dieback were measured after 2 weeks. In pathogen transfer assays, thrips were exposed to S. vesicarium conidia, transferred to onion and leaf disease development was monitored. In field trials, insecticide use was examined as a potential indirect means to reduce Stemphylium leaf blight disease and pathogen colonisation by reducing thrips damage. Results from laboratory trials revealed that a reduction in thrips feeding decreased S. vesicarium colonisation of onion leaves by 2.3–2.9 times, and decreased leaf dieback by 40–50%. Additionally, onion thrips were capable of transferring S. vesicarium conidia to onion plants (albeit at a low frequency of 2–14% of plants inoculated). In field trials, the symptoms and colonisation of Stemphylium leaf blight were reduced by 27 and 17%, respectively with the use of insecticide to control thrips. These results suggest that onion thrips may play a significant role in the development of Stemphylium leaf blight, and thrips control may reduce disease in commercial onion fields.     

Some Effects of Potassium and Magnesium on the Growth of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

Subterranean clover plants (Trifolium subterraneum L., cv. Mt.Barker) were grown in culture solutions at optimum nutrientlevels and on the 23rd day after sowing transferred to solutionswithout magnesium or potassium. A third group remained at thesame nutrient levels as before (controls). Magnesium deficiency caused a particularly rapid decline inroot growth, followed later by a net loss of root dry matter.This, and the fact that leaf expansion declined relatively morethan the increase in laminae dry matter, resulted in an accumulationof assimilates per unit leaf area. Transfer of magnesium-deficientplants to complete solutions on day 35 caused a preferentialdistribution of dry matter to the roots, then to petioles andrelatively less to the laminae. These changes caused a pronouncedfall in the root: shoot ratio as the deficiency became moresevere and a rise in the ratio during recovery. Plants in solutions without potassium showed no marked shiftsin dry matter distribution between plant parts. The root: shootratio remained close to that for control plants, except duringthe recovery, when there was a decrease in the ratio. Net rates of CO₂ uptake by laminae from potassium-deficientplants showed little change during the first 10 days of thedeficiency although values were somewhat lower than those forcorresponding control laminae. After transfer to complete solutionsthere was a marked response in photosynthesis, rising to a finalvalue close to that for control laminae. Laminae of plants placedin solutions without magnesium showed a rapid decline in photosynthesisonly 4 days later; there was little response when plants weretransferred to complete solutions a week later. Trifolium subterraneum L., subterranean clover, growth, root: shoot ratio, potassium deficiency, magnesium deficiencies     

Rice Resistance to Sheath Blight Mediated by Potassium

This study investigated the effect of potassium (K) on sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) development on rice plants from cultivars BR‐IRGA 409 and Labelle grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 50 and 100 mm of K. Sheath blight progress on inoculated sheaths was evaluated by measuring the relative lesion length at 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after inoculation (hai). Data were used to calculate the area under relative lesion length progress curve (AURLLPC). The foliar K concentration on leaf sheaths tissue increased by 61.48 and 116.05% to cultivars BR‐IRGA 409 and Labelle, respectively, as the K rates increased from 0 to 100 mm . A linear model best described the relationship between the AURLLPC and the K rates. The AURLLPC decreased by 29.2 and 21.3% for cultivars BR‐IRGA 409 and Labelle, respectively, as the K rates in the nutrient solution increased. It can be concluded that high K concentration on leaf sheaths tissue was important to decrease sheath blight symptoms on rice leaf sheaths.     

Enhancement of in vitro growth of papaya multishoots by aeration

Efficient micropropagation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) has become crucial for multiplication of specific sex types of papaya or transgenic lines resistant to virus infection. In this study, aeration at different intervals with a 0.02 μm filter disc in the closure of culture flasks ensured exchange of gas components. The effect of aeration on development of multibuds to multishoots was investigated. Multibuds grown in culture flasks after one-week without aeration followed by a two-week aeration treatment caused a 41% increase in the number of shoots ≥0.5 cm, 42% increase in leaf expansion, and 17% increase in leaf numbers in comparison with unaerated materials. Ethylene and oxygen concentrations in the culture flasks were measured by gas chromatography and oxygen electrode at weekly intervals during the culture period. Oxygen concentrations were slightly different between aerated and unaerated culture flasks. Ethylene in the unaerated flask reached the highest level (0.11 ppm) 2 weeks after the treatment, while accumulation of ethylene in the aerated flasks was not detected. The multishoots grown for 3 weeks without aeration showed growth retardation on leaves and epinasty on petioles. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.