Host searching behavior and potential of an aquatic ichneumonid pupal parasitoid of rice caseworm (Parapoynx stagnalis) in an upland rice paddy agro-ecosystem of the Western Ghats,India

Parapoynx stagnalis (Zeller) (=Nymphula depunctalis (Guenée), is a sporadic rice paddy pest of south and southeast Asian rice paddy fields, and widely known as rice caseworm. A recent outbreak of the pest was observed in the upland rice paddy agro-ecosystem of the central Western Ghats, India. No potential natural enemies of this pest have so far been reported, mainly due to the semi-aquatic behavior of the larvae and pupae. However, an undescribed aquatic ichneumonid wasp species (belonging to a genus near Litochila) is reported as a potentially useful early stage pupal parasitoid of this pest in our study. The host searching behavior and potential of the parasitoid wasp was studied in detail using both field and laboratory experiments. The adult female wasps usually dive into the water in search of the host pupae, remaining under water for a maximum of 90.2s, while searching for rice caseworm pupae. In field and laboratory experiments, we found 73% of the parasitized pupae of P. stagnalis kept under water yielded adult parasitic wasps. However, no parasitoids emerged from parasitized host pupae maintained in dry terrariums. Sex ratio was 2.8:1. The present discovery of the semi-aquatic parasitoid wasp could aid in better management of the rice caseworm population in rice paddy fields.     

Effect of Stocked Fish on Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Rice Caseworm Nymphula depunctalis Populations in Intensive Rice Culture

It is often claimed that fish stocked in rice fields have a significant impact on the rice pest population. However, there is little experimental evidence for this. We used the data of six experiments to find out whether a polyculture of silver barb Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) has any effect on the population of rice leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) and rice caseworms Nymphula depunctalis (Guenée), two common pests in intensively cultured rice fields. Fish had no effect on the rice leaffolder population, but significantly lowered the number of rice caseworm adults and larvae. We concluded that fish have some effect on the arthropod pest population in rice fields, although, most probably, only on sluggish pests living in the water or on the water surface.     

Can Fish Control Planthopper and Leafhopper Populations in Intensive Rice Culture?

Planthoppers and leafhoppers are important rice pests. We tried to find out whether a polyculture of silver barb, common carp and Nile tilapia could control hoppers in intensively cropped rice fields. We used the data of five rice-fish experiments conducted between 1995 and 1998 at the Co Do rice-fish research station, Can Tho province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Our results showed that the number of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) was the same in fields with and without stocked fish. We concluded that the three stocked fish species are not able to control hopper numbers. Other, predatory fish species might be more effective in hopper control.     

An assessment of fish species assemblages in rice fields in West Bengal,India: implications for management

Wetlands such as rice fields and associated canals are congenial habitats for different fishes and provide the foundation of rice‐fish culture. The selection of suitable fish species determines the success for this linkage of aquaculture and agriculture. An assessment of fish assemblages in selected rice fields and associated canals in West Bengal, India documented the candidate species for culture and conservation in rice fields. Indigenous minnow traps made of bamboo were employed in the rice fields and canals for a period of 3 months, to collect and record the fish abundance. A total of 531 fishes representing 19 different species were caught from the rice fields in 30 sampling efforts. From the canals, 13 different fish species totaling 676 fishes were collected in 80 sampling efforts. The fish collected per trap in the rice fields (mean 17.7 ± 1.97 SE) remained significantly different (t = 4.461, df = 112; P < 0.001) from those of the canals (mean 8.05 ± 1.09 SE). Diversity indices ranged between 1.91 and 2.01, with a 53% similarity between the rice fields and canals. Among the fish species collected, Badis badis, Colisa fasciatus and C. lalia exhibited high abundance; the two species Heteropneustes fossilis and Mystus vittatus established as threatened fish categories, showed low abundance. The fish species collected were important as food resources and the ornamental fish trade, and many of them bear potential in regulating mosquitoes in the rice fields. These fish assemblages in the rice fields and associated canals suggest a rice‐fish culture potential for integrating food and health.     

The effect of rice-seeding rate and fish stocking on the floodwater ecology of the trench of a concurrent,direct-seeded rice-fish system

Concurrent rice-fish systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, are characterized by a rice field surrounded by a trench (on average 1000 m², covering 15–20% of the field surface). Rice is direct seeded and fish are reared in polyculture. The most common species for polyculture are silver barb Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). In a 1996–1997 dry season experiment, the effects of (1) absence or presence of a fish polyculture, and (2) two different rice-seeding rates (100 and 300 kg pre-germinated rice per ha) on the trench floodwater ecology were studied. Fish were stocked in six out of twelve rice-fish plots at the Co Do experimental rice-fish station (10° 10 N and 105° 20 E). Silver barb, common carp and Nile tilapia were stocked in polyculture at densities of 3150, 310 and 550 fish/ha, respectively. Several hydrological and biological parameters of the trench floodwater were measured. About 65% of the observed variation in the trench floodwater could be attributed to the fishes stocked and changes in rice-seeding rate. The presence of a fish polyculture increased the water turbidity of the trench floodwater, mainly through suspension of mineral and organic material through fish perturbation. At the lower rice-seeding rate, this resulted in a lower primary production. Photosynthetic activity, dissolved oxygen am and pm showed significant decreases, but only at the lower rice-seeding rate in the presence of fish. Fish polyculture presence resulted in lower ortho-phosphate concentrations, higher phytoplankton communities and higher Protozoa numbers, most probably due to a higher availability of nutrients through fish defecation and perturbation. The rice-seeding rate had a significant impact on pH am, pH pm and temperature pm readings. The survival rate for Nile tilapia and the gross production for Nile tilapia and common carp was higher at the lower rice seeding rate, most probably due to a better aquatic environment of the field. In terms of fish production, the trench floodwater environment was better than the field floodwater. The trench is a very important part of the rice-fish system. It serves as a refuge and supplies reasonable amounts of phytoplankton and zooplankton to the fish.     

稻鱼系统中田鱼对资源的利用及对水稻生长的影响

稻田为鱼类等水产生物提供生境,稻田养鱼在提高水稻产量的同时,通过控制病虫害的暴发以及充分利用养分来降低化肥农药的使用.但田鱼对稻田资源的摄食(浮游植物、杂草、浮萍、田螺)及利用后转化成养分对水稻生长发育的促进作用尚缺乏研究.本研究设计了2个田间试验,通过摄像观察稻鱼系统中田鱼的活动,采用稳定性同位素分析田鱼对稻田资源的摄食,并测定水稻的生长发育进程和水稻产量.结果表明: 与鱼单养处理相比,稻田养鱼显著地促进了田鱼的活动频率并扩大了田鱼的活动范围.在稻鱼共作不投喂饲料处理下,稻田中3类水生生物(浮萍、浮游植物、田螺)对田鱼食谱的贡献率分别为22.7%、34.8%和30.0%;而投喂饲料处理下,这3种水生生物对田鱼食谱的贡献率分别为8.9%、5.9% 和1.6%,饲料的贡献率为71.0%.与水稻单作比较,稻鱼共作处理显著增加水稻分蘖期和灌浆期的叶片氮含量,延长分蘖期10~12 d,并显著提高成穗率和产量.表明稻鱼系统通过田鱼摄食稻田资源并转化为水稻可利用养分,促进了水稻生长,实现了水稻产量的提升.     

稻鱼共作对水稻产量效应的Meta分析

定量分析世界范围内稻鱼共作对水稻的产量效应, 为稻鱼共作技术的大面积推广应用提供科学依据。研究搜集了公开发表的102组稻鱼共作与水稻单作处理的水稻产量数据(截至2021年12月31日)。运用Meta分析方法, 明确了稻鱼共作对水稻产量的综合效应, 进而量化分析了时间区域、田间条件、水稻品种、肥药管理、鱼苗投放和投喂管理等对稻鱼共作产量效应的影响。与水稻单作相比, 稻鱼共作显著提高了水稻产量, 平均增产率约为17.2%(95%CI: 9.4%—25.6%), 分析结果可靠。不同区域气候稻鱼共作的产量效应差异显著, 国外和热带气候区域较高。2011年以后年份、田沟布局为一侧、水稻品种为粳稻的试验田中, 稻鱼共作的水稻增产率相对较高; 不同测产方式的产量效应差异不显著。不同肥药管理稻鱼共作的产量效应差异显著, 施肥3次、单一追肥、施用有机肥与无机肥、施药的产量效应较高; 在保障增产效应的前提下可以适当减少肥料农药的施用量, 采用有机肥和不施农药方式以获取经济与环境的双重效益。投苗时间、养殖模式、投苗密度、投喂与否稻鱼共作的产量效应差异显著, 在水稻移栽后21—25d投苗单养, 规格、密度及生物量控制在40 g/尾、1 尾/m2和30 g/m2以内, 不投喂饲料更能发挥稻鱼共作的增产效应。稻鱼共作能够显著提高水稻产量, 是有效利用稻田资源的可行方式。     

华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

为了阐明华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响,2011年在韶关市采用田间调查与卵巢解剖的方法研究了双季早稻、双季晚稻、田埂杂草上褐飞虱的种群动态及虫源性质。结果表明:早稻收割后,早稻上大量的褐飞虱1～2龄若虫被淘汰,3龄以上若虫及成虫不断转移扩散致使附近晚稻秧田和杂草上褐飞虱虫量突增;晚稻移栽之后,杂草及晚稻秧田的褐飞虱又向新插秧的晚稻进行转移,但成为有效虫源的虫量较少,因此,早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态造成了极为不利的影响,晚稻秧田和田埂杂草可作为褐飞虱转移过程中的流动栖息场所,在褐飞虱虫量转移中起着一定的作用。     

稻作系统对淡水养殖池塘富营养化的修复效应及应用前景

养殖池塘富营养化是目前制约我国淡水养殖业可持续发展的关键因素。稻作系统具有显著的净化水质能力,如何将稻作系统和淡水养殖系统进行生态耦合实现氮、磷养分的循环利用,是淡水养殖池塘富营养化生态修复的一个重要研究方向。通过文献调研和实地考察,综合分析了浮床种稻-原位修复、稻田湿地-异位修复、稻鱼生态种养3种耦合方式对养殖池塘富营养化的修复效应,以及氮、磷养分综合利用效率,归纳总结了不同模式的技术特点以及应用中存在的问题,并就修复技术研究和生态补偿提出了培育生态修复专用水稻品种,加强稻作系统生态修复理论研究和技术推广,建立养殖池塘富营养化修复的生态补偿机制等建议。     

基于碳足迹的传统农业系统环境影响评价——以青田稻鱼共生系统为例

现代农业在带来粮食高产的同时也产生许多生态环境问题,这促使人们再次把目光转向传统农业系统。一些传统农业系统不仅具有突出的经济、社会和文化价值,还具有多种重要的生态功能,如温室气体减排。然而,已有研究缺乏对传统农业系统整个生命周期的固碳减排能力的测算及其环境影响的评价。为此,基于农户调研数据,运用生命周期评价法对青田稻鱼共生系统的碳足迹进行了测算,并与当地水稻单作系统进行比较。研究发现:(1)青田稻鱼共生系统和水稻单作系统碳足迹分别为6266.7 kgCO_2-eq/hm~2和7520.0 kgCO_2-eq/hm~2,单位产值碳足迹分别为0.12 kgCO_2-eq/元和0.21 kgCO_2-eq/元。与水稻单作系统相比,稻鱼共生系统排放的温室气体更少,环境影响更小,生态和经济效益更高。(2)农业生产过程中积累的CH_4是碳足迹的最主要来源,农业生产资料投入中的化肥是碳足迹的的第二大来源。农业生产资料投入中的饲料则是稻鱼共生系统碳足迹的另一重要来源。通过碳足迹的方法对青田稻鱼共生系统的环境影响进行量化,不仅丰富了碳足迹在实际应用中的适用类型,对于其他传统农业系统的环境影响评价也具有借鉴意义。     

稻渔综合种养的科学范式

21世纪是渔业的世纪。中国和世界水产业历经数十年的发展为人类应对食品危机做出了巨大贡献。然而,我国传统的水产业对产量的片面追求导致养殖环境日趋恶化,养殖生态系统不断退化,养殖业的可持续发展受到限制。传统稻田其氮素的流失亦是导致农业面源污染的主要原因之一。我国当前的环境问题源于复合生态系统演化进程的缺陷,解决当前的环境问题,必须从优化复合生态系统演化进程着眼。采用优化的生态循环水产养殖模式,如综合水产养殖则可以大大提高氮、磷等养分物质的利用率。稻渔综合种养是一种科学的复合生态模式,可以概括为三种模式,一种是在我国传统稻田养鱼的基础上,逐步发展起来的一种稻渔共生模式,可采取稻鱼、稻蟹、稻虾等多种共作形式;二是稻田作为湿地用于处理水产养殖尾水的模式,属于异位处理形式;三是将稻渔共生和水产养殖相耦合的模式,尤其是与多种水产养殖形式结合或与复合水产养殖系统相结合,甚至是与农牧系统相结合。这第三种稻渔共作模式又称为陆基生态渔场,具有高产、高品质、高生态可持续性等特点,应加强对该创新养殖模式中有机碳、氮、磷等营养收支平衡和循环利用的相关机制以及复合生态系统对外源营养输入的整体响应机制开展研究。概括而言,尾水排放是传统池塘养殖中氮源的主要流失途径,颗粒物吸附沉降是池塘养殖中磷源的主要流失途径,而系统中的碳源则主要是通过鱼类等生物的呼吸作用进行消耗。基于生态循环的"稻渔共生-池塘复合生态系统"则恰好可以解决这三大类营养物质在生态系统中的高效保持和利用问题,实践业已证明该复合系统拥有较高的产量、品质和生态效益,是一种可持续的农业发展模式。稻渔复合生态系统的创新模式因其特有的生态循环机制及系统的高弹性、高缓冲性、高可持续性,将成为我国乃至世界应对农田、渔业生态系统的退化,复合高效解决渔业、农业或农牧业生态环境问题的典型范式。     

The effect of rice seeding rate and fish stocking on the floodwater ecology of the rice field in direct-seeded,concurrent rice-fish systems

Concurrent, rice-fish systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, are characterized by a rice field surrounded by a trench. Rice is direct seeded and fish are reared in polyculture. The most common species for polyculture are silver barb Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). In a 1996–97 rice-fish experiment, the effects of (1) absence or presence of such a polyculture, and (2) different rice-seeding rates (100 and 300 kg pre-germinated rice per ha) on the field floodwater ecology were studied. Fish obtained from local nurseries were stocked in six out of 12 rice-fish plots at the Co Do experimental rice-fish station (10°10 N and 105°20 E). Silver barb, common carp and Nile tilapia were stocked in polyculture at densities of 3150, 310 and 550 fish ha^–1, respectively. About 50% of the observed variation in the floodwater could be attributed to the fish stocked and to rice-seeding rate. The above-ground dry weight of the rice plants increased in the presence of fish and by an increase in rice-seeding rate. Greater shading by denser plants resulted in changes in variables related to aquatic primary production, including the amount of chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH. The presence of fish quadrupled the ammonium concentration, but decreased that of ortho-phosphate. Though fish increased the ammonium concentration, this did not result in a higher aquatic photosynthesis. Light, not ammonium, was the most limiting factor. However, increased ammonium concentrations in the presence of fish did have a positive effect on the density of Euglenophyta and the amount of chlorophyll-a, though only at the lower rice-seeding rate. At the higher rice-seeding rate, light seemed to be lacking. At the lower rice-seeding rate, fish also had a significant effect on the Cladocera–Rotifera ratio. Rotifera numbers increased as fish stimulated phytoplankton. We also demonstrated that fish most probably do not reduce ammonia volatilization losses. The lower rice-seeding rate seemed better for fish production than the higher rate: at the lower rate, dissolved oxygen concentrations were higher throughout the rice cycle. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll-a and the density of Euglenophyta were higher at the lower rice-seeding rate. Finally, we could show that even at high rice-seeding rates, fish had an impact on the aquatic environment. Fish access to the field is not hindered by dense rice stands.     

水稻褐飞虱综合治理研究与示范——农业公益性行业专项“水稻褐飞虱综合防控技术研究”进展

针对我国褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)近年来严重为害及其对当家农药品种抗性急剧上升的现状,本项目在华中、华南、华东地区等代表性地区开展褐飞虱灾变规律、抗虫品种培育、抗药性监测及复配农药新剂型开发、生态治理新技术研究、预测预报技术、可持续治理技术集成与示范研究。结果表明:越南、老挝等境外虫源地及我国华南、长江中下游等地田间褐飞虱种群仍以2型为主,3型次之。田间小气候是褐飞虱逃避高温的关键因素,褐飞虱在上午气温升高时大量向温度较低的水稻基部20cm范围内转移以逃避高温,将高温天气造成的不利影响降至最低。不同栽插方式对褐飞虱发生量有明显影响,手栽稻田褐飞虱发生最重,机插稻次之,直播稻最轻。不同水稻品种、N肥施用水平对褐飞虱的发生有明显的影响:超级杂交稻褐飞虱虫口密度明显高于常规杂交稻,高N肥施用量促进褐飞虱的发生,且水稻品种与N肥施用量对褐飞虱发生量的影响有明显交互作用。抗药性监测结果表明:我国褐飞虱对吡虫啉有极高水平抗性(168.1～561.5倍),对噻嗪酮为低到中等水平抗性(4.2～33.1倍),对氟虫腈为敏感性降低到高水平抗性(2.7～67.7倍),对烯啶虫胺与毒死蜱为低水平抗性。筛选出噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、唏啶虫胺和仲丁威4种高效低毒的防治单剂。研制出3种农药复配新制剂,其中1种新制剂已获得农业部药检所正式登记,且规模化生产,2种新制剂已进入农药登记程序。精细定位水稻抗褐飞虱基因Bph6、Bph7、Bph9、Bph15、BG1222,并找到了它们的近距离共分离分子标记。培育出高产、优质、熟期适宜、含有抗稻飞虱基因Bph14的水稻新品种广两优476。储备了一批聚合多抗稻飞虱基因的水稻亲本材料。研发出在田埂种植芝麻、大豆等天敌诱集植物,增加褐飞虱卵期寄生蜂和捕食性天敌蜘蛛的种群数量的轻简化生态调控技术;研发出对褐飞虱成、若虫取食及雌成虫产卵均有驱避作用的植物提取物混配剂3种;研发出显著提高稻虱缨小蜂对田间褐飞虱卵寄生率的引诱剂1种。建立了褐飞虱环境友好防控技术集成体系,并在湖南、湖北、广东、广西、浙江、江西6省区示范应用,取得了良好的经济、生态、社会效益。     

转几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶基因水稻对土壤三种弹尾目昆虫和一种环节动物的影响

采用 3个试验研究转几丁质酶和苜蓿 1,3- β -葡聚糖酶双价基因水稻对土壤弹尾目昆虫和环节动物线蚓的影响。①平皿实验 :观察弹尾目与转基因水稻组织间的营养关系及其在无土壤情况下对弹尾目昆虫繁殖率的短期影响 ;②土壤 -植物残留物单物种微宇宙试验 :观察土壤中不同转基因水稻组织含量对土壤动物繁殖率的短期影响 ;③土壤 -植物残留物多物种微宇宙试验 :模拟大田状况 ,观察多物种共存较长时间后转基因水稻对土壤动物密度的影响。结果表明 :Folsomiacandida取食新鲜转基因水稻叶片和根组织 2 1d后 ,繁殖率比野生型水稻组分别降低 4 5 1% (F1,8=9 9,P <0 0 5 )和 30 5 % (F1,8=5 8,P <0 0 5 ) ;在掺有转基因水稻组织 (30g/kg)的土壤中 ,F .candida 2 1d后的繁殖率比野生型水稻组下降 19 3% (F3 ,16=3 6 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;在掺有转基因水稻组织土壤 (30g/kg)的多物种实验中 ,转基因水稻组中的F .candida、Enchytraeuscrypticus16周后的密度比野生型水稻组分别降低 19 4 % (F1,48=6 8,P <0 0 5 )和 38 0 % (F1,48=6 4 2 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,而Sinellacurviseta的密度升高 84 8% (F1,48=6 4 2 ,P <0 0 0 1)。因此 ,转几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶双价基因水稻对土壤弹尾目和线蚓都是有影响的 ,对某些种类表现     

Functional significance of Micraspis discolor (F.) (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) in rice ecosystem

Coccinellids are key predators that are conserved and augmented in agricultural ecosystems, to achieve biological control of pests. Actual quantification of field predation has not been attempted for many of the beneficial coccinellids. Numerous reports show coccinellids as opportunistic, feeding on a variety of food material in addition to their preferred prey. Micraspis discolor is the most abundant species of coccinellid in rice ecosystems and touted as a biocontrol option for brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), a key pest of rice. However, it has been reported as both entomophagous and phytophagous. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to separate esterases from whole‐body homogenates of Micraspis and its prey viz., green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens (Distant), BPH N. lugens, whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L., thrips, Haplothrips sp., and pollen. Field‐collected beetles showed a range of bands, some corresponding with pollen and GLH, while others were different from prey offered, indicating a wider range of prey spectrum than envisaged. Feeding preference studies confirmed a preference for pollen and GLH in no‐choice (H = 20.724; P = 0.001) and multiple‐choice tests (H = 20.52; P < 0.001) and a significant preference for pollen over all insects offered in the paired‐choice test (t = 5.099; P = 0.007). The abundance of adult M. discolor in rice at flowering phase does not correspond to prey abundance in the field but rather reflects an inclination to pollen feeding more than entomophagy.     

母代雌蜂数、进果时间及非传粉小蜂对传粉榕小蜂后代数量及性比的影响

【目的】对性比的研究有助于我们理解自然界生物的选择压力及其所产生的原因和结果,榕树和榕小蜂之间的互惠共生关系以及生物学和生态学特性使其成为研究性比和局域配偶竞争模型（local mate competition）的理想材料。本研究旨在探明榕小蜂性比调节和进化机制。【方法】对分布于西双版纳地区的鸡嗉子榕Ficus semicordata进行了人工控制性放蜂实验。测定了母代雌蜂数量及其进果时间间隔、非传粉小蜂Sycoscapter trifemmensis数量对传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi后代数量（成蜂数量）和性比的影响,并分析了小蜂后代数量和性比的相关性。【结果】在榕果发育期一致的前提下,随着母代雌蜂数量的增加,每头雌蜂的平均后代数量明显下降(P<0.001),后代性比显著升高(P<0.001),后代数量和性比呈显著负相关(P<0.05);随着雌蜂进果间隔的延长,后代数量亦呈现下降趋势,且性比增大,放2头雌蜂和3头雌蜂的处理呈同样趋势,但差异均不显著(P=0.87; P=0.49),小蜂后代数量与性比无显著相关性(P=0.86)。此外,非传粉小蜂数量与传粉小蜂后代数量呈显著负相关(P<0.001),与传粉小蜂性比呈正相关(P<0.001),小蜂后代数量和性比同样呈现显著负相关(P<0.001)。【结论】本实验模拟了自然界中榕 蜂的相互作用,所得结果有助于我们理解自然状态下榕小蜂性比调节模式和机制,以及榕 蜂互利共生系统的进化机制。     

稻鸭、稻鱼共作生态系统土壤可溶性有机N的动态和损失

通过田间试验研究了稻鸭、稻鱼共作生态系统土壤可溶性有机N(SON)的动态和损失,及其与土壤微生物量N和水稻吸N量的相关性.结果表明,(1)土壤SON是稻田土壤主要的可溶性N,其中处理CK,RD和RF土壤SON库分别为121.16, 109 30 和113.71 kg/hm2,高于土壤无机N库.(2)土壤SON与土壤可溶性无机N显著正相关(p<0.01);在水稻生育期间,土壤SON含量随水稻的生长而逐渐降低;同时由于鸭和鱼的存在,处理RD和RF土壤SON含量显著低于处理CK;土壤SON与水稻累积吸N量呈显著负相关(p<0.01),表明水稻生长强烈影响着土壤SON.(3)在水稻生长前期,渗漏水各形态N含量最大;溶解性有机N(DON)是稻田渗漏水N素的主要形态;同时,统计分析显示,相对于处理CK,RF土壤SON的下渗淋失量显著降低,RD土壤SON的下渗淋失量则略为降低.(4)水稻生育期间,土壤微生物量N不断地变化着,此外,由于鸭和鱼的存在,相对与处理CK,处理RD和RF土壤显著的提高了土壤MBN.同时,由于水稻吸收和N的淋失,土壤微生物量N与土壤SON不相关.总之,在水稻生长期间,土壤可溶性有机N受水稻吸N、微生物吸N与分解和N淋失的共同作用.     

Citric acid improves growth performance and phosphorus digestibility in Beluga (Huso huso) fed diets where soybean meal partly replaced fish meal

A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of dietary fish meal with soybean meal and citric acid (CA) supplementation on growth, food utilization, muscle composition and nutrient digestibility of Beluga, Huso huso. Three isonitrogenic and isoenergetic diets, as SBM₁ (soybean meal protein (SBP):fishmeal protein (FP) = 1:3), SBM₂ (SBP:FP = 2:3) and SBM₃ (SBP:FP = 1:1) containing two levels of CA (0 and 30 g kg⁻¹) were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. The results revealed that adding CA increased (P<0.05) the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) and decreased (P<0.05) food conversion rate (FCR) whereas partial substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal decreased (P<0.05) growth performance. Partial replacement of fishmeal with SBM (P=0.021) as well as CA supplementation (P=0.019) and their interaction (P<0.001) affected hepatosomatic index (HSI). No differences (P>0.05) were observed for viscerosomatic index (VSI) among treatments (P>0.05). No differences (P>0.05) were detected in moisture, protein of muscle sample among treatments, but lipid content was reduced (P<0.05) while ash content increased (P=0.035) by CA. Soybean meal decreased (P<0.05) nutrient digestibility, whereas CA improved apparent protein and phosphorus (P) digestibility (P=0.011 and P<0.001 respectively). No interaction (P<0.05) between levels of SBM and CA was found on these parameters. Results of the present study indicate that Beluga has a limited ability to utilize SBM as a protein source in practical diets whereas CA can improve growth and nutrient utilization in Beluga.     

湖南省平江县水稻根结线虫病发生及危害评价

【目的】进一步明确湖南省平江县水稻根结线虫病发生危害情况、病原线虫种类及影响水稻发病的因素。【方法】2020年4—6月,采用5点取样法对湖南省平江县24个乡镇400块田块的水稻根结线虫病发生危害情况进行再调查及病原种类鉴定,并对水稻根结线虫病的病情指数与水稻的栽培方式、土壤类型之间的关系进行了分析。【结果】平江县水稻根结线虫病的发生较为普遍,发现病害的乡镇已由2018年的5个增加到2020年的15个,其中15个乡镇的病田率为10%～100%,病株率为2%～55%,根结指数为0.4～15.4。分离获得的病原线虫种类均为拟禾本科根结线虫。调查还发现,发病水稻在砂壤、中壤、重壤稻田的根结指数明显高于在黏土和轻壤稻田的根结指数,直播、抛秧栽培方式下发病水稻的根结指数明显高于移栽方式下的根结指数。【结论】平江县水稻根结线虫病呈蔓延趋势。本研究为有效防控平江县水稻根结线虫病提供了依据。     

Host response of rice genotypes to the rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) under aerobic soil conditions

Aerobic rice is a production system where adapted rice varieties are established via direct seeding in non-puddled, non-flooded, non-saturated fields and grown under conditions similar to upland conditions. On land cultivated continuously with aerobic rice, a yield reduction has been observed. The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is considered one of the possible causes of these yield reductions. Resistance to and tolerance for M. graminicola are essential traits for aerobic rice cultivars in alleviating this problem. In our study, the host response of nineteen aerobic, seven upland and four lowland rice genotypes which are either being used in the International Rice Research Institute’s aerobic rice breeding programme or already cultivated by farmers in Asia was evaluated under aerobic soil conditions in an outdoor raised-bed experiment. Our study showed a large variation in susceptibility and sensitivity to M. graminicola infection among the rice genotypes examined. Resistance comparable to the resistant reference genotypes included in the experiment (CG14, TOG5674, TOG7235) was not found but in terms of susceptibility, the upland genotype Morobereken may be an interesting less-susceptible genotype. Tolerance was found and in terms of sensitivity, the high yielding aerobic genotype IR78877-208-B-1-2 may be an interesting tolerant genotype. Our study also allowed the identification of rice genotypes that are either highly susceptible or sensitive to M. graminicola infection and of which the cultivation should be discouraged. On average, M. graminicola caused an almost 30% reduction in yield. Excluding the two susceptible and three resistant reference genotypes included in the experiment, most affected was dry-shoot biomass (23.6% reduction) followed by root length, which was more affected than fresh-root weight (19.8 vs. 8%) and grain filling (17.3%), while plant height and the number of spikelets/panicle were less affected (10.2 and 8.1%, respectively). Neither tillering nor the number of panicles/plant were affected.