不同林龄杉木+闽楠复层林土壤磷形态及微生物功能多样性变化

磷是限制亚热带地区林木生长的关键因素之一,研究土壤微生物群落功能多样性对土壤磷素的影响,对亚热带地区人工林可持续经营具有重要意义。在江西官山林场选取了3种不同林龄杉木+闽楠（4 a、7 a、11 a）复层林为研究对象,测定了土壤全磷、有效磷及无机磷组分含量,采用Biolog-ECO法研究了复层林表土层（0-20 cm）土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用特征,并分析了土壤磷素与土壤微生物功能多样性的关系。结果表明：（1）土壤全磷、有效磷及无机磷组分含量随复层林营建时间延长呈增加趋势;（2）不同林分类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤微生物碳源代谢活性（AWCD）以及多样性指数也均随复层林营建时间延长呈增加趋势;多聚物类是杉木纯林土壤微生物利用的主要碳源,7 a复层林对碳水化合物、羧酸和酚酸的利用强度较大,11 a复层林对氨基酸、胺类、多聚物、羧酸和酚酸的利用强度较大,并且11 a复层林土壤微生物群落代谢碳水化合物、氨基酸、羧酸、胺类和酚酸的强度显著高于4 a复层林和杉木纯林,而4 a复层林与杉木纯林土壤微生物群落对不同碳源利用率的差异较小（除多聚物外）。（3）土壤微生物多样性指数、氨基酸类、胺类和酚酸类物质与土壤全磷、有效磷、Al-P和Fe-P含量之间显著正相关,随机森林模型分析表明,氨基酸、胺类和酚酸是不同林分类型土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,杉木纯林转化为复层异龄林更有利于森林土壤磷的储存和供应,土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的增大可能是提高复层异龄林土壤磷有效性的关键调控因素。     

沿海基干林带结构调控对林分冠层结构参数及林地土壤的影响

以上海浦东沿海水杉基干林带为研究对象,分析水杉林分间伐以及间伐后林下套种其他树种构建复层林2种结构调控措施下林分冠层及林地土壤的变化。结果表明:间伐和复层林构建可显著促进上层乔木树高和胸径的生长,也有助于林下乔灌木和草本植物的发育;未间伐水杉林带LAI最高,其次为复层林带,间伐林分最低。各林分林隙分数的分布特征与LAI相反;3种林分土壤全N、全P和速效K含量差异不显著,而间伐林和复层林土壤速效P、水解N和有机质含量比未间伐林有进一步改善,但间伐林分和复层林带之间土壤养分状况没有显著差异;林分结构调控增加了0～50cm土壤有机碳储量,其中以0～15cm土层有机碳密度最高。复层林带和间伐林土壤呼吸速率比未间伐林分别提高了42%和33%。     

马尾松-肉桂人工复层林生物量及生产力研究

应用相对生长法和样方收获法研究了广西岑溪市马尾松不同光环境处理下营造的马尾松-肉桂人工复层林的生物量及生产力.结果显示:(1)不同处理中,枯落物层生物量随林分郁闭度的增加而增加,灌木层、草本层生物量则随着林分郁闭度的增加而减少;马尾松-肉桂人工复层林模式下林分的生物量、生产力以及群落总生物量远大于马尾松单层林.(2)不同处理的马尾松-肉桂人工复层林林分净生产量均大于马尾松单层林,且上层林马尾松郁闭度在0.5～0.7条件下与肉桂形成的复层林更有利于提高环境资源的获取能力,其中以马尾松林分郁闭度为0.5、密度781株/hm2以及肉桂密度5 952株/hm2的人工复层林模式的成层性最明显,群落生物量、乔木层生物量、净生产力水平最高,分别达167.64 t/hm2、160.549 t/hm2、9.146 t/(hm2·a),且分别高于马尾松单层林14.9％、18.5％、68.7％,是经济效益和生态效益最理想的复合林模式.研究表明,光环境处理对群落生物量空间分布有显著影响,对林分各器官生物量的分配有较大影响,复层林能提高乔木层生物量在总群落生物量中的分配.人工复层混交林比单层林更有利于提高获取环境资源的能力并增加林分的稳定性.     

复层林对闽楠幼树生长、叶片形态和光合特性的影响

以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook.)、闽楠(Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang)异龄复层混交林(简称杉楠复层林)和檫木(Sassafras tzumu(Hemsl.) Hemsl.)、闽楠异龄复层混交林(简称檫楠复层林)中的7年生闽楠幼树为研究对象,以纯林中的7年生闽楠幼树为对照,研究3种林分中闽楠幼树的生长量、叶片表型、叶片显微结构、光合色素含量、光合参数日变化和光合-光响应曲线的变化规律,分析复层林和纯林中闽楠幼树生长、叶片形态和光合特性的差异。结果显示：(1)与闽楠纯林相比,杉楠复层林中闽楠幼树的胸径增量和树高增量分别高46.61%和43.87%;檫楠复层林中闽楠幼树的胸径增量和树高增量分别低20.75%和26.53%;(2)与闽楠纯林相比,两种复层林中闽楠幼树的叶片鲜重和含水率减小,叶片变薄变“细长”,同时其中脉厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度显著降低;(3)两种复层林中闽楠幼树的叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于纯林中的闽楠;(4)纯林和杉楠复层林中闽楠幼树的净光合速率除上午...     

人工马尾松林下套种闽楠影响因素研究

采用完全随机区组设计,研究马尾松林下套种闽楠,不同经营模式与林冠层郁闭度调控对闽楠树高、胸径和单株材积影响。结果表明,三种林下套种的复层林经营模式较采伐迹地上造林均可显 著促进闽楠生长。闽楠人工林在1～12龄阶段树高、胸径和单株材积连年生长量及平均生长量均呈逐年上升的趋势,处在生长速生期。采用林下套种闽楠复层林经营模式,并进行林冠层郁闭度调控,长期保持林冠层郁闭度在0.4～0.5左右,可显著促进闽楠生长,是进行闽楠复层林经营的主要关键技术。     

滩地复层混交群落类型及其生长效益

为了提高人工造林的效益,为绿化荒滩提供可以选择的高效复层混交林类型及其营造技术,对现有复层混交林进行了调查研究,结果表明：目前滩地复层混交群落存在主要以下3种混交类型：①主要是马尾松与枫杨、枫香、木荷、水竹或青冈、苦槠的针阔复层混交类型;②以香樟、木荷、青冈、苦槠、枫香、榆树和大叶榉等树种为主的阔叶树复层混交类型;③以杨树、桤木等落叶树种与板栗、早园竹、香椿、银杏等价值高的经济树种为主的林农混交类型,即林农复合立体经营模式. 同时对营造杨桤混交林、杨落复层混交林、杨绿复层混交林等3种不同类型不同方式的混交试验林的阶段性分析,结果表明：5年生杨桤混交林中,杨树个体生长基本同纯林接近,桤木在带状混交林中树高生长量明显高于纯林,株间混交个体显著的受到抑制;3年生杨落复层混交林中,采用的8个树种经受了一年多次洪水考验,初步形成了杨阔复层混交群落且长势喜人;2年生杨绿复层混交林中,中山柏、侧柏、香樟等7个树种造林成活率均在90%以上,生长良好,但山杜英、女贞可能是试验林应用除草剂不当的缘故,造林成活率、生长势都受到了严重的影响.     

红松人工幼林透光伐效果的分析

红松人工幼林透光伐分别采取清除红松林冠上方全部(全透林)和50％(半透林)阔叶树的抚育方式。半透林生长快,蓄积是全透林的1.5倍;叶面积指数、叶面积密度和森林生产力分别是全透林的1.3、0.8和1.3倍。全林营养元素积累量大,吸收的太阳辐射比全透林多100.3×10~6J/m~2,光能利用率高0.06％。最后,根据乌道特公式证明,幼林半透抚育效果良好,有利于形成复层结构的林分,充分利用环境资源,减少竞争,提高森林生产力。     

异龄复层混交对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体碳组分和转化的影响

复层混交种植的近自然化经营是我国亚热带地区最常用的营林模式之一,但目前其对土壤有机碳（SOC）的积累及其稳定性的影响仍不明确。为探讨该营林模式对土壤碳组分及其转化的影响,该文选取南亚热带复层混交经营的马尾松近自然林（CP）作为研究对象,并以相邻未改造的马尾松纯林（PP）作为对照（CK）,重点探究异龄复层混交后原土和不同粒径土壤团聚体的稳定性、有机碳组分、微生物生物量和酶活性等的变化规律及其之间的关系。结果表明：（1）复层混交后表征土壤团聚体稳定性的平均重量直径（MWD）显著提高;与PP相比,CP原土和不同粒径土壤团聚体的SOC、高度不稳定有机碳（LOC）、中度不稳定有机碳（IOC）、惰性有机碳（ROC）、土壤碳氮比（C/N）、微生物生物量碳和氮（MBC和MBN）、微生物呼吸（MR）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CB）、N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和酚氧化酶（PO）均显著提高,而其MBC/MBN和微生物代谢熵（qCO₂）却显著降低。（2）几乎所有原土和土壤团聚体的SOC、总活性有机碳（LOC+IOC）、ROC和ROC数（RCI）均与MWD呈显著或极显著...     

间伐对日本黑松海岸林更新的影响

为弄清间伐对海岸林内环境因子 ,进而对海岸林天然更新的影响 ,在黑松海岸林内进行了 4种不同强度的块状间伐试验 .林分间伐后 ,对更新状况和环境因子进行了连续观测 .结果表明 ,间伐可以改善林内光环境、提高土壤的含水量、加强空气流动、促进枯枝落叶的分解等 .4 0年生的黑松海岸林 5 0 %间伐处理后 (密度为 15 0 0株·hm-2 ,林冠开阔度 >30 % )不会对海岸林本身造成风害 ,也不会对防护功能产生较大影响 ,但却能为黑松海岸林天然更新提供良好的生态环境 .试验结果证实了间伐产生的林隙内日本黑松的更新规律 ,提出间伐可作为同龄黑松海岸林向复层、异龄海岸林演化的主要经营措施 .     

玛曲渔场几种裂腹鱼类消化道的形态结构与其食性的相互关系

本文对玛曲渔场几种裂腹鱼类消化道的大体形态及显微结构进行了观察与比较,并对其结构与食性的关系作了初步探讨,结果如下:(1)这几种裂腹鱼类消化道的大体形态同林浩然(1962)报道的鲤科鱼类者一致,但显微结构差异甚大。与Mohsin(1961)报道的G.giurus鱼的显微结构相似。(2)各种硬骨鱼类分泌粘液的细胞组成不同,这种组成与食性有关。食道上皮除复层鳞形上皮外,还有复层柱状上皮。食道肌层的纤维走向与肠部者相反。(3)鱼类消化道的形态结构与其食性一致,主要表现在口腔、咽、食道和肠的长短方面。肠的显微结构,几乎没有对特有食性的适应变化。       

Influence of forest structure on the abundance of snowshoe hares in western Wyoming

Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are a primary prey species for Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in western North America. Lynx management plans require knowledge of potential prey distribution and abundance in the western United States. Whether even-aged regenerating forests or multi-storied forests contain more snowshoe hares is currently unknown. During 2006–2008, we estimated snowshoe hare density in 3 classes of 30–70-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and 4 classes of late seral multi-storied forest with a spruce (Picea engelmannii)-fir (Abies lasiocarpa) component in the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming. We recorded physiographic variables and forest structure characteristics to understand how these factors influence abundance of snowshoe hares. In many instances, snowshoe hares were more abundant in late seral multi-storied forests than regenerating even-aged forests. Forest attributes predicting hare abundance were often more prevalent in multi-storied forests. Late seral multi-storied forests with a spruce–fir component and dense horizontal cover, as well as 30–70-year-old lodgepole pine with high stem density, were disproportionately influential in explaining snowshoe hare densities in western Wyoming. In order to promote improved habitat conditions for snowshoe hares in this region, management agencies should consider shifting their focus towards maintaining, enhancing, and promoting multi-storied forests with dense horizontal cover, as well as developing 30–70-year-old lodgepole pine stands with high stem density that structurally mimic multi-storied forests. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.     

Landscape context of plantation forests in the conservation of tropical mammals

Plantation forests have been expanding in many tropical and subtropical environments. Howerver, even when they replace less wildlife friendly land uses such as pastures and annual crops, the biodiversity levels of pristine natural habitats often have not been recovered. Here we addressed how the landscape context of plantation forests located in South-eastern Brazil affects species richness and community resilience of medium and large size mammals. The area covered by native habitat fragments surrounding plantation forests is positively related to functional richness, including the presence of species more vulnerable to extinction in fragmented landscapes. In addition, the degree of aggregation of plantation forest stands is negatively related to more vulnerable species. No primates were recorded in our seven plantation forest sites (ranging from 272 to 24,921 ha), even when they were seen in native habitat fragments adjacent to commercial tree stands. Two invasive species (Sus scrofa and Lepus capensis) were recorded in four plantation forest sites. The impoverishment of fauna in plantation forests is due to two factors. First, plantation forests generally are structurally simplified habitats when compared to highly diverse tropical forests. Secondly, the isolation from habitat fragments which act as source of individuals in the landscape precludes the establishment of individual in plantation forest. We also highlighted the management practices to improve the complexity of vegetation in commercial tree stands should be taken cautiously, insofar as reduced productivity per area entails a greater demand for land. Thus, an alternative would be intensify the management of the commercial tree stands for wood production together with the restoration of adjacent areas set aside to conservation and native habitat fragments protection.     

不同松林类型节肢动物群落组成和相似性

采用G-test、Sorensen Classic相似性指数和Jaccard Classic相似性指数比较浙江省舟山市受松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus侵染后形成的湿地松Pinus elliottii杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata混交林、马尾松P.massoniana疏林、马尾松纯林和黑松P.thunbergi马尾松混交林等4种代表性的松林类型中的节肢动物群落的组成,同时采用采用Chao 1指数和ACE指数对4种林型的总物种丰富度进行了估计。研究结果表明,4种不同的松林类型共捕获513种共55141个个体,隶属15目110科。4种松林类型中节肢动物群落的科数、物种数和个体数量都有显著差异(科数G3=9.303,P=0.026;物种数G3=57.362,P=0.000;个体数G3=2 767.568,P=0.000)。马尾松疏林和马尾松纯林中节肢动物群落的相似性最高,湿地松杉木混交林和黑松马尾松混交林这2种针叶混交林内节肢动物群落相似性最低。估计全部节肢动物群落的物种丰富度为586.47(ACE指数)和634.8±31.5(Chao 1±SD)种。     

武夷山国家级自然保护区黄山松天然林自然稀疏规律研究

选择平均直径、平均木断面积和林分总断面积作为林木个体大小的指标,研究林木株数与林木大小的关系.应用-3/2法则,建立黄山松天然林自然稀疏过程中林分密度与平均直径、平均木断面积、总断面积的相关关系.结果表明:黄山松天然林种群密度对林分平均胸径、平均木断面积、林分总断面积均存在显著作用.因此,在经营黄山松天然林时,必须切实重视林分密度控制管理.     

阔叶红松混交林林隙内丘坑复合体特征及分布格局

对小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙及郁闭林分内丘坑复合体特征及分布格局进行了对比和分析.结果表明： 大、中、小林隙及郁闭林分中丘坑复合体的丘宽、丘高、丘厚均大于与之对应的坑宽、坑长、坑深.大林隙内丘坑复合体的丘宽、丘高、丘厚、坑宽、坑长、坑深均最大,分别为2.85、0.37、2.00、2.99、2.10、0.39 m;郁闭林分均最小,分别为2.35、0.19、1.60、2.66、1.65、0.21 m.丘的平均体积（1.66 m³）均大于坑的（1.44 m³）.同一大小林隙内绝大多数丘坑复合体之间的特征值差异显著,而郁闭林分内绝大多数丘坑复合体之间的特征值差异不显著.不同大小林隙及郁闭林分丘坑复合体之间的特征值大多差异显著.2012年样地内丘坑复合体大多数特征值显著小于2011年.89.5%和60.5%的丘坑复合体类型为铰链式,形状为半椭圆状,丘坑复合体的分布格局为相对集中.     

Forest floor accumulation,nutrition and productivity of Pinus patula in the Usutu Forest,Swaziland

Forest floor mass was determined at 22 sites under 11- to 15-year-old 2R and 3R P. patula that had been reestablished without prior burning of harvesting slash. Forest floor mass increased with site elevation (r=0.593) or with decreasing topsoil exchangeable Ca in particular (r=0.699). The forest floor was found to be greater than reported values for either 1R stands or 2R stands re-established following slash burning at similar age and elevations in the forest. Responses to N fertilizer applied at age 10–12 years, at 9 sites, was closely correlated with forest floor mass (r=0.911). The data suggests that continued accumulation of forest floor under successive rotations in the Usutu Forest, particularly at higher elevations, results in N deficiencies that limit growth in 2R stands. This hypothesis is supported by an analysis of data from sample plots monitoring relative 1R and 2R growth in the forest.     

Forest responses to the large-scale east coast fires in Korea

The east coast forest fires of April 2000 were Koreas largest recorded fires. This, along with the fact that they took place in the region most frequently affected by fire, attracted a great deal of attention. Due to the variations in wind, topography and pre-fire forest stands, a heterogeneous landscape mosaic of burn severity was created across the region. It turned out to be an excellent opportunity to study various landscape-scale impacts of fires on forest dynamics. Therefore, we investigated stands in the 23794ha of burned forest region, in terms of burn severity, vegetation regeneration and forested landscape change as a measure of community stability. Using the geographic information system technique, we analyzed the differential severity and post-fire recovery of pre-fire forest types of different stand age both at stand and species level. Analysis showed that pre-fire vegetation was composed of mainly pine (Pinus densiflora) stands that occupied 70% of the whole forested area, while pine-hardwood and hardwood stands occupied only 28% and 3%, respectively. In addition, two-thirds of all stands were less than 30-years-old. Pine stands were the most severely burned, while conversely pine-hardwood and hardwood stands were less vulnerable. This implied that pine forests had fire-prone characteristics. Vegetation recovery went the opposite way; that is, the regenerating vegetation cover was 71% at pre-fire hardwood stands, and 65% and 53% at pine-hardwood and pine stands, respectively. However, these recovery rates were strikingly fast, considering that investigation took place about 3months after the fires. Fire did not initiate successional processes, but tended to accelerate the predicted successional changes by releasing pre-fire understory species that survived the fires and regenerated by sprouting. The dominant pre-fire tree species (P. densiflora) was susceptible to fire and not resilient enough to reestablish in competition with oak species. Contrary to pines, the abilities of oak species, mainly Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis, to survive fires and to resprout vigorously made them dominant at most post-fire stands. These shifts in species abundance caused drastic changes to the landscape: from pine-dominated to oak-dominated stands without any notable change in species composition. The patterns in forest regeneration that we observed in Korea may be representative of forest responses to any long-term repeated disturbances, including fire.     

Nutrient distributions and bio-cycle characteristics in both natural and artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests in hilly loess regions

Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest, the dominant community in Ziwuling Mountain lying in the hilly loess region, was studied for its nutrient distributions and bio-cycle characteristics in both natural and artificial forms. The results showed that the changes in the nutrient contents for different components in the same Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest stood in the order of needles > branches > bark > roots > bole. The aboveground nutrient elements in needles, branches, bark bole and litterfalls stood in the order of Ca > N > K > Mg > P, but the nutrients stored in the soil stood in the order of Ca > K > Mg > N > P. The accumulated amounts of nutrients increased first and then decreased with the increased age of the forest. The nutrient amounts reached their maximum when the stand was 30 years old, and decreased greatly when it was 50 years old. The 30-year-old artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest had the highest annual accumulated amount of nutrients, and different stands stood in the order of II > III > IV > I. Comparatively, annual accumulated nutrients in different components stood in the order of needles > branches > roots > bark > bole. It was also suggested that the amounts of nutrients annually taken in from and retained in the natural Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest were significantly higher than those in artificial forests. The coefficients of nutrient use in various Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. stands stood in the order of Ca > Mg > N > K > P, but the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of the same element decreased with increased age of the forest. There were no differences in the utilization coefficient and the turnover period of nutrients in both natural and artificial matured Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests.     

Nutrient distributions and bio-cycle characteristics in both natural and artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests in hilly loess regions

Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest, the dominant community in Ziwuling Mountain lying in the hilly loess region, was studied for its nutrient distributions and bio-cycle characteristics in both natural and artificial forms. The results showed that the changes in the nutrient contents for different components in the same Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest stood in the order of needles > branches > bark > roots > bole. The aboveground nutrient elements in needles, branches, bark bole and litterfalls stood in the order of Ca > N > K > Mg > P, but the nutrients stored in the soil stood in the order of Ca > K > Mg > N > P. The accumulated amounts of nutrients increased first and then decreased with the increased age of the forest. The nutrient amounts reached their maximum when the stand was 30 years old, and decreased greatly when it was 50 years old. The 30-year-old artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest had the highest annual accumulated amount of nutrients, and different stands stood in the order of II > III > IV > I. Comparatively, annual accumulated nutrients in different components stood in the order of needles > branches > roots > bark > bole. It was also suggested that the amounts of nutrients annually taken in from and retained in the natural Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest were significantly higher than those in artificial forests. The coefficients of nutrient use in various Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. stands stood in the order of Ca > Mg > N > K > P, but the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of the same element decreased with increased age of the forest. There were no differences in the utilization coefficient and the turnover period of nutrients in both natural and artificial matured Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests.     

辽东山区次生林生态系统大、中型土壤动物组成与季节动态

土壤动物是次生林生态系统的重要组成成分.为探讨次生林生态系统不同林型对大、中型土壤动物群落结构特征的影响,于2007年对东部山区次生林生态系统中5个主要林型的土壤动物群落进行了观测和分析.共获取土壤动物36210只,分别隶属于2门8纲32目.优势类群为真螨目(Acariformes)和弹尾目(Collembola).分析结果表明:(1)人工林大、中型土壤动物类群数和个体数波动大于次生林;(2)除落叶松人工林外,其他林型大、中型土壤动物生物量在7月份达到最大值;(3)除胡桃楸林外,其他林型大、中型土壤动物多样性在9月份达到最大值.结果表明,次生林较人工林土壤动物群落在生长季中波动范围小、多样性高.