黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区藓结皮对土壤酶活性的影响

以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区黄绵土和风沙土上发育30年的典型藓结皮为对象,分6层采集0～12 cm土层土样,研究了藓结皮对不同土层4种水解酶活性的影响及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明: 与无结皮相比,黄绵土藓结皮的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性分别提升了2.4、7.6、20.7、2.4倍,而风沙土藓结皮的这4种水解酶活性分别提升了3.5、22.2、22.3、2.0倍;黄绵土和风沙土藓结皮的体积含水量分别降低了6.5%和0.8%,温度分别降低了0.8和2.5 ℃;黄绵土藓结皮的有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量分别提升了2.5、2.9和3.6倍,风沙土分别提升了3.6、3.0和6.6倍.4种水解酶的活性与土壤养分含量呈显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈显著负相关;而土壤温度与脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蛋白酶活性呈显著负相关.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区2种土壤藓结皮均能显著提升水解酶活性,这是藓结皮加速土壤养分周转的重要因素;通过改变土壤含水量和温度等酶促反应条件间接影响酶活性,是藓结皮促进土壤酶活性的重要途径.     

遗传修饰生物体释放入生态系统中后的生态危害

遗传修饰生物体（genetically modified organisms,GMOs）释放后的效应问题和外来生物的入侵构成了广义的生物安全。20世纪90年代以来,随着现代生物技术特别是基因工程技术的发展,越来越多的GMOs进入大规模商业化应用阶段。GMOs释放入生态系统后的负面影响也日渐暴露。它所引起的基因污染,非目标效应等问题对自然界的生物多样性产生了深刻的影响。正确认识GMOs进入生态系统后的生态效应．不仅能够揭示修饰了的基因的生态学功能,而且能够为生物安全的管理提供理论依据。     

生物结皮对铜尾矿废弃地土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

生物结皮是铜尾矿废弃地自然原生演替的最初阶段.本研究以铜陵杨山冲铜尾矿库和铜官山新铜尾矿库为对象,采用熏蒸浸提和化学分析法研究了两尾矿库不同类型生物结皮下土壤微生物量C、N及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性.结果表明：铜尾矿废弃地上的生物结皮能够显著提高表层尾矿中的微生物量和土壤酶活性,其中藻类结皮对土壤微生物量C、N的影响高于藓-藻混合结皮,藓类结皮的影响最小;随着土壤生物结皮类型的变化,土壤微生物区系也随之变化;各类生物结皮下表层尾矿中土壤酶活性无显著差异.相关分析表明,碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈显著正相关,但与土壤pH呈显著负相关.此外,藓类植物假根能够显著提高藓类结皮假根层的微生物量和酶活性.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统土壤微生物与养分的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类生态系统土壤微生物量、微生物数量及土壤养分的分析,本文探讨了不同生态系统土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分的耦合关系.结果表明:不同生态系统微生物种群组成不同,真菌比率均较低,农作区、人工林、原生林的放线菌比率较大,而次生林细菌比率较大;不同生态系统中微生物量碳(Cmic)与微生物量氮(Nmic)、微生物量磷(Pmic)的相关性均达到了显著或极显著水平;不同生态系统土壤微生物量与土壤养分的关系密切,而微生物数量与土壤养分的相关性均较弱,表明土壤微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌种群数量分布的随机性较大,而不是受单一养分因子的控制;不同生态系统中土壤微生物属性和土壤养分的耦合关系不同:农作区土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、全磷(TP)起较大作用,主要影响土壤Cmic、细菌和真菌;人工林中土壤水分、SOM、全氮(TN)、TP主要影响土壤微生物量;次生林中以pH、SOM、TP、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)主要影响土壤微生物量和真菌;原生林主要有pH、TP、AN影响土壤微生物量和细菌.     

试论土壤线虫多样性在生态系统中的作用

土壤线虫的物种多样性和功能群丰富, 不同功能群的土壤线虫取食习惯也不一样, 而土壤线虫取食习惯的多样性以及它们自身的一些属性决定了它们在土壤中与其他生物之间关系的复杂性。土壤中不同生物之间的相互作用决定了土壤食物网的复杂性, 进而影响着土壤生态系统功能。然而, 有关土壤线虫的多样性与土壤生态系统功能之间的关系的研究还很不足。要全面了解土壤线虫在生态系统中的作用, 研究工作必须: (1) 结合室内模拟和野外控制实验; (2) 结合物种多样性调查和不同功能群的功能分析。     

荒漠地衣对沙坡头人工植被固沙区的生态影响

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区所形成的微型生物结皮(microbiotic crust)占优势的生态格局是荒漠地区天然植被中特有的生态景观之一。荒漠地衣作为微型生物结皮中重要的组成部分,在影响生态变化方面扮演着不可或缺的角色。本研究调查了不同建立年代的人工植被固沙区中的维管植物和微型生物结皮中地衣的物种组成和盖度,测定了结皮土壤的主要养分含量。结果显示:微型生物结皮中地衣以胶衣Collema和石果衣Endocarpon两属为优势类群;随人工植被建立时间的延长,维管植物和微型生物结皮盖度、结皮厚度与土壤养分含量呈增高趋势,并基本呈显著的正相关关系。维管植物、微型生物结皮、地衣和土壤养分基本一致的变化规律表明,微型生物结皮对固沙区中浅根系植被发育和土壤恢复具有正效应,为人工高效治沙及全面实施"沙漠生物地毯工程"提供了必要的理论基础。     

生物多样性与生态系统功能关系研究进展

生物多样性和生态系统功能关系的研究,是生态学和环境学的一个中心论题。围绕这一主题,首先介绍了生物多样性及生态系统功能的含义;其次,一方面历史地回顾了生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究,另一方面结合近20年间的研究及实验,分别从多样性与生产力、多样性与稳定性、多样性与生态系统可持续性3个方面系统地阐述了二者关系研究的主要论点;最后,对其今后面临的挑战及发展趋势进行了展望。     

混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与群落结构之关联——以黄土丘陵区的生物结皮为例

自然条件下生物结皮是藻、藓及地衣等结皮类型以不同比例组成的混合群落,显著影响土壤养分含量,目前混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与其群落结构的关系尚不清楚,限制了混合生物结皮土壤养分的评估。为此,研究通过测定单一组成的藻结皮、藓结皮以及80%藻+20%藓、60%藻+40%藓、40%藻+60%藓和20%藻+80%藓4个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,研究了混合生物结皮土壤养分与其群落结构之间的关联。结果显示：(1)藓结皮层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著高于藻结皮,分别高出166.4%、77.2%、55.1%、56.2%和42.2%。(2)藻藓混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮含量与组成和盖度等结构特征有关,可以通过单一类型生物结皮土壤养分含量与盖度加权预测混合生物结皮土壤养分储量。(3)混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮储量实测值(x)与预测值(y)拟合的线性函数分别为y=0.97x、y=0.96x、y=1.18x和y=0.92x。(4)混合生物结皮对全磷和硝态氮含量的影响与群落结构无关。生物结皮对下层0—5 ...     

黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响

生物结皮是土壤表面具有光合活性的致密复合层,是土 气界面CO₂通量的影响因子之一.本文采用改进的Li-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,研究了黄土丘陵区退耕地上不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO₂通量的影响.结果表明: 光照条件下,生物结皮土壤CO₂通量较除去生物结皮显著下降,其中藻结皮和藓结皮分别下降了92%和305%;生物结皮对土壤CO₂通量的降低程度与其生物组成和生物量有关,深色藻结皮和藓结皮土壤CO₂通量较裸地分别降低了141%和484%.生物结皮土壤CO₂通量的日变化呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,而裸地CO₂通量日变化趋势为单峰曲线,藻结皮、藓结皮的碳吸收峰值分别出现在8:00和9:00前后,其CO₂通量分别为0.13和-1.02 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;藻结皮24 h CO₂通量排放总量较裸地增加7.7%,而藓结皮减少了29.6%.生物结皮对土壤CO₂通量的影响显著,在评价退耕地土壤碳循环时,应考虑生物结皮的影响.     

黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响

生物结皮是土壤表面具有光合活性的致密复合层,是土-气界面CO2通量的影响因子之一.本文采用改进的Li-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,研究了黄土丘陵区退耕地上不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响.结果表明:光照条件下,生物结皮土壤CO2通量较除去生物结皮显著下降,其中藻结皮和藓结皮分别下降了92％和305％;生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的降低程度与其生物组成和生物量有关,深色藻结皮和藓结皮土壤CO2通量较裸地分别降低了141％和484％.生物结皮土壤CO2通量的日变化呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,而裸地CO2通量日变化趋势为单峰曲线,藻结皮、藓结皮的碳吸收峰值分别出现在8:00和9:00前后,其CO2通量分别为0.13和-1.02 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;藻结皮24 h CO2通量排放总量较裸地增加7.7％,而藓结皮减少了29.6％.生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响显著,在评价退耕地土壤碳循环时,应考虑生物结皮的影响.     

生态系统原理与可持续农业

论述了农业生态系统的能量流动物质循环原理、系统相关原理、相生相克原理、忍耐极限原理、结构功能原理、系统开放原理、限制因子原理、非加和原理、生物竞争原理和竞争排斥原理 ;认为中国生态农业是一种较为典型的可持续发展的农业系统类型 ,建议在国家持续农业发展进程中要积极推行生态农业 .     

Indicating ecosystem and landscape organisation

This paper presents a brief outline of the theoretical and conceptual fundamentals for the derivation of an ecosystem oriented indicator system to demonstrate the state of ecological entities on a holistic basis. There are two branches of argumentation: on a normative level, the sustainability principle is interpreted from an anthropocentric point-of-view; sustainability in this context means to provide ecosystem services on a broad scale and a long-term basis, including the attempt to avoid unspecific ecological risks. A second line-of-argumentation bases on the principles of ecosystem analysis and the theory of ecological orientation. Consequently, the aspired indicandum is the self-organising capacity of ecosystems, and the indicator sets represents an aggregate of structural and functional ecosystem features in a developing environment. The indicator set is demonstrated by one case study from the Bornhoeved Lakes ecosystem research project.     

海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究

生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用．最新研究表明,生态系统服务功能包括生态系统产品、生态调节功能、生命支持功能与社会文化功能．对生态调节功能的认识与评价是区域生态环境保护与资源开发的基础,并已成为当前区域生态评价与生态规划的前沿课题．以海南岛为例,探讨了基于生态系统结构与过程的生态调节功能评价方法．在研究中。将海南生态系统类型划分为13类。分析、评价了海南岛各类生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持、营养物质循环、固碳、防风固沙等方面的生态调节功能及其生态经济价值,以及生态系统提供产品的价值．研究表明,2002年海南岛生态系统所提供的生态调节功能的价值为2035．88×10^8～2153.39×10^8元,而生态系统产品价值仅为254．06×10^8元,生态调节功能价值是其产品价值的8倍多。     

Two approaches towards the relationship between plant species diversity and ecosystem functioning

Abstract. The main question to be dealt with in the papers published in this Special Feature is to which extent plant species richness can be applied as a parameter in restoration projects to qualify the ecosystem's state. Before considering this problem, it should be recognized that this approach illuminates only one side of the coin; the other side is touched by the opposite question, asking which plant species are essential components of an ecosystem. These two approaches towards the relationship between species richness and ecosystem functioning are not mutually exclusive, but should not be confused either. In view of ecosystem functioning certain species may be considered redundant, while in view of evolutionary processes certain ecosystem processes may be considered redundant. Where do the two approaches meet and when should they be separated? This paper touches upon this question by referring to the dual hierarchy of ecological systems.     

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in food webs

Recent theoretical and experimental work provides clear evidence that biodiversity loss can have profound impacts on functioning of natural and managed ecosystems and the ability of ecosystems to deliver ecological services to human societies. Work on simplified ecosystems in which the diversity of a single trophic level is manipulated shows that diversity can enhance ecosystem processes such as primary productivity and nutrient retention. Theory also strongly suggests that biodiversity can act as biological insurance against potential disruptions caused by environmental changes. However, these studies generally concern a single trophic level, primary producers for the most part. Changes in biodiversity also affect ecosystem functioning through trophic interactions. Here we review, through the analysis of a simple ecosystem model, several key aspects inherent in multitrophic systems that may strongly affect the relationship between diversity and ecosystem processes. Our analysis shows that trophic interactions have a strong impact on the relationships between diversity and ecosystem functioning, whether the ecosystem property considered is total biomass or temporal variability of biomass at the various trophic levels. In both cases, food-web structure and trade-offs that affect interaction strength have major effects on these relationships. Multitrophic interactions are expected to make biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships more complex and non-linear, in contrast to the monotonic changes predicted for simplified systems with a single trophic level.     

基于文献计量的21世纪以来我国生态系统服务研究现状及发展趋势

生态系统服务作为生态文明建设的核心内容,近年来一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注。为进一步探究我国生态系统服务领域的研究进展与发展趋势,基于文献计量法,运用Citespace软件对中国知网中以"生态系统服务"为主题的1349篇中文社会科学引文索引（CSSCI）期刊论文进行可视化分析。结果显示：①我国生态系统服务领域的研究在时间上呈现出明显的"萌芽-起步-快速发展"三阶段特征;②生态系统服务领域的研究学者和科研机构间均存在较为密切的合作关系;③目前国内关于生态系统服务领域的研究主要集中在"生态系统服务价值" "生态补偿" "土地利用"生态安全"等方面;④按照关键词突现时间顺序,生态领域研究前沿可分为理论探索（2000-2008年）、初步实践（2009-2016年）、全面开花（2017-年至今）三个阶段。最后详细总结了我国生态系统服务研究领域取得的成就、面临的挑战和未来的改进空间,并在此基础上提出加快完善生态系统服务价值核算、建立健全生态系统服务价值实现机制等政策建议。     

我国区域尺度生态系统管理中的几个重要生态学命题

生态系统管理学是研究生态系统管理的理论与实践技术,相关政策和管理策略的综合性应用生态学。当前,综合研究全球或区域尺度生态系统管理模式及其相关的重大科学问题不公是人类社会可持续发展的迫切需要,也是生态系统管理学的重要发展方向和科学任务,为此,本文系统地论述了生态服务功能、可持续性、复杂性和不确定性的综合评价与生态学机制,自然资源保护、生态系统健康以及退化生态系统恢复的生态学基础,生态系统管理的基础生态学过程,生态系统适应性管理的理论与实践,生态系统网络研究,监测和成果集成,区域尺度生态系统管理的综合性专题研究等一系列重要生态学命题,讨论了这些生态学命题的国内外研究进展及其发展方向。     

Effectiveness of entropy-based functions in the analysis of ecosystem state and development

Following the advances in the field of the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems, several ecological orientors (indicators able to describe the stage and orientation of ecosystem development) incorporating entropy terms have been proposed. Although most of the proposed functions have a good theoretical basis and have proved to perform adequately as ecological indicators, their suitability as ecological orientors has yet to receive a full confirmation in real case studies. The aim of the present contribution is to examine how several entropy-based indicators (exergy, structural information, entropy production, specific entropy production and the Eco-exergy index) perform as orientors when applied to a special case of ecological succession, i.e. eutrophication, in a homogeneous set of shallow lakes lying along a trophic gradient, from oligotrophy to hyper-eutrophy. The results show that a coherent pattern of response emerge, which is also consistent with the classical ecological theory. In particular, the maximisation of storage and the minimisation of specific entropy production are confirmed as the most reliable principles of ecosystem development, whereas the maximisation of dissipation (as entropy production) appears as a debatable criterion of development.     

湖滨带退化生态系统的恢复与重建

湖滨带是水陆生态交错带的一种类型,在湖泊流域生态系统中发挥着重要作用,具有较高的生态、社会和经济价值.湖滨带的功能包括:缓冲带功能、保持生物多样性及生境保护功能、护岸功能和经济美学价值.湖滨带退化的原因主要是人为因素引起的生物群落结构的逆向演替及生态功能下降,退化湖滨带生态恢复与重建的理论基础是恢复生态学,其生态恢复技术可划分为三大类:湖滨带生境恢复与重建技术、湖滨带生物恢复与重建技术、湖滨带生态系统结构与功能恢复技术.云南洱海湖滨带近3年的生态恢复与重建试验的生态调查结果表明,试验区水生植被得到恢复,水质净化作用明显,藻类得到抑制,浮游动物的构成和数量发生变化,湖滨带湿地生态系统的生物多样性和稳定性增加.     

Assessing the relationship between ecosystem functions and services: Importance of local ecological conditions

The development of standard procedures for mapping ecosystem services (ES) hotspots is an active research issue, mainly because it is very important to provide spatially reliable information to decision makers on land-use planning. When ES supply is estimated and mapped from sets of contributing ecosystem functions (EF), it is important to identify which of them contribute the most to a particular ES. Also, it is crucial to determine whether that contribution varies across different ecological contexts. In this work, we used an expert-knowledge-elicitation approach to build “integration matrices” that resume the relationships between EF and ES in four different ecoregions of southern South America (Valdivian Forests, Campos, Chaco and Pampas). To verify the utility of creating different matrices, we compared the results of the Pampas ecoregion with an average score matrix from the four selected ecoregions. Results showed that the contribution of EF to ES differed slightly using the Pampas and the general matrix. We also mapped hotspots of three ES in a real landscape from the Pampas, using both matrices and the ECOSER protocol for ES supply mapping. The location of ES supply hotspots differed between matrices, but the amount of discrepancies was not proportional to the differences in matrices scores. This suggests that the developed matrix that takes into account local ecological conditions provides a more reliable source of spatially explicit information on ES supply for decision makers than a general matrix. The integration matrices generated in this study are useful for different protocols of ES supply mapping.