森林生态系统与大气边界层相互作用的数值模拟

基于大气边界层和植被冠层微气象学基本原理,建立了一个森林生态系统与大气边界层相互作用的数值模式．应用该模式模拟了森林生态系统的热量平衡、植被温度、植被冠层内空气温度、地表温度日变化特征,及森林生态系统下垫面大气边界层风速、位温、比湿、湍流交换系数的时空分布和廓线的日变化特征．该模式还可应用于不同下垫面,模拟陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制及其区域气候效应的研究,这将为气候模式与生物圈的耦合研究奠定一个良好的基础．     

黑河地区绿洲生态条件下麦田生物气象若干特征

观测分析了ＨＥＩＦＥ地区绿洲中麦田的微气候特征,结果表明ＳＰＡＣ中水５势随高度呈显著梯度分布,在土壤－植物以及植物－大气界面,水势值存在两个大的跳跃;水势廓线存在明显的日变化;ＳＰＡＣ各部分水势变化的起伏顺序是大气〉植物〉土壤,说明水势变化受植物水分代谢进程直到气象因子的强烈影响和控制。冠层上方近地面风温湿的时间剖而显示出白天与夜晚相比,大气混合得较好。日出前则大气较为稳定。在典型晴天条件下,麦田     

上海春季近地面大气N_2O浓度空间分布特征及其影响因素

目前研究中对全球和区域尺度的N_2O源/汇问题有了较好的理解,但关于城市区域N_2O的时空分布特征及其影响机制的认识还比较有限。本文以高度城市化的上海市为研究区域,利用气相色谱法对上海173个观测点开展N_2O观测,得到大气N_2O浓度的空间分布情况,并初步探讨了人类活动对近地面N_2O浓度空间分异的影响。结果表明,上海市近地面大气N_2O平均浓度为311.4±2.0 nmol·mol-1,中心城区大气N_2O平均浓度最高,为312.0±1.4 nmol·mol-1,青浦区大气N_2O平均浓度最低,为309.9±1.7 nmol·mol-1。上海市近地面N_2O浓度与城市化梯度没有显著相关性,但交通和商业区N_2O浓度和绿地N_2O浓度有显著差异。城市河流沉积物氮排放、城郊农田土壤微生物的硝化与反硝化作用以及化石燃料的燃烧是上海市大气N_2O的主要来源。     

紫外线辐射增加对大豆光合作用和生长的影响

通过模拟南京地区自然光中有效紫外线Ｂ和紫外线Ａ辐射,增大辐射剂量对大豆光合作用,生长及生物量形成的影响迸行了研究。３个加强的ＵＶ辐射（０．１５,０．３５,０．７０Ｗ·ｍ－２）处理均使大豆植株矮化,抑制根、茎、叶的生长及干物质的积累。在３个ＵＶ处理中,生物效应以０．７０Ｗ·ｍ－２处理力最大,０．１５Ｗ·ｍ－２处理影响最小。ＵＶ辐射匀能使大豆叶片光合作用下降。下降幅度随ＵＶ辐射强度的增大而增大,本文还对ＵＶ影响大豆生长的可能机制进行了探讨。     

地面覆盖对皮叶两用杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)林冠层辐射能分布的影响

通过在杜仲林地种植白三叶草、覆膜和覆秸秆,研究了地面覆盖对8a生皮叶两用杜仲林冠层光能分布的影响.结果表明:地面种植白三叶草、覆膜、覆秸秆和不覆盖条件下,林冠中部的总辐射分别比林冠表面降低了18.8%、20.0%、17.1%、17 1%;在林冠层,不同地面覆盖的林冠下表面接受的地面反射辐射差异较大,种植白三叶草、覆膜和覆秸秆的林冠下表面接收的反射辐射分别较地面无覆盖的高42.8%、56.4%和8.1%,且林冠中部接受的地面反射辐射明显低于林冠下表面;种植白三叶草、覆膜和覆秸秆的林冠中部的净辐射能分别较地面无覆盖的高14.4%、18.5%和5.6%.不同覆盖处理的冠层净辐射垂直分布趋势基本一致,在冠层范围内,净辐射能随高度升高呈指数规律增大.     

中国长足摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓扰动下沉积物氧气特征分析

为研究中国长足摇蚊幼虫(Tanypus chinensis)和霍普水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)扰动对表层沉积物氧气渗透及空间分布的影响,采集梅梁湾表层沉积物,借助高精度溶氧微电极,研究两种生物扰动作用下,太湖梅梁湾表层沉积物氧气渗透深度和空间分布的变化,并根据氧气在流动培养体系中浓度的变化和在扩散边界层中的扩散过程这两种方法计算界面氧气交换速率。结果表明,中国长足摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓两种底栖生物扰动均能提高沉积物界面氧气交换速率,且微电极法的计算值要低于流动培养法。通过溶氧微电极剖面能够准确的获得氧气渗透深度的信息。结果发现:长足摇蚊幼虫的扰动能提高沉积物氧气渗透深度并造成氧气在沉积物内空间分布的差异,长足摇蚊幼虫扰动后沉积物氧气渗透深度由无扰动的6 mm增至10 mm。与长足摇蚊幼虫相比,霍普水丝蚓扰动没有增加沉积物氧气渗透深度及造成空间分布差异。对比两种计算方法发现,在生物扰动作用下,由于生物作用的影响,根据氧气在扩散边界层的扩散得到的值可能会低估氧气的界面交换速率。       

舟山某码头近地面大气微生物污染初步调查

本文报告了用ＦＡ－Ⅰ空气微生物采样器测定了舟山某码头近地面大气细菌和真菌的浓度分布、粒子大小以及对细菌染色形态观察。结果表明,大气中的细菌浓度为１１３ＣＦＵ／ｍ３,真菌为２６５ＣＦＵ／ｍ３。细菌的ＣＭＤ为４．９０ｕｍ,ＧＳＤ为２．７５,真菌的ＣＭＤ为４．８０ｕｍ,ＧＳＤ为１．５０。细菌染色镜检观察,革兰氏阳性菌占８８．９％,阴性菌占１１．１％。阳性菌中球菌最多,无芽胞杆菌次之,芽胞杆菌最少。阴性菌中无芽胞杆菌最多。     

农林复合生态系统与低层大气间的通量研究

根据近年在黄淮海平原大面积农林复合区的观测资料,采用简单的一维模型,讨论了此类复合系统与低层大气之间的热量、动量和水汽通量,比较了不同的结构林网形成的通量差异。结果表明,由于林冠层的摩擦作用,农林复合生态系统上空风速随高度增大较快,动量输送总是向下的。在层结稳定的夜间,其数值较大,而在湍流比较活跃的正午前后,由于垂直风切变减弱,动量输送也相应减小。夜间农林作物冠层的辐射冷却加强,近地层逆温梯度增大,加之作物冠层内部因辐射冷却而造成水汽凝结,冠层上部水汽大于冠层内部,此时热通量和水汽通量均向下。这一现象在白天日出后开始逆转,日出后,地面升温加快,并逐渐形成超绝热梯度,致使热量通量向上。此时农林作物蒸腾加剧,冠层高度范围内水汽含量增大,造成水汽向上输送。文中还讨论了一维模式的缺点,指出了进一步研究生态系统与大气相互作用的重要性.     

极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系

主要采用ECMWF的地表和大气产品分析了中国西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度与地表能量通量的时间变化特征,同时,结合探空加强观测分析了大气边界层演变的可能因素.得出:西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度呈现出季节性的年际和年代际变化,夏季大气边界层厚度呈下降趋势,春、秋季节呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,冬季以阶段性降低趋势为主,20世纪80年代是大气边界层厚度的转折时期;感热通量是极端干旱区大气边界层发展的主要热力因素;由于夏季净辐射量、地气温差、粗糙度以及风速等因子随时间演变而呈降低趋势,潜热通量呈增加趋势,导致了边界层高度形成的热力作用减弱,边界层厚度降低;同时,粗糙度和风速也是大气边界层发展的主要动力因素,由于边界层粗糙度和风速降低,促使垂直风切变减小,湍流动力作用减弱,也会导致边界层厚度降低.     

迁飞过程中昆虫的行为:对风温场的适应与选择

本文综述了昆虫在迁飞过程中对大气物理环境的各种行为反应,有边界层气象的理论重新审视迁飞种群的时空分布,提出了“边界层顶现象”的概念。即边界层顶的低空逆温和低空急流为迁飞种群提供了最适宜的风温场,迁飞种群在边界层顶集聚成层,并通过定向理一步修饰其位移方位,表现出对风温场的主动选择能力和对大气结构和运动的高度复杂的适应性反应。进一步深化对“边界层顶现象”的认识,对迁飞性害虫的异地预测具有重要的理论意义     

Modelled influences of non-exchanging trichomes on leaf boundary layers and gas exchange

The two main resistances in the exchange of gases between plants and the atmosphere are stomatal and boundary layer resistances. We modeled boundary layer dynamics over glabrous and pubescent leaves (assuming non-exchanging trichomes) with leaf lengths varying from 0.01 to 0.2 m, and windspeeds of 0.1-5.0 m x s(-1). Results from theoretical and semi-empirical formulae were compared. As expected, boundary layer thickness decreased with decreasing leaf length and increasing windspeed. The presence of trichomes increased leaf surface roughness, resulting in lowered Reynolds numbers at which the boundary layer became turbulent. This effect is especially important at low windspeeds and over small leaves, where the Reynolds number over glabrous surfaces would be low. We derived a new simple dimensionless number, the trip factor, to distinguish field conditions that would lead to a turbulent boundary layer based on the influence of trichomes. Because modeled rates of CO2 and H2O(v) exchange over turbulent boundary layers are one or more orders of magnitude faster than over laminar boundary layers, a turbulent boundary layer may lead to increased carbon uptake by plants. The biological trade-off is potentially increased transpirational water loss. However, in understory habitats characterized by low windspeeds, even a few trichomes may increase turbulence in the boundary layer, thus facilitating photosynthetic gas exchange. Preliminary field data show that critical trip factors are exceeded for several plant species, both in understory and open habitats.     

The turbulent boundary layer over a flapping Populus leaf

Abstract The air-flow regime over a Populus leaf was investigated using a constant temperature hot-film sensor which could be glued on the abaxial surface. The leaf was exposed to a laminar or turbulent flow of air in a wind-tunnel, while being free to undergo normal motion. In the laminar air-flow the boundary layer remained laminar, despite the fluttering of the leaf, until a Reynolds number of 2.3 × 10⁴ was reached. When the air incident on the leaf was made turbulent, to resemble natural conditions, the boundary layer became turbulent at a Reynolds number of 0.4 × 10⁴. The experiments suggest that the boundary layers over leaves are always turbulent in the natural wind.     

Functional significance of variation in bryophyte canopy structure

In most bryophytes, the thickness of boundary layers (i.e., unstirred layers) that surrounds plant surfaces governs rates of water loss. Architectural features of canopies that influence boundary layer thickness affect the water balance of bryophytes. Using field samples (9.3 cm diameter cushions) from 12 populations (11 species) of mosses and liverworts, we evaluated the relationship between canopy structure and boundary layer properties. Canopy structure was characterized using a contact surface probe to measure canopy depth along perpendicular transects at spatial scales ranging from 0.8 to 30 mm on 186 points per sample. Semivariance in depth measurements at different spatial scales was used to estimate three architectural properties: surface roughness (L(r)), the scale of roughness elements (S(r)), and fine-scale surface texture, the latter characterized by the fractal dimension (D) of the canopy profile. Boundary layer properties were assessed by evaporation of ethanol from samples in a wind-tunnel at wind speeds from 0.6 to 4.2 m/s and applied to characterize mass transfer using principles of dynamic similarity (i.e., using dimensionless representations of conductance and flow). In addition, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to visualize and quantify flow over two species. All cushions exhibited the characteristics of turbulent as opposed to laminar boundary layers, and conductance increased with surface roughness. Bryophyte canopies with higher L(r) had greater conductances at all wind speeds. Particle image velocimetry analysis verified that roughness elements interacted with flow and caused turbulent eddies to enter canopies, enhancing evaporation. All three morphological features were significantly associated with evaporation. When L(r), S(r), and D were incorporated with a flow parameter into a conductance model using multiple linear regression, the model accounted for 91% of the variation in mass transfer.     

Some boundary layer characteristics of microhabitats occupied by larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Microhabitats occupied by larvae of 12 species or complexes of black flies at 30 sites in western Canada were investigated for fluid flow parameters. An attached boundary layer was a feature of almost all microhabitats occupied by larvae of black flies. Although not measured directly, acceleration of water resulting from flow around an object appeared to alter flow characteristics and make microhabitats more favourable. This predictability in the flow characteristics of microhabitats occupied by larvae of black flies implies that the contagious dispersion of these larvae is a response to the heterogeneity of flow over a stream bed. It is suggested that microhabitats characterized by suitable flow characteristics may constitute a resource that limits population size. Larvae occupied microhabitats with both laminar and turbulent boundary layers, and were found in microhabitats with a wide range of water velocities. Mainstream flow parameters investigated were; water velocity, water depth, and whether flow was subcritical, critical or supercritical. Boundary layer parameters investigated were; whether flow was laminar or turbulent, and the point at which separation from the substratum occurred.     

Structure and composition of the boundary zone between aragonitic crossed lamellar and calcitic prism layers in the shell of Concholepas concholepas (Mollusca,Gastropoda)

Mollusc shells are composed of two or three layers. The main layers are well‐studied, but the structural and chemical changes at their boundaries are usually neglected. A microstructural, mineralogical, and biochemical study of the boundary between the inner crossed lamellar and outer prismatic layers of the shell of Concholepas concholepas showed that this boundary is not an abrupt transition. Localized structural and chemical analyses showed that patches of the inner aragonitic crossed lamellar layer persist within the outer calcitic prismatic layer. Moreover, a thin aragonitic layer with a fibrous structure is visible between the two main layers. A three‐step biomineralization process is proposed that involves changes in the chemical and biochemical composition of the last growth increments of the calcite prisms. The changes in the secretory process in the mantle cells responsible for the shell layer succession are irregular and discontinuous.     

Wind Flow Characteristics on a Soybean Leaf Compared with a Leaf Model

The purpose of this paper is to describe momentum boundary layer flow parameters on a soybean leaf [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] at various velocities of the bulk air stream and these data are compared with similar measurements on an artificial leaf. The wind structure is measured at three different bulk air velocitìes (u_∞= 39, 148 and 271 centimeters per second) on an individual soybean leaf and is compared to structural effects on an artificial leaf (flat metal plate) in a small closed-circuit wind tunnel. The boundary layers were homogeneous for the metal plate, but only at the lower velocity for the soybean leaf. The boundary layer thicknesses decrease with increasing bulk air velocity for laminar flow regimes, whereas in the turbulent flow regime the boundary layer thickness greatly increases. The effect of turbulence on the soybean leaf boundary layer made the eddy diffusivities at least three times greater than in the laminar flow regime at the calculated roughness height above the leaf surface. The structure of the leaf boundary layer flow is comparable to that of the metal plate only at the lower bulk air velocity.     

Boundary-layer effect on chemical signal movement near the antennae of the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta : temporal filters for olfaction

For olfaction to occur, signal molecules must move through the environment from the source to the receptor cells. As molecules approach receptor structures they pass through a boundary layer surrounding those receptor structures. Within boundary layers the interaction between the forces causing chemical dispersion changes. To investigate how the boundary layer changes the dynamics of the chemical signals, we measured chemical dynamics within the boundary layer around the moth antennae using microelectrodes. The results showed that the boundary layer amplified three aspects of the chemical signal: peak height, peak onset, and decay time. Spectral analysis of turbulent signals showed that the temporal aspects of the chemical signal were altered. The boundary layers around the male and female antennae have different effects on the spectrum of chemical temporal fluctuations. Specifically, at a flow speed of 0.12 m s⁻¹, the analysis showed distinct amplification patterns for each sex. Thus, the fluid flow around the antennae functions as a filter, altering the structure of the chemical signal that is arriving at the receptors. The results illustrated in this study show that male and female moths have different physical filters that can alter the information that can be extracted from odor plumes. Accepted: 1 September 1997     

Ultrastructural aspects of the development of the hyaline layer and extracellular matrix lining the gastrointestinal tract in embryos and larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus preserved by freeze substitution.

Embryos and larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) layer called the hyaline layer (HL). A similar but less well-organized ECM layer lines some regions of the larval gut. Examination of material preserved by freeze substitution shows that the HL consists of a coarse outer meshwork, a boundary layer, a supporting layer, which is divided into three sublayers, H1, H2, and H3, and an intervillus layer. The development of the HL has been studied in material preserved by freeze substitution. Development begins at fertilization when exocytosis of the cortical granules releases ECM into the perivitelline space and elevates the fertilization membrane. Shortly after, plaques of dense material with attached fibers are present on the outer surface of the egg plasmalemma. Following this, these plaques and fibers are associated with the tips of short microvilli, suggesting that they may induce microvillus formation. Next, the tips of some of the microvilli are joined by short regions of the H1 sublayer. Some of these H1 regions have short segments of boundary layer material associated with their outer surfaces while others are naked. Just prior to hatching, the H1 and boundary layers completely surround the embryo, separating the developing coarse meshwork and intervillus layers. Short segments of the H2 and H3 sublayers are also present. Posthatching, the microvilli and all HL layers increase in thickness and density, particularly the H2, boundary, and coarse outer meshwork layers. The results suggest a sequential organization of HL components from ECM that is secreted into the perivitelline space.     

黄土丘陵区林草景观界面雨后土壤水分空间变异规律

对黄土丘陵区刺槐林-草地景观界面上雨后土壤表层(0～10 cm)和亚表层(10～20 cm)水分的空间变异规律进行了研究.经典统计学分析表明,草地两层的土壤含水量分别高于林地;林草界面两层的土壤含水量均为弱变异程度,并具有明显的生态梯度.移动窗口法分析表明,林草界面对土壤表层和亚表层的水分影响范围为边界两侧4 m、3 m,影响域分别为8 m、6m.地统计学分析表明,草地两层土壤含水量空间分布均表现为纯块金效应,林地两层均可拟合成线性模型,而林草界面两层均可拟合成球状模型;林草界面土壤表层、亚表层水分空间依赖性和空间自相关较强,其空间结构异质性明显高于林地和草地.克立格制图描述的林草界面土壤水分的空间分布格局为从边界处向两侧的一定距离范围内,土壤含水量呈条带状分布,而在较远的距离,水分的空间分布呈现出几个明显的斑块状.     

Use of a membrane-bound fluorophore to characterize diffusion boundary layers around human erythrocytes.

A novel method is used to demonstrate the presence of diffusion boundary layers around erythrocytes following rapid mixing in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer and to estimate the apparent dimensions of the diffusion boundary layers. Pink erythrocyte ghosts labeled on their external surfaces with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) were mixed in a stopped-flow apparatus with 50 mM NaI in Ringer's solutions. I- is an effective collisional quencher of TRITC fluorescence. TRITC fluorescence after flow stopped decreased monoexponentially with time. The concentration of I- at the cell surface as a function of time was estimated from the dependence of TRITC fluorescence on I- concentration in steady-state experiments. The kinetics of the increase in I- concentration at the cell surface was fit to two diffusional models: a planar erythrocyte ghost bounded by planar diffusion boundary layer and a spherical erythrocyte surrounded by a spherical shell diffusion boundary layer. The planar model best fits the experimental data with a diffusion boundary layer 4.68 microns thick. Using the spherical model the experimental data is best fit by a 6.9 microns diffusion boundary layer.