慢性化脓性中耳炎的微生物学及药敏分析

目的：为近两年治疗提出一个合理的抗菌素选择。方法：取慢性化脓性中耳炎的脓液进行细菌和真菌培养,做药敏试验,得出细菌分离率的排序,细菌的耐药特征及耐药率。结果：138耳中培养有微生物生长133耳,其中：细菌培养138耳(培养出142例菌株,混合感染8耳,均为两种致病菌,无细菌生长4耳);真菌培养8耳(培养出5株念株菌,无真菌生长3耳),细菌检出率依次为：金黄色葡萄球51株(占33．12％),铜绿假单胞杆菌33株(占21．43),其次,变形杆菌、肺炎克雷伯秆菌、大肠埃希菌和表皮葡萄球菌等。敏感药物(主要依据细菌检出率的前4种菌株的药敏试验)依次为：头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类等。结论：定期、系统监测当地慢性化脓性中耳炎的细菌耐药动态和流行动态(细菌分离率的排序,细菌的耐药特征及耐药率,MIC50,MIC90等)。对医生经验用药将会有重要的指导意义。     

广西腹泻病细菌学调查与分析

本文对近年来从广西地区采集到的2420例腹泻病人的粪便标本,按“伯杰细菌分类手册”方法和“肠道的Minitik数值分类系统”方法进行常规的分离鉴定,并以血清学方法加以证实,共检出腹泻病原菌(包括条件致病菌)1188株,其中志贺氏菌490株,占分离菌的41.25％;变形杆菌178株,占14.98％;致病性大肠杆菌121株,占10.19％;肠球菌98株,占8.25％;绿脓假单胞菌96株,占8.08％;念珠菌属66株,占5.56％;金黄色葡萄球菌52株,占4.38％;气单胞菌36株,占3.03％;沙门氏菌33株,占2.78％;空肠弯曲菌10株,占0.84％;霍乱弧菌8株,占0.67％。以上结果表明,认真研究我区腹泻病的现状和防治,是十分必要的。     

2006年至2007年我院烧伤创面感染细菌及耐药性监测

目的了解近2年本所分离菌株和耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法（KB法）和采用CLSI2006年的判断标准对595株临床分离菌做药敏试验。结果595株细菌中G^-菌占61．51％,G^＋菌占36．3％;G^-球菌占0．84％,真菌占1．75％。发现铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、头孢呋新、头孢塞肟和哌拉西林耐药率高达92．5％-99．1％,更甚者为鲍曼不动杆菌,对头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮和丁胺卡那霉素耐药率均高达100％。变形杆菌和大肠埃希菌耐药性相对较低。结论烧伤感染常见菌为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、变形杆菌和金葡菌,而且耐药性很强。     

结核病房医院感染与抗生素使用相关性分析

目的：探讨临床抗菌药物应用与结核病房医院感染严重程度的相关性。方法：分析3年来我院结核病房医院感染209例共计221株病原菌,细菌鉴定采用法国梅里埃ATB细菌鉴定药敏分析仪,药敏试验联合应用微量测定法与K—B纸片法。结果：在221株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌最多为112株,占50．7％,念珠菌75株,占33．9％。主要致病菌依次为白色念珠菌61株(27．6％),铜绿假单胞菌37株(16．8％),肺炎克雷伯菌25株(10．9％)。药敏试验表明细菌耐药明显增加,大多数革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡垦、头孢他啶较敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素100％敏感。每例结核病患者除抗结核药物外平均使用2．67种抗菌药物。结论：结核病房医院感染主要来源于内源性感染,其严重性与抗菌药物大量、重复使用密切相关。     

圈养大熊猫肠道微生物分离、鉴定及细菌耐药性研究

对中国卧龙自然保护区大熊猫研究中心-碧峰峡基地64只大熊猫分别采取粪样,用选择性培养基分离大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌,根据形态特征及16S rDNA序列对菌株进行鉴定;用PDA培养基分离真菌,真菌通用引物ITS4、ITS5进行扩增鉴定。采用K-B法(CLSI)药敏试验测试大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌对18种药敏纸片的耐药性。形态学与rDNA-ITS序列鉴定表明,共分离到真菌19株,鉴定为8个属。分离出大肠杆菌88株,沙门氏菌47株;大肠杆菌对各抗生素的耐药率为0%~35.22%,耐药率为TET(35.22%)、AML(12.50%)、S3(12.50%),共产生17种耐药谱,其中TET、AML-TET谱型占优势;沙门氏菌对各抗生素的耐药率为0%~42.55%,耐药率为TET(42.55%)、AML(40.43%)、S3(38.30%),也产生了17种耐药谱,AML和AML-TET谱型占优势。通过对细菌和真菌的分离鉴定以及细菌的耐药性试验,了解大熊猫肠道微生物与不同个体的关系,为研究大熊猫的营养及消化等奠定基础,对预防和诊断大熊猫肠道疾病,提高大熊猫的存活率提供依据。     

树[鼠句]正常肠道细菌的培养分离鉴定及其药敏试验研究

目的了解人工饲养树[鼠句]肠道菌群感染情况及其各种细菌对药物的敏感性。方法通过肠道细菌采样、培养、分离和菌落生长特性观察,并经革兰氏染色、氧化酶试验、触酶试验、生化编码鉴定管试验和9种药敏试验分析,初步鉴定了107例人工饲养树[鼠句]肠道感染细菌的种类和这些细菌对药物的敏感程度。结果本次细菌培养共从树[鼠句]肠道中培养分离出5株细菌,其中革兰氏阳性菌2株,革兰氏阴性菌3株,以大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌最为多见。同时确定了菌株的药敏情况为：（1）大肠杆菌对头孢类药头孢哌酮最为敏感,对药物磺胺甲嚼唑／甲氧苄定、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、诺氟沙星、氨苄西林高敏;（2）沙门氏菌对阿米卡星最为敏感,对药物头孢哌酮青霉素G高敏;（3）链球菌对试验药物氨苄西林、头孢哌酮、呋喃妥因显示为中敏;（4）葡萄球菌对头孢类药头孢哌酮、磺胺类磺胺甲晤唑／甲氧苄定、沙星类诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因和氨苄西林最为敏感,对其它药物均为中敏;（5）假单胞菌对药物左氧氟沙星最为敏感,对大多数药物都显示高敏。结论大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌可能是树鼢肠道中正常寄生的主要菌群,同时其它菌群也有寄生。用药敏实验筛选出的药物可为临床用药和动物的生物净化提供指导依据。     

印第安纳沙门氏菌对氯霉素类药物耐药性分析

[目的]调查鸡源沙门氏菌对氯霉素类药物的耐药特征和相关耐药基因的流行情况.[方法]从山东省部分地区鸡孵化场、养殖场、屠宰场分离样品进行沙门氏菌鉴定和药物敏感性试验;设计引物,对氯霉素类药物的耐药基因进行PCR扩增和序列分析.[结果]试验分离到印第安纳沙门氏菌,分离率为23.28％.孵化场、养殖场、屠宰场印第安纳沙门氏菌对氯霉素耐药率分别为50.00％、83.33％和93.30％,对氟苯尼考耐药率为83.33％、100％和100％,对甲砜霉素耐药率为63％、65％和77％.在80株氯霉素类耐药菌株中,54株检测到catA1基因,74株检测到floR基因,5株检测到cmlA基因.[结论]不同来源印第安纳沙门氏菌对氯霉素类药物耐药率存在差异,catA1和floR基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中.     

用荧光标记O-I噬菌体快速检测食品源沙门氏菌

[目的]利用O-I噬菌体几乎可裂解沙门氏菌属细菌的特性建立快速检测食品中沙门氏菌的方法.[方法]用核酸荧光染料SYBR gold染料标记O-I噬菌体侵染100株试验菌及120份食品样品菌,荧光显微镜鉴定沙门氏菌;并测灵敏度.[结果]100株试验菌中40株沙门氏菌可见杆状荧光,而10株变形杆菌、20株志贺氏菌、20株大肠杆菌和10株葡萄球菌均无荧光;沙门氏菌检测灵敏度达10 CFU/100 μL;120份食品样品中沙门氏菌的O-I噬菌体检测与生化鉴定结果的阳性率分别为9.17%和10%,符合率为91.7%.[结论]试验表明用荧光标记的O-I噬菌体可以快速、直观、准确、大量地检测食品中沙门氏菌.     

826株临床分离葡萄球菌的鉴定和耐药性研究

目的：研究葡萄球菌感染病原菌的分类、分布特点及对常用抗生素的耐药性。方法：应用MicroScan WalkAway-40全自动微生物分析仪对临床标本中分离的826株葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果：826株葡萄球菌感染中,其中金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)294株占35．6％,表皮葡萄球菌为主的凝固酶阴性细菌(CNS)532株占65．4％。葡萄球菌分离株主要来源于呼吸道(46％)和泌尿道(23．7％)。MRS的产生率分别为金黄色葡萄球菌77．9％,表皮葡萄球菌80．3％,溶血葡萄球菌74．8％,腐生葡萄球菌82．5％,其他78．5％。MRSA、MRCNS对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑西林几乎全部耐药,对万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦仍敏感,但发现3例万古霉素低敏株。结论：葡萄球菌感染仍以呼吸道和泌尿道为主,MRS菌株高达70％以上,万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦仍是治疗的首选药物。     

重症监护病房分离菌菌谱及其耐病性分析

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)院内分离菌菌谱及细菌耐药情况,为临床防治院内感染提供依据。方法对汕头大学第一附属医院ICU 2000年1月～2003年12月所分离的细菌菌株、真菌及细菌耐药性进行回顾性调查。结果4年共分离获得菌株460株,分离菌仍以G^-菌为主．占57．4％．其次G^ 菌占27．2％,真菌占15．4％。G^ 分离率逐年增多,由2000年的20．7％上升到2003年的28．3％。G^-以肠杆菌属为主。G^ 菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)为主,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌占G^ 的90．9%。真菌以白色念珠菌为主。前6位分别为金葡菌(13．7％)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(12．6％)、埃希肠杆菌(11．5％)、白色念珠菌(10．4％)、产气肠杆菌(9．3％)和嗜麦芽窄食黄单胞菌(5．4％)。体外药敏试验显示主要分离菌均呈多重耐病特性。只有万古霉素对G^ 具有很强抗菌活性,敏感率达100％。结论该ICU院内分离菌仍以G菌为主．G^ 菌分离率逐年增多,金葡菌已上升到第1位。细菌呈多重耐药特性,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌在G^ 菌中比例很高,应高度重视。掌握该地区、该科室常见分离菌菌谱及其耐药特性具有重要意义。     

Comparison of the Rates of Motility of Salmonella with Those of Other Enteric Bacteria

Comparison of the rates of motility through a semisolid medium of 16 common Salmonella sp., 14 Escherichia coli serotypes, 4 Arizona strains, 2 Escherichia freundii (Citrobacter) isolates, 2 Proteus sp., and 2 Pseudomonas sp. revealed the following. (i) Very closely related bacteria could demonstrate markedly different rates of progression. (ii) All of the salmonellae tested advanced faster than the Proteus and Pseudomonas test cultures but some Salmonella sp., notably S. choleraesuis and S. typhi, progressed relatively slowly compared to many other test cultures. (iii) The mean rate of motility for the fastest 14 Salmonella sp. (1.49 cm/hr) was not statistically greater than the mean value for the 14 E. coli serotypes (1.31 cm/hr) at the 1% level of significance. Selective motility procedures may not be a reliable means of isolating all Salmonella sp. from materials contaminated with other bacteria.     

老年免疫缺陷病合并败血症患者病原菌分布及药物敏感性分析

目的 探究老年免疫缺陷病合并败血症患者病原菌分布及对药物的敏感性.方法 回顾性分析2018年1月到2019年10月我院收治的74例老年免疫缺陷病(AIDS)合并败血症患者,血培养细菌检出情况及药物敏感性实验结果.结果 74例老年AIDS合并败血症患者共检出真菌50株(67.57％),包括马尼尔菲青霉菌31株、新生隐球菌...     

Aerobic oral and rectal bacteria of free-ranging Steller sea lion pups and juveniles (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska

Bacteriologic cultures from oral, rectal, and lesion samples from free-ranging Steller sea lion (SSL, Eumetopias jubatus) pups and juveniles in Alaska (2001-2005) were examined to determine frequency of infection by a specific subset of common and pathogenic aerobic bacteria. Associations between isolated bacteria and age, sex, body condition, location, and sampling season were investigated. Salmonella spp. isolates were further evaluated to determine spatial clustering (n=48) and to identify serovars (n=13) and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns (n=11). We sampled 356 SSL pups (n=272) and juveniles (n=84), and identified 988 isolates of 13 bacterial genera of specific interest. Pasteurella spp. (43.8%), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (30.6%), and Mannheimia spp. (18.2%) were the most commonly isolated oral bacteria (n=499 isolates), whereas Escherichia coli (47.6%), beta-hemolytic E. coli (32.4%), Salmonella spp. (10.4%), and Campylobacter spp. (7.8%) were the most frequently isolated rectal bacteria (n=460 isolates). Salmonella was most commonly found in pups from western stocks and in samples collected during fall/winter seasons. A significant Salmonella cluster was detected at the Perry Island haulout. Five serovars were isolated: Enteritidis, Infantis, Newport, Reading, and Stanley. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis provided evidence that Salmonella isolates were most likely being maintained within the SSL population in Alaska.     

Cephapirin: In Vitro Antibacterial Spectrum

Cephapirin, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, was found to have an antibacterial spectrum similar to that of cephalothin. Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by cephapirin concentrations of 0.09 to 12.5 mug/ml. S. epidermidis, S. viridans, S. pyogenes, and Diplococcus pneumonia isolates were inhibited by less than 1 mug/ml. The Enterococcus required a concentration of 25 mug of antibiotic per ml for inhibition. Approximately 65% of Escherichia coli, and all Klebsiella, indole-negative Proteus, and Salmonella strains tested were inhibited by the drug. Serratia, Pseudomonas, indole-positive Proteus, and Erwinia strains were highly resistant. Inoculum size was not an important factor in determining the level of sensitivity of S. aureus to cephapirin. The antibiotic does not appear to be significantly bound to serum protein. In vitro development of resistance to the drug was demonstrated with two isolates of S. aureus.     

Activities of the frog skin peptide, ascaphin-8 and its lysine-substituted analogs against clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent and their antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic intervention. Ascaphin-8 is a cationic alpha-helical peptide that shows broad-spectrum antibacterial activity but is also toxic to human erythrocytes (LC(50)= 55 microM). This study assesses the activity of ascaphin-8, and a series of l-lysine-substituted analogs, against a range of clinical isolates of ESBL-producing bacteria. All ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (MIC=1.5-6 microM) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC=12.5-25 microM) strains tested were susceptible to ascaphin-8, as well as a group of miscellaneous ESBL-producing strains (Citrobacter, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella spp.) (MIC< or = 25 microM). The Lys4- and Lys8-substituted analogs were generally the most potent against bacteria but showed the highest hemolytic activity. However, the Lys10, Lys14, and Lys18 analogs also displayed potent antibacterial activity while showing very low hemolytic activity (LC50> 500 microM). An unexpected finding was the susceptibility of ESBL-producing Proteus mirabilis strains to ascaphin-8 (MIC=12.5-25 microM) and its Lys4-substituted analog (MIC= 6 microM), although non-ESBL isolates of this organism were resistant to these peptides (MIC> 100 microM).     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium inoculated on chicken by aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment

Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated on inoculated chicken by aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment. Chicken samples were inoculated with 6-7 log CFU/g of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. The chicken samples were then treated with 0, 50, and 100 ppm of ClO2 solution and stored at 4 +/- 1 degrees C. Aqueous ClO2 treatment decreased the populations of the pathogenic bacteria on the chicken breast and drumstick. In particular, 100 ppm ClO2 treatment on the chicken breast and drumstick reduced Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium by 1.00-1.27 and 1.37-1.44 log CFU/g, respectively. Aqueous ClO2 treatment on the growth of the bacteria was continuously in effect during storage, resulting in the decrease of the populations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. These results suggest that aqueous ClO2 treatment should be useful in improving the microbial safety of chicken during storage.     

Cladophora (Chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of Lake Michigan

Cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently, Cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached Cladophora, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While Shigella and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of Salmonella in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 x 10(3) cells per g Cladophora. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 x 10(2) Campylobacter cells/g Cladophora in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The Campylobacter densities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lakeside Cladophora samples than in the ditchside Cladophora samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical Salmonella isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct Cladophora samples. However, Campylobacter isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for Campylobacter and Salmonella species, our results suggest that Cladophora is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with Cladophora warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.     

2008年至2010年泌尿系统感染中病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及药物耐药性。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK60分析仪对2008年至2010年宁波市妇女儿童医院疑为泌尿系统感染患者的尿液标本进行细菌培养、菌株鉴定,纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs。结果 2008年至2010年尿标本中共分离出病原菌1 561株,以大肠埃希菌最多见,占27.2%,其次肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形菌、粪肠球菌(D群),各占6.34%、6.28%和6.21%,再次是表皮葡萄球、白色念珠菌和屎肠球菌(D群),各占4.48%、4.36%和3.91%。表皮葡萄球、粪肠球菌(D群)、屎肠球菌(D群)对万古霉素均敏感,对利奈唑烷仅1株粪肠球菌(D群)耐药。3年中,无1例大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南耐药,1株肺炎克雷伯菌和1株奇异变形菌对亚胺培南耐药,其他药物均有不同程度耐药。结论大肠埃希菌是导致泌尿系统感染最常见的致病菌,产ESBLs的菌株已达46.6%。治疗由产ESBLs细菌引起的尿路感染首选亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;引起尿路感染的革兰阳性菌主要为肠球菌,青霉素可作为治疗粪肠球菌引起的尿路感染,但不适合治疗屎肠球菌引起的尿路感染,耐药率已达95%以上,呋喃妥因、利奈坐烷、万古霉素可作为首选。     

鸡蛋生产链中沙门氏菌对抗生素及消毒剂的耐药性研究

为研究鸡蛋生产链中沙门氏菌的污染情况及抗生素、消毒剂耐药情况,本文鉴定了鸡蛋生产链中分离得到的111株沙门氏菌(Salmonella)血清型,并测定了抗生素和消毒剂对沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs),检测了其对抗生素和消毒剂的耐药基因的表达情况。研究结果表明,沙门氏菌对甲氧苄啶(Trimethoprim, TMP)耐药率最高(N=100,P=90.09%),对阿莫西林/克拉维酸(Amoxicillin and clavulanate, AMC)、头孢噻呋钠(Sodium ceftiofur, CFS)、庆大霉素(Gentamicin, CN)敏感。沙门氏菌共产生6种不同的耐药谱型,TMP是最主要的耐药谱型(N=36,P=32.43%),52.25%的菌株(N=58)具有多重耐药性。苯扎氯铵(Benzalkonium chloride, BC)与氯化十六烷基吡啶(Cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC)对沙门氏菌的MIC的范围分别为：8~128 μg/mL、8~256 μg/mL。相对于质控菌株Escherichia coli ATCC10536,101株沙门氏菌对BC和CPC同时具有较高的耐药性(P=90.99%),109株沙门氏菌对抗生素和消毒剂具有共同耐药性(P=98.20%)。抗生素耐药基因检出率最高为blaTEM(N=49, P=44.14%),未检测出qnrA、qnrB、qepA基因,仅检测出qacEΔ1消毒剂耐药基因(N=63, P=56.76%)。抗生素耐药基因sul1和消毒剂耐药基因qacEΔ1具有显著相关性(P<0.01)。S. Derby对TMP、土霉素(Oxytetracycline, OTC)、阿莫西林(Amoxicillin, AML)、环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin, CIP)同时表现较高的耐药性,S. Derby检出了11种抗生素耐药基因,消毒剂耐药基因qacEΔ1的检出率为81.25%(N=52)。鸡场中养殖内环境沙门氏菌对抗生素和消毒剂的耐药率以及耐药基因检出率均高于养殖外环境,鸡蛋包装、储存及销售等环节中沙门氏菌耐药率及耐药基因检出率均较高。由此可见,鸡蛋生产链中沙门氏菌对抗生素、消毒剂耐药性较严重,且存在共同耐药的现象。因此,需要进一步规范防控鸡场中沙门氏菌,规范抗生素和消毒剂的使用以及加强鸡蛋生产链条中卫生安全的监管。