红树林有机碎屑在河口生态系统中的作用

生长在热带、亚热带潮间带的红树林,由于其独特的生境和生物学特征,吸引了人们的好奇心,也引起人们对其科学价值的研究。人们首先注意到的是红树植物的形态适应特征(如胎生现象、支柱根和呼吸根等)和耐盐性。过去,人们对于红树林价值的认识是从直接用途开始的,如保护堤岸、提取丹宁、作为建筑材料和薪炭材等。早期的研究只注重于生物学     

Carbon flux between an estuary and the ocean: a case for outwelling

The classical outwelling hypothesis states that small coastal embayments (e.g. estuaries, wetlands) export their excess production to inshore marine waters. In line with this notion, the present study tested whether the Swartkops estuary acts as source or sink for carbon. To this end, concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were determined hourly during the first monthly spring and neap tides over one year in the tidal waters entering and leaving the estuary. Each sampling session spanned a full tidal cycle, yielding a total of 936 concentration estimates. Carbon fluxes were calculated by integrating concentrations with water flow rates derived from a hydrodynamic model calibrated for each sampling datum. Over the year, exports to marine waters markedly exceeded imports to the estuary for all carbon species: on the basis of total spring tidal drainage area, 1083 g m^–2 of DIC, 103 g m^–2 of DOC, and 123 g m^–2 of POC left the estuary annually. Total carbon export from the estuary to the ocean amounted to 4755 tonnes, of which 83% was in the inorganic form (DIC). Thus, the bulk of carbon moving in the water column is inorganic - yet, DIC seems to be measured only rarely in most flux studies of this nature. Salt marshes cover extensive areas in this estuary and produce some carbon, particularly DOC, but productivity of the local Spartina species is low (P:B=1.1). Consequently, the bulk of carbon exported from the estuary appears to originate from the highly productive macroinvertebrate and the phytoplankton component and not from the salt marsh plants.     

红树林生物多样性恢复

从红树植物及与之密切相关的底栖动物的多样性恢复出发,分析了我国当前红树林恢复存在的主要问题,并提出了对此需要着重进行的基础研究思路。在红树植物多样性恢复方面,胎生种类的繁殖体在母树上就已萌发,成熟繁殖体可直接用于海滩造林,大多数种类已用于红树林恢复;而非胎生红树植物繁殖体的萌发脱离母树,成熟繁殖体难以直接在海滩造林,其育苗具有一定难度,因此较少用于红树林恢复,可以通过非胎生红树植物的种子休眠、生理生态和化感作用等方面的研究,极大限度地增加红树植物生态恢复的种类。在动物多样性恢复方面,底栖动物生物多样性恢复还是“非定向”的,可通过在具类似底质、盐度和潮位的河口海岸地段不同恢复时间的人工红树林,研究红树林植被不同恢复措施（主要是种植密度和种类选择）对底栖动物生物多样性的影响,使得红树林的生态恢复在改造生态系统其它生物组份上不会呈现盲目性和不可预测性。     

中国红树林植物区系分析

红树林是热带海岸的植被类型,我国仅在海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、香港、澳门等沿海地区有自然分布．共有真红树１２科１５属２８种,半红树１１科１３属１４种,另约有２７种红树伴生植物．红树林区系性质属于热带亚热带过渡性质．化石证明红树林的起源不会晚于三叠纪．     

The concomitant existence of a typical coastal and a detritus food chain in the Westerschelde estuary

Until now studies of the aquatic ecology of the Westerschelde estuary have been erratic. Yet, from the results of a literature research some structural aspects of the ecosystems in the Westerschelde could be derived.Clear gradients could be found from the river to the sea for the abiotic as well as for the biotic features of the estuary. On the basis of the available quantitative data 2 tentative food chains were distinguished; a mainly detritus-based food chain in the upstream brackish part and a coastal food chain in the downstream seaward part. The centre of the area of the detritus food chain coincided with the zone of a turbidity maximum at the interface of salt and fresh water. This food chain is characterized by a low primary production but a year-round high concentration of suspended organic matter. The suspended organic matter consists of aggregates of detritus and bacteria. The zooplankton as well as the zoobenthos can reach high biomasses. The coastal food chain is mainly based on a seasonally chainging high primary production. The diversity of flora and fauna in this system is much higher than in the detritus food chain, although the biomass can be lower.Communication no. 404 of the Delta Institute, Yerseke.     

红树林放线菌研究进展

红树林是生长在热带和亚热带海岸潮间带的一种独特植物群落,构成陆地与海洋间的过渡,具有水分高、盐分高、耐缺氧等特征的特殊生态系统及很高的生物多样性,是筛选和发现放线菌新物种和药用生物活性次级代谢产物的宝贵资源。在物种鉴定方面,放线菌分类学是目前红树林放线菌物种鉴定的重要手段。本文综述了红树林放线菌物种鉴定主要方法、红树林放线菌生态环境和物种分布特征、生物学活性及其次级代谢产物等,并展望了该领域研究与发展的重要问题与趋势。     

福建红树林湿地鸟类区系研究

红树林湿地是热带、亚热带海岸带的重要湿地类型。由于红树林是自然辅助供能的高生产率的生态系统 ,具有高光合率、高呼吸率和高归还率的三高特点 ,为红树林区底栖动物的生活提供了能量来源 ,丰富的底栖动物又为鸟类等高等动物提供了充足的饵料来源。红树林湿地特殊的环境特点 ,使之成为咸淡水交迭的环境下生存的动植物、微生物丰富的基因库[10 ] 。因此 ,红树林区域在生物多样性研究中具有重要价值。在香港米埔红树林保护区 ,鸟类学家对当地鸟类的迁徙和生态进行了 30多年的研究[15,16 ] ,2 0世纪 80年代后对广东、广西、海南等地主要红树…     

雷州半岛的红树林植物组成与群落生态

综述了前人对雷州半岛的红树林的研究;根据作者的调查研究报道了雷州半岛的红树林面积、树种组成、群落类型与结构。     

广东番禺红树林造林研究

结合广东番禺红树林造林的现状,对影响红树林幼苗成活率和生长状况的因素进行初步分析,并据此提出提高造林保存率的措施等。影响红树林造林成活及生长的因素为①水深潮水越深,红树幼苗成活率越低,生长越差;②风浪海面风浪越大,红树幼苗受干扰越大,成活和生长越差;③人为活动干扰会严重影响红树幼苗的成活和生长;④造林地的杂草会影响某些红树植物幼苗的光照条件;⑤海滩垃圾废物会挂断和压倒大量红树幼苗;⑥海滩石油污染会阻止红树胚轴的萌发;⑦幼苗种植时越粗壮,种植得越精细,则种植后生长越好。并提出提高造林成效的措施①加强维护和管理包括护理受损伤的红树幼苗,清除塑料袋等垃圾物,制止在红树幼苗区的捕捞活动,造林前清除杂草和固定某些红树植物幼苗;②补植受破坏的红树幼苗和扩大种植。     

广东番禺红树林造林研究

结合广东番禺红树林造林的现状,对影响红树林幼苗成活率和生长状况的因素进行初步分析,并据此提出提高造林保存率的措施等。影响红树林造林成活及生长的因素为：①水深：潮水越深,红树幼苗成活率越低,生长越差;②风浪：海面风浪越大,红树幼苗受干扰越大,成活和生长越差;③人为活动干扰为严重影响红树幼苗的成活和生长;④造林地的杂草会影响某些红树植物幼苗的光照条件;⑤海滩垃圾废物会挂断和压倒大量红树幼苗;⑥海滩石油污染会阻止红树胚轴的萌发;⑦幼苗种植时越粗壮,种植得越精细,则种植后生长越好。并提出提高造林成效的措施：①加强维护和管理：包括护理受损伤的红树幼苗,清除塑料袋等垃圾物,罅在红树幼苗区的捕捞活动,造林前清除杂草和固定某些红树植物幼苗;②补植受破坏的红树幼苗和扩大种植。     

红树林湿地恢复研究进展

红树林是生长在热带、亚热带隐蔽潮间带的独特植物群落,在过去几十年内因人口压力和经济发展而遭到严重破坏,质量下降,面积萎缩.近年来,尽管世界各地采取了一系列措施进行红树林的恢复,然而由于缺乏造林技术资料、造林成活率低下、经营管理粗放,加上人为干扰和自然灾害的影响,红树林面积增长缓慢;造林成活率低依然是制约红树林湿地恢复的主要因素.总结了近年来国内外红树林湿地恢复四个方面的研究成果,即(1)宜林地选择,包括温度、底质、水文的环境条件研究;(2)树种选择与引种,包括乡土树种的选用和外来树种的引种状况;(3)栽培技术的应用,包括造林栽培技术与育苗技术,造林成本的比较;(4)植后管护及监测,包括幼林巡护、病虫害防治、生态监测,结合野外调查的结果,综述了红树林恢复的一些基本原理与应用实例.根据我国红树林湿地恢复的现状,提出今后红树林恢复研究的重点为:开展"退塘还林"工程,监测红树林湿地生态系统生物多样性的恢复,深入探讨红树林的化感作用,营造红树林混交林,实现红树林的生态恢复.     

Structure of Benthic Diatom Assemblages from a Mangrove Environment in a Mexican Subtropical Lagoon1

The taxonomic list and the structure of benthic diatom assemblages occurring in fine sediments (silt and sand) from the mangrove forest of the Balandra lagoon in Baja California Sur, Mexico was determined based on seasonal samplings for one year. Assemblage structure was analyzed using several ecological indices for estimating diversity (H'), dominance (REDI), equitability, and similarity. A total of 230 diatom taxa were identified and include 109 new records for the Baja California peninsula coast. Taxa representative of highly productive and hypersaline environments were common. Assemblages were characterized by a few abundant species and many uncommon or rare taxa. High diatom diversity estimates at all sampling sites during all seasons suggest that diatom assemblages in sediments of the Balandra lagoon represent a quasi-pristine environment.     

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Property of a True Mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Bl.

Mangroves are abundant in bioactive natural substances that fight off pathogenic diseases. Different parts of R. apiculata, an abundant mangrove found in Bhitarkanika National Park, India were extracted with methanol and a mixture of solvents methanol/ethanol/chloroform (60 : 20 : 20) to evaluate their antimicrobial properties. The combination solvent extract of bark had the highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 18.62 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a ZOI of 17.41 mm against Streptococcus mitis. Bark extracts had the highest DPPH (43 %) and FRAP (96 %) activities. The combination solvent bark extract of R. apiculata had the highest ZOI of 20.42 mm (lowest MIC of 2.12 μg/ml) against Candida albicans and ZOI of 15.33 mm (MIC of 3.02 μg/mL) against Penicillium chrysogenum. Combination bark extracts of R. apiculata contained flavanols than methanolic extracts. The crude extract of R. apiculata bark made with a mixture of solvents containing more active ingredients could be used in novel drug formulation.     

Mangrove zooplankton of North Queensland,Australia

Measurements of plankton community structure and trophic resourcespotentially available to planktonic copepods were made in the mangroveestuaries of six rivers in Northeastern Australia. The Pascoe, Claudie,Lockhart, McIvor and Daintree Rivers represent wet tropical systems on CapeYork, whereas the Haughton River estuary has restricted freshwater inflowbecause of a drier climate and freshwater diversion for agriculture. TheHaughton River was sampled approximately monthly between October 1992 andMay 1994, and had a mean abundance of zooplankton >37 μm of 200l⁻¹ (range 60–500 l⁻¹). The Cape Yorkrivers were sampled infrequently, and zooplankton abundances ranged between0.4 and 1400 l⁻¹. The zooplankton of all rivers was dominatedby copepods, particularly representatives of the genus Oithona which werecharacteristic of a distinct mangrove fauna. Physical forcing influencedthe zooplankton of mangrove estuaries much more than the measured biologicalvariables. The water column was characterised by high concentrations ofparticulate matter, up to 3.3 mg l⁻¹ C and 1.1 mgl⁻¹ N, of low food quality (as indicated by the C:N ratio).Phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a) in all six rivers was on averagefour-fold greater than in neighbouring coastal waters (1.1–12.6μg l⁻¹), and 25% of this chlorophyll a wasderived from cells >10 μm, and thus potentially available tocopepods. The degree of mixing, determined by the combination of tidal stateand the extent of freshwater input, appears to drive both the quantity andquality of particulate material available to higher consumers and thedistribution of zooplankton communities within mangrove estuaries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国红树林生态系统生态价值评估

使用市场价值法 ,影子工程法 ,机会成本法和替代花费法等对中国现存自然分布的136 4 6hm2 的红树林生态系统的功能价值进行经济评估 ,评估结果表明 ,中国红树林总的年生态功能价值为 2 36 531万元 ,其中生物量价值 816 3万元 ,抗风消浪护岸价值 992 0 6万元 ,保护土壤价值 1156 92万元 ,固碳以减弱温室效应和释放O2 的价值 6 70 6万元 ,生物多样性保护即动物栖地价值 5470万元 ,林分养分积累价值 10 12万元 ,污染物生物降解和病虫害 2 82万元。     

广东湛江红树林保护区大型底栖动物群落的空间分带

用生态样带研究了广东湛江红树林保护区高桥镇核心区大型底栖动物的空间分带。结果表明：德耀村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、悦目大眼蟹、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、黑口滨螺、等齿角沙蚕、弧边招潮和中华伪露齿螺。该剖面大型底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为3个分布带：琵琶拟沼螺-弧边招潮-浓毛拟闭口蟹带;宽身闭口蟹．悦目大眼蟹．黑口滨螺带;扁平拟闭口蟹-珠带拟蟹手螺带。群落生物量的变化主要由软体动物所主导,栖息密度的变化主要由软体动物和甲壳动物所主导,多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。红寨村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、蝼姑虾、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、耳螺科的一种、黑口滨螺、中华伪露齿螺、哈氏仿对虾、弧边招潮和等齿角沙蚕。该剖面大型底栖动物也可分为4个分布带：黑口滨螺-中华伪露齿螺-等齿角沙蚕带;琵琶拟沼螺-宽身闭口蟹-耳螺科的一种带;蝼蛄虾．扁平拟闭口蟹带;沈氏长方蟹-珠带拟蟹守螺带。群落生物量的变化也主要由软体动物所主导,栖息密度的变化主要由甲壳动物所主导,多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。底栖动物群落的等级聚类和非参数多变量标序显示,大型底栖动物分带与红树植物群落类型相一致。大型底栖动物分带受红树植物群落类型影响的主要原因是不同红树植物群落间的群落特征、沉积物性质和所处潮位线存在差异。     

福建红树林植物丛枝菌根侵染研究

2010年5月和12月,对福建沿海3个红树林生长区(洛阳江、九龙江口、漳江口)的红树林植物丛枝菌根（AM）侵染状况进行研究。结果表明：（1）红树林生长区中6种植物根内均发现AMF侵染结构,其中桐花树、秋茄、鱼藤和芦苇的丛枝为Arum（疆南星）型;（2）6种植物的丛枝菌根侵染率差异较大,老鼠簕的侵染率最高,鱼藤最低;（3）桐花树和秋茄的丛枝菌根侵染率呈显著差异,而其在不同生长区之间无差异;（4）桐花树和秋茄的丛枝菌根侵染率在不同时间呈显著差异,而钝草的丛枝菌根侵染率在不同时间的差异不显著。     

Trophic roles of particle feeders and detritus in a mangrove island prop root ecosystem

Swarms of Dioithona oculata, shoals of Mysidium columbiae, and schools of planktivorous fish were observed among mangrove prop roots on a lagoonal island. Detritus covering epiphytic and benthic macroalgae and invertebrates was a probable food source for pelagic mysids, and copepods, as well as benthic oysters and sponges. Open water blooms of dinoflagellate Amphidinium klebsii were probably only accessible to the swarming dioithonans which spend the night away from the mangrove prop roots. Dominant species were analyzed for stable carbon isotopic composition (expressed as ¹³C%.) to elucidate the origin and fate of detritus. Detrital components (–23.6 to –19.1%.), which included floating detritus, marine snow, prop root detritus, and detritus below prop roots, probably originated from the dominant subtidal macroalgal species (–24.2 to –14.6%.) and A. klebsii (–25.8 to –21.2%.), although other sources which are end-members could theoretically contribute since detrital isotopic ratios are half way between end-members. These other sources include the intertidal red algal Bostrychia spp. (–30.9 to –29.6%.), red mangrove Rhizophora mangle leaves (–28.2 to –27.0%.), and turtle grass Thalassia testudinum (–12.3 to –11.1%.). Particle feeders such as mangrove oysters, sponges, mysids, and dioithonans were usually enriched with ¹³C (–21.0 to –16.2%.) compared to their probable food sources, detritus and A. klebsii. At Anchovy Bay, adult mysids and planktivorous fish were more ¹³C enriched (1–3%.) than their probable prey, the dioithonans. Turtle grass may have a minor role in food webs, since dioithonans and mysids from Outer Twin and Anchovy Bays where turtle grass beds were abundant were consistently more ¹³C enriched (2–7%.) than in the Lair Channel where turtle grass beds were sparse.     

Detritus and nutrient dynamics in the shore zone of lakes: a review

The importance of detritus varies greatly among shore zones of lakes, but in a large majority of these regions detrital pathways prevail. Aside from a great spatial and seasonal variability, macrophytes and bottom sediments appear to be dominant stores of nutrients in these habitats. Macrophytes hold a central position in nutrient cycling in the shore-littoral lake zones. They are the main source of autochthonous detritus as they prevail in the total biomass of littoral organisms, and they are only rarely available as direct food of consumers. Various processes and interactions determine the role of macrophytes in nutrients dynamics. These are: the intensity of nutrient uptake and translocation, release of nutrients by healthy plants and from decomposing plants, exchange of elements between macrophytes and their periphyton, as well as interception of seston by macrophyte stands. Particular plant species differ in their time of dying and susceptibility to decomposition. The changes in decomposing material (size structure of particles and nutrient content) mean that detritus in various stages of decomposition differs in its role in trophic dynamics of shore-littoral lake zones. Several types of shore regions as regards detritus sources and retention level are discussed.     

Mangrove soils as sinks for wastewater-borne pollutants

Soil column leaching experiments were conducted to assess the retention of nutrients and heavy metals in two types of mangrove soils receiving strong wastewater throughout a period of 5 months. NH₄ ⁺-N was the dominant form of nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate were in relatively low concentrations in all leachate collected. The concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N in leachate collected from columns packed with Sai Keng of Hong Kong mangrove soil were higher than those packed with soils collected from Shenzhen of China. The leachate NH₄ ⁺-N contents of Shenzhen columns were significantly lower than that of the synthetic wastewater even at the end of the experimental period, indicating Shenzhen soils had very high capacity to bind nitrogen, and the amount of ammonium added from wastewater did not exceed the binding capacity of mangrove soil. The data also suggest that soils collected from Shenzhen mangrove swamp had higher capacity in retaining wastewater nitrogen than the Sai Keng soils. In contrast, leachate from Sai Keng columns had significantly lower ortho-P contents than those from Shenzhen columns. Actually, the leachate P concentrations of the Sai Keng columns treated with wastewater were similar to those receiving seawater (< 0.1 mg l^–). This finding implies Sai Keng soils were very effective in retaining wastewater P. Throughout the experiment, most heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cr were not detected in all leachate samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, indicating that both types of mangrove soils were capable of trapping wastewater-borne heavy metals. The study demonstrates that mangrove soils were good traps to immobilize wastewater-borne phosphorus and heavy metals but they were less efficient in retaining nitrogen from wastewater.