中国黄杨属植物数量分类的研究

本文采用系统聚类分析方法对中国黄杨属植物20种、3亚种和2变种进行了分类学研究,研究结果表明：营养器官的32个特征性状、繁殖器官的35个特征性状和总的67个特征性状的系统聚类结果与该属植物形态分类结果相吻合,从而为该属植物新分类群的建立,种、亚种和变种的鉴定以及某些划分不合理的种群纠正提供了一种新的科学依据和手段。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘白刺种群性状对沙埋的响应

运用实验生态学和数量生态学方法,研究了腾格里沙漠东南不同沙埋程度的白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)种群特征,并就各特征与沙埋深度的关系进行了分析.结果表明:强沙埋条件(湖盆低地)白刺种群特征均值都大于弱沙埋条件(山前冲积扇),但白刺种群各特征变异却是强沙埋条件小于弱沙埋条件;除弱沙埋条件白剌种群密度外,其他各性状都与沙埋有着显著相关关系;强沙埋条件的种群各性状发育最适沙埋深度均大于弱沙埋条件下;不论沙埋深度强弱和最适沙埋深度的高低,白刺种群各性状发育均受最适沙埋深度制约;低于最适沙埋深度,沙埋深度增加促进种群性状发育,高于最适沙埋深度,沙埋深度增加抑制种群性状发育.白刺种群各性状对沙埋深度的响应主要体现在高生长和生物量上:盖度和密度的发育不仅受沙埋的影响,更主要是受沙埋深度影响下的其他资源特别是水分的限制.     

藏药独一味的微性状与显微鉴别研究

采用体视显微镜对藏药独一味的根、茎、叶和果实微性状进行观察，利用生物显微镜观察切片组织构造及粉末显微鉴别特征，扫描电镜进一步观察叶片表面结构特征。藏药独一味药材的微性状特征包括根、茎、叶、果实，而茎粗短，果实细小且易脱落，地上部分鉴定特征主要为叶片和果序，叶片表皮细胞中可见气孔、非腺毛和腺鳞等。地上部分粉末鉴定特征包括非腺毛、叶肉细胞、气孔和纤维等，根的鉴别特征包括针晶和导管等。本研究通过对独一味药材不同部位微性状和显微进行系统研究，归纳了独一味药材性状和显微的鉴别要点，可以为独一味药材鉴别提供参考依据。     

猫尾射的生药鉴别

猫尾射是闽台民间传统的膳用中草药。本文对猫尾射的植物形态、生药性状、显微特征(包括根横切面、粉末装片)进行系统观察和理化鉴别,为其生药鉴定提供参考。     

牛角藓(Cratoneuron filicinum(Hedw.)Spruce)叶片形态特征的生态变异及其分类学意义

对200份牛角藓(Cratoneuron filicinum)标本的叶片长度、叶片宽度、中肋基部宽度、叶片中部细胞的宽度和长度、角部细胞的宽度和长度及叶片弯曲程度等特征进行线性回归分析.结果表明,在较低样本量时,来源于不同生境的牛角藓叶片各性状特征间的线性相关性不显著,来源于水生群落的牛角藓叶片各性状特征问的线性相关性显著.在样本量较大时,牛角藓叶片各性状特征间的线性关系相关性显著.说明牛角藓叶片的某些特征在自然选择压力下发生了变化,表现出较高的遗传多样性;这些特征虽然受环境影响而在形态上表现出变异,但总的趋势是相似的.     

植物功能性状对全球气候变化的指示作用研究进展

以大气CO2浓度升高、大气温度升高、干旱胁迫加剧及紫外辐射增强为特征的全球变化对陆地生态系统产生巨大影响,植物作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其功能性状对全球变化的指示作用为探寻全球变化规律、减缓气候变化提供了科学依据。该文主要综述了植物生理功能性状改变(形态变化、气孔调节、光合结构及光合途径改变和植物光合、呼吸速率及水分生理变化等)和物候功能性状改变对全球变化的指示作用,以及植物群落物种丰富度或数量增加等群落特征变化对全球气候变暖的指示作用。最后指出,完善植物功能性状指标和建立从植物个体、群落到生态系统功能的网络指示系统是今后植物功能性状指示研究的发展方向。     

闽江沿岸橄榄品种资源调查

本文介绍闽江沿岸橄榄栽培分布和品种资源,记述该区域三个品种类型十五个品种品系的性状特征,并依据各品种果实形状,大小,颜色,肉色,果基放射状条纹等性状特征制订了橄榄品种检索表。     

小花清风藤叶的性状和显微鉴别

采用性状及显微鉴别方法对小花清风藤叶进行性状特征、组织构造及粉末特征研究,为小花清风藤提供科学准确的性状和显微鉴别特征。小花清风藤叶的性状特征为：叶深绿色,两面均无毛,近薄革质,长卵状披针形,叶片先端尖,叶柄短,气微,味淡。显微特征为：叶的上表下的栅栏组织2~3列,下表下的栅栏组织1列;主脉维管束的木质部导管呈放射状排列,外侧有环状排列的纤维;油细胞成片存在;表皮细胞的细胞壁均加厚,以不定式气孔多见;纤维长梭形成束存在;草酸钙簇晶众多,棱角大多短钝。本研究明确了小花清风藤的药材性状特征和显微特征,有助于减少混乱使用现象,增加药物使用的安全性及有效性,为进一步研究小花清风藤提供理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿种质资源表型性状与品质多样性分析

旨在利用形态指标、农艺指标和品质性状指标探讨引进紫花苜蓿( M.sativa.)种质资源遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿品种改良和选择亲本提供科学依据。研究了不同地理来源的75份紫花苜蓿种质资源的21项指标,利用主成分分析和聚类方法,了解其多样性。结果表明：不同紫花苜蓿种质的各特征存在广泛变异,农艺性状变异最大,随后是形态性状和品质性状;主成分分析结果显示前八个主成分累计贡献率达到82.77%,其中茎秆干重、叶干重、单株鲜重、单株干重4个性状是造成紫花苜蓿种质表型差异的主要因素;以21个性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的75份种质材料分为5类。     

闽江沿岸橄榄品种资源调查

本文介绍闽江沿岸橄榄栽培分布和品种资源，记述该区域三个品种类型十五个品种品系的性状特征，并依据各品种果实形状、大小、颜色、肉色、果基放射状条纹等性状特征制订了橄揽品种检索表。     

Adaptive superparasitism and host-parasitoid dynamics

We consider a host-solitary parasitoid system with three categories of individuals: parasitoids, healthy hosts and parasitized hosts. Parasitoids are assumed to discriminate perfectly between the two kinds of hosts and they can reject those which are already parasitized. If parasitoids systematically accept or reject superparasitism or behave randomly, the system is always unstable. Using an optimal foraging model, we determine the behavior of parasitoids which leads to maximization of the instantaneous reproductive rate. When following this adaptive decision rule, parasitoids accept or refuse superparasitism according to the densities of both healthy and parasitized hosts. We study the dynamics of the system when parasitoids follow the optimal rule and show that under certain conditions it possesses a locally stable equilibrium point. In addition, our model predicts that at equilibrium parasitoids show partial preferences for superparasitism.     

A simulation study of population interaction between the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and the parasitoidEncarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) II. Simulation analysis of population dynamics and strategy of biological control

Simulation studies were performed to analyze factors affecting the population dynamics of the system with the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorumWestwood ) and the parasitoid Encarsia formosaGahan and to develop strategies for the introduction of E. formosa. The reduction of parasitization efficiency with an increase in parasitoid density promotes the stability of the system, which coincides with the prediction from current theory. The stability of the system is also shown to be promoted by the effect of host feeding. The population levels of the system are remarkably suppressed with an increase in searching efficiency and a decrease in host oviposition. The control effect of the parasitoids is enhanced when the number of parasitoids is divided among many introductions. An optimal time, an optimal density ratio of parasitoids to hosts and optimal densities of hosts and parasitoids exist in the introduction programme of parasitoids.     

Cascading effects of variation in plant vigour on the relative performance of insect herbivores and their parasitoids

Abstract 1. Consequences of variation in food plant quality were estimated for a system consisting of two monophagous noctuid herbivores and three ichneumonid parasitoids.
2. In a natural population, pupal weights of the herbivores in this system, Nonagria typhae and Archanara sparganii , were found to be highly variable. Pupal weights increased strongly and consistently with the increase in the vigour of the host plant, Typha latifolia , providing support for the plant vigour hypothesis. Correspondingly, as the moths do not feed as adults, a strong, positive correlation between host vigour and fecundity of the herbivores would be expected.
3. There were strong and positive relationships between adult body sizes of the parasitoids and the sizes of their lepidopteran hosts. Moreover, a direct, positive link between plant quality and parasitoid size was documented.
4. For all three parasitoids, cascading effects of plant quality on body size were weaker than for the herbivores. Differences in the importance of adult feeding and oviposition behaviour suggest that dependence of fitness on body size is also weaker in the parasitoids than in the moths. It is therefore concluded that the numerical response of the herbivore population to a change in plant quality should exceed the corresponding response in the parasitoids.
5. The results of this work imply that variation in plant variables may affect performance of different trophic levels to a different extent. It is suggested that the importance of adult feeding for the reproductive success (capital vs. income breeding strategies) in both herbivores and parasitoids is an essential aspect to consider when predicting responses of such a system to changes in plant quality.     

Searching for Food or Hosts: The Influence of Parasitoids Behavior on Host–Parasitoid Dynamics

A host–parasitoid system with overlapping generations is considered. The dynamics of the system is described by differential equations with a control parameter describing the behavior of the parasitoids. The control parameter models how the parasitoids split their time between searching for hosts and searching for non-host food. The choice of the control parameter is based on the assumption that each parasitoid maximizes the instantaneous growth rate of the number of copies of its genotype. It is shown that optimal individual behavior of parasitoids, with respect to time sharing between hosts and food searching, may have a stabilizing effect on the host–parasitoid dynamics.     

A two-component model of host-parasitoid interactions: determination of the size of inundative releases of parasitoids in biological pest control

A two-component differential equation model is formulated for a host-parasitoid interaction. Transient dynamics and population crashes of this system are analysed using differential inequalities. Two different cases can be distinguished: either the intrinsic growth rate of the host population is smaller than the maximum growth rate of the parasitoid or vice versa. In the latter case, the initial ratio of parasitoids to hosts should exceed a given threshold, in order to (temporarily) halt the growth of the host population. When not only oviposition but also host-feeding occurs the dynamics do not change qualitatively. In the case that the maximum growth rate of the parasitoid population is smaller than the intrinsic growth rate of the host, a threshold still exists for the number of parasitoids in an inundative release in order to limit the growth of the host population. The size of an inundative release of parasitoids, which is necessary to keep the host population below a certain level, can be determined from the two-component model. When parameter values for hosts and parasitoids are known, an effective control of pests can be found. First it is determined whether the parasitoids are able to suppress their hosts fully. Moreover, using our simple rule of thumb it can be assessed whether suppression is also possible when the relative growth rate of the host population exceeds that of the parasitoid population. With a numerical investigation of our simple system the design of parasitoid release strategies for specific situations can be computed.     

麦蚜和寄生蜂对农业景观格局的响应及其关键景观因子分析

大量研究表明多样性的农业景观格局能够影响蚜虫及寄生蜂的分布。本文利用并设计了两种尺度的麦田农业景观格局,依据麦蚜种群发生特点,分为迁入期、增长期与高峰期三个时期,论述了不同尺度下农业景观元素对麦蚜及寄生蜂系统的影响,通过逐步回归筛选了不同时期麦蚜及寄生蜂分布的关键景观元素,最后通过CANOCO软件模拟了麦蚜及寄生蜂的分布排序格局。结果表明不同景观因子对麦蚜及寄生蜂种群影响不同,迁入期两种尺度下裸地最有利于两种有翅蚜的迁飞入田,塑料大棚对有翅蚜种群的入田有抑制作用。增长期草地与林地生境对麦蚜种群增长率促进最大,塑料大棚同样抑制了麦蚜的种群增长率;但塑料大棚、草地与林地对蚜茧蜂的种群增长率有促进作用,非麦类作物生境对蚜茧蜂种群增长率抑制作用最大;草地与林地有利于重寄生蜂的种群增长率;高峰期裸地比例大的农业景观下麦蚜的最大种群密度较大,草地与林地对蚜茧蜂与重寄生蜂的最大种群密度均有促进作用。两种尺度下的研究结果一致。不同麦物种的对不同景观元素反应与形态学与生活史特征有关,而且景观结构中特定的植物种类、非作物植物的密度与物候期都可能影响寄生蜂群落的多样性与功能。     

Electrophoretic 'keys' for the identification of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphelinidae) attacking Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to construct electrophoretic 'keys' for identifying larval, pupal and adult hymenopterous parasitoids of Sitobion avenae (F.). In general, for each parasitoid and enzyme system tested, all life stages gave similar banding patterns. Although five enzyme systems were tested, esterase was found to be the most useful single system. Using laboratory-reared parasitoids and staining for esterase activity, all species examined, except Aphidius rhopalosiphi and A. ervi could be readily distinguished with the aid of the appropriate key.     

The role of parasitoids in regulation of Polistes wasp population (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Polistinae)

The study conducted in 2005–2010 analyzes the behavioral response of the parasitoids Latibulus argiolus (Rossi) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and Elasmus schmitti Ruschka (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) to the distribution of their host, Polistes wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Various conditions of the parasitoid-host system and conditions of regulation of the host abundance are discussed. The parasitoid females are more active in wasp colony clusters and tend to infest larger nests. If the parasitoids are abundant, infestation of host colonies starts earlier, sometimes before the worker emergence; therefore, density-dependent behavioral response of parasitoids is caused primarily by the impact of the aggregation component. Thus, the host population density factor appears to be mediated not only by the non-uniform development rates of colonies and their spatial distribution, but also by the seasonal (temporal) aspect of their development. Low density of the host population, at which the parasitoids regulate the wasp abundance, corresponds to a certain phase of the seasonal colony development, namely to the period before the emergence of workers. On the whole, we are dealing with a host-parasitoid system in which the spatial and temporal factors are closely interrelated.     

When good bugs go bad: intraguild predation by Jalysus wickhami on the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata

We report a case of direct intraguild predation involving an insect predator and parasitoid in an agricultural system. The spined stilt bug, Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee, feeds on eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L., and also on prepupal and pupal stages of the gregarious hornworm parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say). In two separate trials, mean mortality of attached parasitoids was significantly lower (66%, 73%) than that of their detached siblings (97%, 96%) after a 3 day exposure to stilt bugs, demonstrating that attachment to the host offered some protection against predation. In no-choice experiments, prepupal parasitoids suffered greater mortality (0 day-old=61%, 1 day-old=65%) than pupal parasitoids (2 day-old=50%, 3 day-old=14%). When offered in combination with 0 or 2 day-old hornworm eggs, respective mortality of 0, 1, 2 and 3-day-old pupal parasitoids showed a similar pattern (67%, 63%, 33% and 23%). In another experiment, mortality of 0-day-old pupal parasitoids (64%) was greater than that of 3 day-old pupal parasitoids (38%). Mortality of pupal parasitoids was not affected by the availability of hornworm eggs, a highly acceptable food. Younger pupal parasitoids (=prepupae) probably suffered greater mortality because they were more easily fed on by stily bugs than older (pupated) ones. Because C. congregata overwinters in the prepupal stage, it may be particularly vulnerable to attack late in the season when stilt bug populations are large and hornworm eggs are relatively uncommon.