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1.
Laurianne Leniaud Franck Dedeine Apolline Pichon Simon Dupont Anne-Geneviève Bagnères 《Biological invasions》2010,12(5):1389-1402
Reticulitermes urbis is a recently described termite species that has probably been introduced into Western Europe where it has been found exclusively
in urban areas. However, little is known about the geographic distribution and origin of R. urbis. This study was undertaken to determine whether this species was introduced from the Balkans. A parsimony network did not
show any association between mtDNA haplotypes and geographic regions suggesting that western European populations were the
result of human-mediated dispersion. Variation patterns of the COI and COII regions as well as microsatellites showed that
the genetic diversity of Western European colonies was lower than for colonies collected in the Balkans, suggesting that the
introduced populations suffered from a founder effect. As observed in the introduced populations of R. flavipes, all colonies of R. urbis had an extended-family structure with several reproductives. These results support the scenario that this termite was introduced
into Western Europe. 相似文献
2.
P elements of two different subfamilies designated as M- and O-type are thought to have invaded host species in the Drosophila obscura group via horizontal transmission from external sources. Sequence comparisons with P elements isolated from other species suggested that the horizontal invasion by the O-type must have been a rather recent
event, whereas the M-type invasion should have occurred in the more distant past. To trace the phylogenetic history of O-type
elements, additional taxa were screened for the presence of O- and M-type elements using type-specific PCR primers. The phylogeny
deduced from the sequence data of a 927-bp section (14 taxa) indicate that O-type elements have undergone longer periods of
regular vertical transmission in the lineages of the saltans and willistoni groups of Drosophila. However, starting from a species of the D. willistoni group they were transmitted horizontally into other lineages. First the lineage of the D. affinis subgroup was infected, and finally, in a more recent wave of horizontal spread, species of three different genera were invaded
by O-type elements from the D. affinis lineage: Scaptomyza, Lordiphosa, and the sibling species D. bifasciata/D. imaii of the Drosophila obscura subgroup. The O-type elements isolated from these taxa are almost identical (sequence divergence <1%). In contrast, no such
striking similarities are observed among M-type elements. Nevertheless, the sequence phylogeny of M-type elements is also
not in accordance with the phylogeny of their host species, suggesting earlier horizontal transfer events. The results imply
that P elements cross species barriers more frequently than previously thought but require a particular genomic environment and
thus seem to be confined to a rather narrow spectrum of host species. Consequently, different P element types acquired by successive horizontal transmission events often coexist within the same genome.
Received: 15 May 2000 / Accepted: 19 July 2000 相似文献
3.
Biological traits and colony structure are difficult to analyze in subterranean termites owing to their cryptic lifestyle and their often elusive breeding system. However, the use of molecular markers in a population genetics framework allows the investigation of such aspects. We present here the colony genetic structures of 12 samples collected along the Italian peninsula of two Reticulitermes species (the native R. lucifugus and the introduced R. urbis) analyzed through nuclear microsatellite markers. Reproductive strategies and colony breeding systems differ between the two species. Secondary reproductives of R. lucifugus, collected in three colonies, are all females; genotyping comparisons between these females and their nest mate workers clearly indicate the presence of asexual queen succession (AQS) events in this species, as observed in the Japanese R. speratus and in the North-American R. virginicus. Two other R. lucifugus colonies have a mixed family genetic pattern, possibly as the result of colony fusion events: accordingly, relatedness estimates indicate the presence of genetically unrelated workers. On the contrary, all R. urbis colonies have a genetic structure compatible with the presence of multiple secondary reproductives, as expected on the basis of previous analyses. Moreover, neotenics’ sex ratio is balanced and their heterozygosity is comparable to that of nest mate workers, suggesting that AQS is lacking in this taxon. The differences observed in such biological traits between the two species are discussed in the light of their invasive potential. 相似文献
4.
Cristina Torti Ludvik M. Gomulski Anna R. Malacrida Pierre Capy Giuliano Gasperi 《Journal of molecular evolution》1998,46(3):288-298
Mariner elements were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction from two species of tephritid flies, Ceratitis rosa and Trirhithrum coffeae. The sequences were ∼1.3 kb in length. None of these elements appeared to be functional, as in every case the open reading
frame (ORF) was disrupted by the presence of frameshifts or stop codons. These elements, Crmar1 and Tcmar1, are very similar to the Ccmar1 element previously amplified from the closely related tephritid species C. capitata and are members of the mellifera subfamily of mariner elements. The phylogeny and pattern of divergence of these elements were examined in relation to the phylogeny of the host
species. It is highly probable that the elements were present in the ancestral lineage prior to the divergence of the three
species. The copy numbers of the elements within each species are very different, ranging from about 10 in T. coffeae to 5,000 in C. rosa. The possible mechanisms which determine the copy number of an element in the host genome are discussed.
Received: 25 April 1997 / Accepted: 31 July 1997 相似文献
5.
R2 is a non-long-terminal-repeat (LTR) retrotransposon that inserts specifically into 28S rDNA. R2 has been identified in many species of arthropods and three species of chordates. R2 may be even more widely distributed in animals, and its origin may be traceable to early animal evolution. In this study, we identified R2 elements in medaka fish, White Cloud Mountain minnow, Reeves' turtle, hagfish, sea lilies, and some arthropod species, using degenerate polymerase chain reaction methods. We also identified two R2 elements from the public genomic sequence database of the bloodfluke Schistosoma mansoni. One of the two bloodfluke R2 elements has two zinc-finger motifs at the N-terminus; this differs from other known R2 elements, which have one or three zinc-finger motifs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the whole phylogeny of R2 can be divided into 11 parts (subclades), in which the local R2 phylogeny and the corresponding host phylogeny are consistent. Divergence-versus-age analysis revealed that there is no reliable evidence for the horizontal transfer of R2 but supports the proposition that R2 has been vertically transferred since before the divergence of the deuterostomes and protostomes. The seeming inconsistency between the R2 phylogeny and the phylogeny of their hosts is due to the existence of paralogous lineages. The number of N-terminal zinc-finger motifs is consistent with the deep phylogeny of R2 and indicates that the common ancestor of R2 had three zinc-finger motifs at the N-terminus. This study revealed the long-term vertical inheritance and the ancient origin of sequence specificity of R2, both of which seem applicable to some other non-LTR retrotransposons. 相似文献
6.
Javier García-Planells Nuria Paricio Jonathan B. Clark Rosa de Frutos Margaret G. Kidwell 《Journal of molecular evolution》1998,47(3):282-291
A phylogenetic analysis of P transposable elements in the Drosophila obscura species group is described. Multiple P sequences from each of 10 species were obtained using PCR primers that flank a conserved region of exon 2 of the transposase
gene. In general, the P element phylogeny is congruent with the species phylogeny, indicating that the dominant mode of transmission has been vertical,
from generation to generation. One manifestation of this is the distinction of P elements from the Old World obscura and subobscura subgroups from those of the New World affinis subgroup. However, the overall distribution of elements within the obscura species group is not congruent with the phylogenetic relationships of the species themselves. There are at least four distinct
subfamilies of P elements, which differ in sequence from each other by as much as 34%, and some individual species carry sequences belonging
to different subfamilies. P sequences from D. bifasciata are particularly interesting. These sequences belong to two subfamilies and both are distinct from all other P elements identified in this survey. Several mechanisms are postulated to be involved in determining phylogenetic relationships
among P elements in the obscura group. In addition to vertical transmission, these include retention of ancestral polymorphisms and horizontal transfer by
an unknown mating-independent mechanism. 相似文献
7.
We have used phylogenetic techniques to study the evolutionary history of the Penelope transposable element in the Drosophila virilis species group. Two divergent types of Penelope have been detected, one previously described, clade I, and a new one which we have termed clade III. The phylogeny of some
copies of the Penelope clade I element was partially consistent with the species phylogeny of the D. montana subphylad, suggesting cospeciation and allowing the estimation of the evolutionary rate of Penelope. Divergence times of elements found in different species are younger than the age of the species, suggesting horizontal transfer
events.
Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic Supplementary material is available for this article at
and accessible for authorised users.
[Reviewing Editor: Dr. Dmitri Petrov] 相似文献
8.
Lathe WC rd; Burke WD; Eickbush DG; Eickbush TH 《Molecular biology and evolution》1995,12(6):1094-1105
R1 is a non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposable element that
inserts into a specific sequence of insect 28S ribosomal RNA genes. We have
previously shown that this element has been maintained through vertical
transmission in the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. To address
whether R1 elements have been vertically transmitted for longer periods of
evolutionary time, the analysis has been extended to 11 other species from
four species groups of the genus Drosophila (melanogaster, obscura,
testecea, and repleta). All sequenced elements appeared functional on the
basis of the preservation of their open-reading frames and consistently
higher rate of substitution at synonymous sites relative to replacement
sites. The phylogenetic relationships of the R1 elements from all species
analyzed were congruent with the species phylogenies, suggesting that the
R1 elements have been vertically transmitted since the inception of the
Drosophila genus, an estimated 50-70 Mya. The stable maintenance of R1
through the germ line appears to be the major mechanism for the widespread
distribution of these elements in Drosophila. In two species, D.
neotestecea of the testecea group and D. takahashii of the melanogaster
group, a second family of R1 elements was also present that differed in
sequence by 46% and 31%, respectively, from the family that was congruent
with the species phylogeny. These second families may represent occasional
horizontal transfers or, alternatively, they could reflect the ability of
R1 elements to diverge into new families within a species and evolve
independently.
相似文献
9.
Andrea Zuccolo Aswathy Sebastian Jayson Talag Yeisoo Yu HyeRan Kim Kristi Collura Dave Kudrna Rod A Wing 《BMC evolutionary biology》2007,7(1):152
Background
The genus Oryza is composed of 10 distinct genome types, 6 diploid and 4 polyploid, and includes the world's most important food crop – rice (Oryza sativa [AA]). Genome size variation in the Oryza is more than 3-fold and ranges from 357 Mbp in Oryza glaberrima [AA] to 1283 Mbp in the polyploid Oryza ridleyi [HHJJ]. Because repetitive elements are known to play a significant role in genome size variation, we constructed random sheared small insert genomic libraries from 12 representative Oryza species and conducted a comprehensive study of the repetitive element composition, distribution and phylogeny in this genus. Particular attention was paid to the role played by the most important classes of transposable elements (Long Terminal Repeats Retrotransposons, Long interspersed Nuclear Elements, helitrons, DNA transposable elements) in shaping these genomes and in their contributing to genome size variation. 相似文献10.
A single lineage of r2 retrotransposable elements is an active, evolutionarily stable component of the Drosophila rDNA locus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R2 elements are non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons that
insert specifically in the 28S rRNA genes of many insects. Previous reports
concerning this element in the genus Drosophila have suggested that R2
elements are absent from many species of this genus, particularly those
species from the subgenus Drosophila. In this report, we present an
extensive study of the distribution and evolution of R2 elements in
Drosophila. A PCR survey of 59 species from 23 species groups of the two
major Drosophila subgenera found that R2 elements are present in all but
two species of the melanogaster species subgroup. Phylogenetic analysis
based on partial nucleotide sequences of R2 elements from 23 species
demonstrates that the relationships of R2 elements are congruent with those
of the Drosophila species phylogeny, suggesting that these elements have
been vertically inherited since the divergence of this genus some 60 MYA.
Sequence variation between different copies of R2 elements within each
species was less than 0.16%, indicating that these elements are undergoing
concerted evolution similar to that of the 28S genes. Several properties of
the R2 sequences suggest that these elements depend on retrotransposition
in addition to simple recombination to remain within the rDNA locus: the
rates of synonymous substitutions averaged 4.8 times the rate of
replacement substitutions, 82 of 83 R2 copies partially sequenced contained
intact open reading frames, and, finally, length variation associated with
the poly(A) 3' tails indicated that many R2 copies are the direct result of
retrotransposition.
相似文献
11.
Vertical Transmission of the Retrotransposable Elements R1 and R2 during the Evolution of the Drosophila Melanogaster Species Subgroup 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R1 and R2 are non-long-terminal repeat retrotransposable elements that insert into specific sequences of insect 28S ribosomal RNA genes. These elements have been extensively described in Drosophila melanogaster. To determine whether these elements have been horizontally or vertically transmitted, we characterized R1 and R2 elements from the seven other members of the melanogaster species subgroup by genomic blotting and nucleotide sequencing. Each species was found to have homogeneous families of R1 and R2 elements with the exception of erecta and orena, which have no R2 elements. The DNA sequences of multiple R1 and R2 copies from each species indicated nucleotide divergence within each species averaged only 0.48% for R1 and 0.35% for R2, well below the level of divergence among the species. Most copies of R1 and R2 (40 of 47) sequenced from the seven species were potentially functional, as indicated by the absence of premature termination codons or translational frameshifts that would destroy the open reading frame of the element. The sequence relationships of both the R1 and R2 elements from the various members of the melanogaster subgroup closely followed that of the species phylogeny, suggesting that R1 and R2 have been stably maintained by vertical transmission since the origin of this species subgroup 17-20 million years ago. The remarkable stability of R1 and R2, compared to what has been suggested for transposable elements that insert at multiple locations in these same species, may be due to their unique specificity for sites in the rRNA gene locus. Under low copy number conditions, when it is essential for any mobile element to transpose, the insertion specificities of R1 and R2 ensure uniform developmentally regulated target sites that can be occupied with little or no detrimental effect on the host. 相似文献
12.
We have performed a phylogenetic analysis of 59 mariner elements in 14 Drosophilidae species that are related to the active Drosophila mauritiana Mos1 element. This includes 38 previously described sequences and 21 new sequences amplified by PCR from 10 species. Most of the
elements detected are nonfunctional due to several frameshifts and deletions. They have been subdivided into four groups according
to specific signatures in the nucleotidic and amino acid sequences. The mean nucleotide diversity is 4.8 ± 0.1% and reflects
mainly the divergence of inactive elements over different periods. Although this probably gives rise to occasional homoplasies
between distantly related taxa, the elements of each species remain grouped together. Horizontal transfer, reported previously
between D. mauritiana and Zaprionus tuberculatus, can be extended to Z. verruca, while the Mos1-like element of Z. indianus belongs to another group. Interpretation of the phylogeny leads to a comparison of the influence of common ancestral sequences
and putative horizontal transfers.
Received: 31 May 1999 / Accepted: 28 June 1999 相似文献
13.
The PIF/IS5 is a recently discovered superfamily of DNA transposons which include Pong-like elements and PIF-like elements and has been successively detected in the genomes of many flowering plants, fungi and diverse animals. Here we present the first comprehensive characterization and analysis of Pong-like elements in Bambusoideae subfamily. Eighty-two Pong-like elements were cloned and sequenced from 44 representative species of Bambusoideae. Phylogenetic analysis of 82 distinct Pong-like elements sequences showed that Pong-like elements were widespread, diverse and abundant in Bambusoideae. A molecular phylogeny of Bambusoideae was established by using the internal transcribed spacer sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) information. The comparison between ITS and Pong-like elements based trees reveals obviously incongruent. The results suggest that 1) there are multiple Pong-like element families in Bambusoideae; 2) a single Pong-like element family could be present in multiple bamboo species; 3) Pong-like elements from the same family from different bamboo species could be more similar than elements from different families in the same bamboo species or closely related species. 相似文献
14.
Photographic polytene chromosome maps from pupal trichogen cells of four tsetse species, Glossina austeni, G. pallidipes, G. morsitans morsitans and G. m. submorsitans were constructed and compared. The homology of chromosomal elements between the species was achieved by comparing banding
patterns. The telomeric and subtelomeric chromosome regions were found to be identical in all species. The pericentromeric
regions were found to be similar in the X chromosome and the left arm of L1 chromosome (L1L) but different in L2 chromosome
and the right arm of L1 chromosome (L1R). The L2 chromosome differs by a pericentric inversion that is fixed in the three
species, G. pallidipes, G. morsitans morsitans and G. m. submorsitans. Moreover, the two morsitans subspecies appeared to be homosequential and differ only by two paracentric inversions on XL and L2L arm. Although a degree
of similarity was observed across the homologous chromosomes in the four species, the relative position of specific chromosome
regions was different due to chromosome inversions established during their phylogeny. However, there are regions that show
no apparent homology between the species, an observation that may be attributed to the considerable intra—chromosomal rearrangements
that have occurred following the species divergence. The results of this comparative analysis support the current phylogenetic
relationships of the genus Glossina. 相似文献
15.
We examined the phylogeny of the genusRubus in Korea using an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and a trnL-trnF (trnL/F) intergenic region
of the chloroplast DNA. In all, 21 ingroup species (1.2 kb for each species) were analyzed using parsimony, resulting in 672
aligned sequences from ITS, and 502 bases with trnL/F. Individual and combined analysis of ITS and trnL/F data proved that
the genusRubus is a monophyletic group. This phylogeny also substantiated a previous sectional classification scheme rather than a subgerius
classification scheme. However, our results did not support the earlier sectional classification by Focke (sect.Corchorifolii), but did support the sectional classification of Nakai: sect.Crataegifolii (R. crataegifolius, R. takesimensis andR. trifidus), and sect.Villosii (R. corchorifolius). Most of these species, which are found in Korea and belong to subg.Idaeobatus, appeared in two different groups in all data sets. This suggests that this subgenus is a polyphyletic group that has gone
through at least two independent evolutionary processes. The taxa, when mapped onto the combined tree, showed that the occurrence
of their morphological characters of simple and compound leaves was concurrent in KoreanRubus. ITS sequence data were consistent overall with the geographical distribution of each species. Furthermore, the trnL/F sequence
data provided phylogenetic information within closely related species. 相似文献
16.
The phylogeny of the genus Rivellia Robineau‐Desvoidy was inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal (r)DNA gene sequences of 13 Korean Rivellia species and six species representing other platystomatid genera and the family Tephritidae. We compared the inferred molecular phylogeny with the previously published morphological cladogram. As a result, the following phylogenetic relationships were recognized: (i) monophyly of the genus Rivellia; (ii) monophyly of the R. syngenesiae species group; (iii) R. depicta and R. apicalis (which were not previously placed in any species group) were recognized as a sister group of the R. syngenesiae species group; and (iv) monophyly of the R. basilaris species group was recognized to a limited extent. These results, even though geographically limited, provide a new insight into the phylogeny of the genus Rivellia. They clearly show the utility of 16S rDNA for phylogenetic analysis of the genus Rivellia. Additional study involving samples from different geographical areas will be needed to gain a better understanding of the adaptive radiation of this species‐rich genus. 相似文献
17.
CARL B. REXROAD THOMAS L. THOMPSON 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1979,12(3):235-243
Evolutionary lineages of conodont elements and of some apparatuses are gradually being documented to increase the value of these fossils in stratigraphic interpretation and to further our understanding of conodont taxonomy. The well-documented faunas from Mississippian strata of the Illinois Basin and type Mississippian beds provide a great deal of information for the recognition of phylogenies. The disjunct element genus Spathognathodus is part of a basic and long-ranging type of conodont apparatus from which a number of other forms have been derived, and some of its Mississippian disjunct element species can now be placed in multielement species. A lineage involving spathognathodont Pa elements recognized in the Mississippian, then, is the basis of the present study. The phylogeny recognized started with Synprioniodina? crassidentata, and includes S.? regularis, S.? pulchra, S.? coalescens, S.? spicula, Hinduodus cristula, and H. minutus in the Mississippian. Aputiignathus scitulus and A. penrscitulus apparently represent a separate line, which also might include disjunct element Spathognathodus rexroadi. 相似文献
18.
Lina M. Arcila Hernández Steven R. Davis Anurag A. Agrawal 《Ecological Entomology》2020,45(5):1121-1133
1. An herbivore's life-history strategy, including optimization of resource use, is constrained by its evolutionary history and ecological factors varying across the landscape. 2. We asked if related and co-distributed herbivore species maintain consistency of host preference and oviposition behaviours along the species' range. We surveyed two putative species of milkweed stem weevils, Rhyssomatus lineaticollis and R. annectens, which co-occur alongside their hosts, Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata. 3. We confirmed the two species status of weevils, supported by differences in morphology and a bilocus gene phylogeny. Furthermore, we found that species divergence recapitulated the weevils current host plant use. 4. We found oviposition variation within and between species. R. annectens poked the stem haphazardly or girdled it before oviposition. Meanwhile, R. lineaticollis primarily trenched stems in the north, but poked or girdled in the south. Variation in oviposition patterns could be a response to variation in host plant defenses. 5. In nature, weevils strictly oviposited on their respective host plants, while in bioassays, R. lineaticollis exhibited strong preference for A. syriaca and R. annectens fed equally on both host plants. 6. Overall, our results support that milkweed stem weevils are strict specialists but might be undergoing changes in host use. R. lineaticollis specializes on A. syriaca but has two distinct modes of oviposition. Meanwhile R. annectens seems to be more accepting of other hosts. We hypothesize that these weevils might be shifting host use associated with changes in host plant distributions. 相似文献
19.
The evolutionary history of mariner-like elements (MLEs) in 49 mainly Neotropical drosophilid species is described. So far, the investigations about the distribution
of MLEs were performed mainly using hybridization assays with the Mos1 element (the first mariner active element described) in a widely range of drosophilid species and these sequences were found principally in species
that arose in Afrotropical and Sino-Indian regions. Our analysis in mainly Neotropical drosophilid species shows that twenty-three
species presented MLEs from three different subfamilies in their genomes: eighteen species had MLEs from subfamily mellifera, fifteen from subfamily mauritiana and three from subfamily irritans. Eleven of these species exhibited elements from more than one subfamily in their genome. In two subfamilies, the analyzed
coding region was uninterrupted and contained conserved catalytic motifs. This suggests that these sequences were probably
derived from active elements. The species with these putative active elements are Drosophila mediopunctata and D. busckii for the mauritiana subfamily, and D. paramediostriata for the mellifera subfamily. The phylogenetic analysis of MLE, shows a complex evolutionary pattern, exhibiting vertical transfer, stochastic
loss and putative events of horizontal transmission occurring between different Drosophilidae species, and even those belonging
to more distantly related taxa such as Bactrocera tryoni (Tephritidae family), Sphyracephala europaea (Diopsoidea superfamily) and Buenoa sp. (Hemiptera order). Moreover, our data show that the distribution of MLEs is not restricted to Afrotropical and Sino-Indian
species. Conversely, these TEs are also widely distributed in drosophilid species arisen in the Neotropical region. 相似文献
20.
Regulation of the vertebrate actin multigene family involves the recognition of various regulatory sequences (cis-acting elements) that specify the distinct tissue type and developmental program of expression for each actin paralogue,
which implies that the distribution of cis-acting elements may be unique for each paralogue gene. To elucidate the evolution of these unique distribution patterns,
we improved a method to scan for cis-acting elements in the 5′ flanking regulatory region of genes and used it to analyze five cis-acting elements (SRE, MyoD binding
site, Elk-1 binding site, positive and negative YY1 binding sites) of six actin paralogue genes (β and γ cytoplasmic actins,
α and γ smooth muscle actins, and α skeletal and α cardiac actins) among various vertebrates. It was shown that although an
element(s) may exist in all paralogue genes of the same species, its numbers, compositions, and distribution patterns or even
sequences vary remarkably among paralogues, which contributes to their different tissue- and developmental-specific expression.
However, each pair of coexpressed paralogues has some certain similarity in distribution patterns. Furthermore, among various
orthologues of actin genes derived from diverse vertebrates, the sequences, numbers, and distribution patterns of these cis-acting elements are highly conserved or even identical in the long run of phylogeny of vertebrates. Taken together, the results
described above strongly indicate that not only the structures of actins but also their expression patterns are essential
in both the phylogeny and the physiology of vertebrates. The distribution patterns of cis-acting elements of various actin
genes can be regarded as indicators of both horizontal (paralogous) and vertical (orthologous) evolution of actins.
Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted: 6 August 1999 相似文献