脂多糖诱导的慢性阻塞性肺病模型大鼠肺支气管上皮MRP1功能分析

目的分析脂多糖(LPS)造模方法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型大鼠的肺支气管上皮细胞多药耐药相关蛋白1(MRP1)功能的影响。方法利用LPS造模方法制备COPD模型大鼠,设置正常对照组、造模14d组和造模28 d组,分别测定其呼吸功能;以酚红外排水平评价大鼠肺支气管上皮MRP1的功能;同时采用免疫组化法分析各组大鼠肺支气管上皮MRP1的表达。结果与正常对照组比较,LPS处理组造模进程中随时间的延长大鼠的各项肺功能指标明显下降;静脉给予酚红后其BALF中酚红浓度与血浆酚红浓度的比值降低;其肺支气管上皮MRP1蛋白表达显著性降低。结论 LPS造模方法制备COPD模型大鼠,随着造模的进程,其肺支气管上皮细胞MRP1蛋白的功能随之下调。     

急性痛风性关节炎大鼠模型的建立及模型维持时间观察

目的建立急性痛风性关节炎(acute gouty arthritis,AGA)大鼠模型并观察其维持时间。方法采用25 mg/m L尿酸钠(monosodium urate,MSU)晶体混悬液踝关节腔注射复制大鼠AGA模型,多个时间点动态观察8 d,以大鼠受试踝关节局部皮温、肿胀度、步态、关节液炎性细胞及其滑膜组织病理形态学改变等指标判断是否成模及其维持时间。结果造模后3 h,生理盐水组和模型组均可见踝关节肿胀,皮温升高,步态异常,关节液炎性细胞数增多,滑膜组织增生、毛细血管充血、滑膜细胞排列紊乱等炎症表现,两组以上指标与空白组比较差异均有显著性(P0.01);造模后4 h,生理盐水组以上炎症表现明显减轻,较3 h时差异有显著性(P0.01),而模型组较3h时加重(P0.01),并且与生理盐水组比较差异有显著性(P0.01);造模后24 h,生理盐水组各项指标恢复正常,而模型组炎症继续加重;造模后48~72 h,模型组肿胀、皮温、步态异常等局部炎症达到高峰;造模后96~168h,模型组踝关节局部炎症逐渐减轻,但各项指标与空白组比较差异仍有显著性(P0.01);造模后192 h,模型组肿胀、皮温、步态异常等外在炎症表现恢复正常,而炎性细胞数及滑膜病理变化与空白组比较差异仍均有显著性(P0.01)。结论采用MSU晶体混悬液踝关节腔注射可在造模后4 h成功制备并鉴定出AGA大鼠模型,且至少能维持到造模后168 h。     

视黄醇结合蛋白4在非酒精性脂肪肝病大鼠组织中的表达

目的:视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)在非酒精性肝脂肪变模型大鼠中的表达情况,以探求其在疾病发生、发展中的意义。方法:40只wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和造模组,分析各组在2、4、6、8周4个时间点血清ALT、AST、TG、TC的变化及肝组织RBP4的表达情况。结果:随着造模时间延长,造模组大鼠肝脏脂肪变越来越明显,血清ALT、AST、TG、TC逐渐升高(p<0.05)。造模组肝组织RBP4的mRNA的表达随造模时间逐渐增强;造模组免疫组化结果发现,RBP4的表达随造模时间逐渐增强(p<0.05)。结论:在大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型中,RBP4的表达随造模时间延长而增加,与同期对照组相比有统计学差异,因此RBP4可能作为一个敏感的指标反映非酒精性脂肪肝的发生及发展情况。     

视黄醇结合蛋白4在非酒精性脂肪肝病大鼠组织中的表达

目的：视黄醇结合蛋白4（RBP4）在非酒精性肝脂肪变模型大鼠中的表达情况,以探求其在疾病发生、发展中的意义。方法：40只wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和造模组,分析各组在2、4、6、8周4个时间点血清ALT、AST、TG、TC的变化及肝组织RBP4的表达情况。结果：随着造模时间延长,造模组大鼠肝脏脂肪变越来越明显,血清ALT、AST、TG、TC逐渐升高（p〈0.05）。造模组肝组织RBP4的mRNA的表达随造模时间逐渐增强;造模组免疫组化结果发现,RBP4的表达随造模时间逐渐增强（p〈0.05）。结论：在大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型中,RBP4的表达随造模时间延长而增加,与同期对照组相比有统计学差异,因此RBP4可能作为一个敏感的指标反映非酒精性脂肪肝的发生及发展情况。     

Wistar大鼠胶原诱导的关节炎造模因素的分析

目的通过比较不同的造模方法,分析影响胶原诱导关节炎（collagen-induced arthritis,CIA）大鼠模型建立的因素。方法选用Wistar大鼠造模,通过改变性别、剂量、年龄、注射部位及免疫方式,来比较造模成功率。结果不同性别、剂量、年龄及免疫方式造模成功率不同。结论4～5周龄Wistar雌性大鼠,初次免疫注射乳剂4点共0.20 mL,加强免疫在14 d之后3点共0.15 mL的造模成功率最高。     

不同造模方法建立脓毒症大鼠模型的炎症指标及器官功能障碍指标的比较

摘要 目的：通过建立大肠杆菌感染型、脂多糖诱导型、宿主屏障破坏（盲肠结扎）型脓毒症模型,评估具有代表性的造模方式。方法：取SD大鼠设置为：大肠杆菌组、脂多糖组、盲肠结扎组、对照1组、对照2组、对照3组,每组10只。于造模后12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h内检测炎症指标：白介素-6（IL-6）、降钙素原（PCT）,凝血功能指标：凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）,器官功能障碍指标：肌酐（Cre）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、心肌肌钙T（cTnT）及动脉血气分析指标：动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）水平变化。结果：与对照1组、对照2组、对照3组比较,12 h-48 h内,大肠杆菌组、脂多糖组、盲肠结扎组大鼠IL-6、PCT、PT、APTT、Cre、ALT,cTnT,PaCO₂升高（P<0.05）,PaO₂水平降低（P<0.05）,且脂多糖组及盲肠结扎组IL-6、PCT、PT、APTT、Cre、ALT,cTnT水平均高于大肠杆菌组（P<0.05）,PaO₂水平低于大肠杆菌组（P<0.05）。结论：大肠杆菌造模、静脉注射脂多糖造模及盲肠结扎造模均可复制脓毒症模型,且静脉注射脂多糖及盲肠结扎造模大鼠的病情严重程度高于大肠杆菌造模。     

造模时间对慢性不可预见性刺激致大鼠抑郁模型的影响

目的研究造模时间长短对大鼠抑郁症模型建造成功率的影响。方法将240只大鼠随机平均分为4组,各组分别给予21 d、35 d、49 d、63 d慢性温和不可预见性刺激。大鼠行为学观察指标包括旷场实验、糖水消耗实验、高架十字迷宫实验、强迫游泳实验等。结果建模成功后的抑郁大鼠其旷场的水平得分、垂直得分;高架迷宫的入开臂次数、入开臂次数比例、入开臂时间和入开臂时间比例较建模前均明显下降;糖水的消耗显著降低,旷场潜伏期时间、强迫游泳静止时间显著延长。结论随着造模时间的延长,抑郁症模型的成功率增加;延长建模时间可能会提高建模成功率,为避免资源的浪费,建议造模时间选取49 d更为恰当。     

香椿子石油醚提取物对大鼠糖尿病肾病的保护作用

为了研究香椿子石油醚提取物(PEE)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠的保护作用及初步机制,采用Wistar雄性大鼠,STZ 60 mg/kg造模。造模成功后,DN大鼠分为模型组、PEE干预组(5 mg/100 g·d),另设正常组。灌胃10周后处死,取材及采血,检测肾脏指数及生化指标;肾皮质行HE和PAS、PASM、Masson染色;电镜观察大鼠肾组织形态;免疫组化观察转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、IV型胶原蛋白(collagen IV)表达水平。结果显示,PEE组大鼠血糖、尿蛋白、氧化应激指标下降;血肌酐与尿素氮降低,明显改善DN大鼠肾脏病理学异常,降低肾脏TGF-β1、CTGF、collagen IV蛋白表达。这表明PEE抑制氧化应激,减少TGF-β1、CTGF、collagen IV蛋白表达,对DN大鼠有一定保护作用。     

对大鼠压疮缺血- 再灌注损伤模型构建及应用的思考

目的:为构建大鼠压疮缺血-再灌注损伤模型提供简易模型装置及有效的造模方法。方法:自制简易压疮缺血-再灌注损伤模型装置,对120只雌性大鼠腿部近膝关节骨隆突处进行为期3日的压疮造模,5个循环/日,每个循环分别实现120 min的缺血期及30 min的再灌注期,分别于造模第1 d、2 d、3 d及造模结束第1 d观察大鼠病灶创面的颜色、形态、水肿、结痂、渗出以及大鼠行为学状况、并于造模结束第1 d统计存活率及成模率。结果:造模第1 d,Ⅰ期压疮100只,Ⅱ期压疮17只,死亡3只;造模第2 d,Ⅰ期压疮26只,Ⅱ期压疮84只,死亡7只;造模第3 d,Ⅰ期压疮11只,Ⅱ期压疮95只,死亡4只;造模结束第1 d,Ⅰ期压疮5只,Ⅱ期压疮101只,死亡0只。120只实验大鼠,共14只大鼠死亡,造模存活率达88.33%,Ⅱ期压疮造模成功率达84.17%。结论:本造模装置可有效制备大鼠压疮缺血-再灌注动物模型,具有接近临床,操作简便,无需麻醉,Ⅱ期压疮成模率较高、避免铁片植入带来的皮肤负损伤等优势,这将为皮肤压疮、乃至慢性损伤组织的机制研究、修复及愈合相关研究提供重要理论和实验依据。     

2型糖尿病证病结合动物模型的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病证病结合动物模型的造模方法及成模标准,建立2型糖尿病病证结合动物模型。方法应用STZ造成大鼠糖尿病（FBG≥16.7mmol/L）后应用中药造成中医阴阳两虚;阴虚热盛;气阴两虚;血瘀气滞证候模型。结果（1）造模后出现饮水增多、尿量增多、生长迟缓、身体消瘦、拉尾排便、排尿等糖尿病大鼠共同特征。阴阳两虚组大鼠还出现大便干燥、舌红等征象;阴虚热盛组大鼠出现大便干燥、舌红等征象;气阴两虚组大鼠出现精神萎糜、倦怠懒动、舌胖大,少津;血瘀气滞组大鼠还出现背毛减少、臀部毛色枯黄、性情暴烈、易激惹、捕捉时叫声频繁、抵抗力大、攻击行为频繁、大便质稀色深、舌质暗等血瘀气滞气滞的症状。（2）实验室指标有不同程度改变。结论应用传统的糖尿病造模方法与糖尿病病证特点和中药四气五味药性理论相结合,研制2型糖尿病病证结合动物模型具有可行性。     

A Tetramethylpyrazine Piperazine Derivate CXC137 Prevents Cell Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells and Improves Memory Dysfunction of Rats with Vascular Dementia

We investigated the effects of CXC137, a tetramethylpyrazine piperazine derivate, on cell damage induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) in human derived neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and its effect on memory dysfunction of rats with vascular dementia. It was found that the presence of CXC137 increased SH-SY5Y cells viability by inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by NMDA. These effects of CXC137 were accompanied by increases of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity and the level of reduced glutathione, and a decrease of lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde. The presence of CXC137 also showed to produce strong inhibition of cellular lactate dehydrogenase leakage, cell apoptosis and intracellular calcium overload. In a vascular dementia rat model established by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion, treatment with CXC137 from 2 to 35 day of post-operation significantly improves the motor performance, spatial learning and memory capability of rats in both the prehensile traction test and Morris water maze test, an effect that was companied by reductions of the animal glutamic acid levels and the degree of brain mitochondrial swelling. These results suggest that CXC137 can improve the memory dysfunction in dementia and thus has important therapeutic potential for the treatment of dementia.     

bFGF对血管性痴呆大鼠海马神经干细胞的影响

目的皮下注射bFGF于血管性痴呆大鼠,研究用药前后对大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖能力的影响。方法制作VD大鼠模型,随机取用VD大鼠模型12只,分治疗组6只,痴呆组6只。另外,取假手术组6只。皮下注射bFGF于治疗组中血管性痴呆大鼠。治疗5周后,以Morris水迷宫定位航行试验和空间探索试验来检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,巢蛋白（nestin）免疫组织化学染色,观察海马nestin阳性细胞数的变化。结果治疗组大鼠海马nestin阳性细胞数较痴呆组明显增多。结论皮下注射bFGF后能迁移至海马,诱导海马产生nestin阳性细胞,刺激大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖,修复受损组织。     

血管性痴呆大鼠模型的治疗方法研究进展

血管性痴呆是引起认知障碍的常见原因,双侧颈总动脉结扎、大脑中动脉闭塞以及原发性高血压大鼠常被作为血管性痴呆模型加以研究。本文将对此类模型的药物及非药物治疗方法研究现状进行综述,从而为血管性痴呆的临床干预提供更多的科学参考建议。     

血管性痴呆动物模型制作方法的改良

目的对大鼠血管性痴呆双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎模型（permanent bilateral common carotid arteryocclusion,2VO）进行改良,以提高模型动物存活率。方法采取改良造模方法（间隔7d分2次结扎双侧颈总动脉）和传统的2VO方法（同时结扎双侧颈总动脉）建立血管性痴呆模型,观察并比较2种方法大鼠的存活率、学习记忆能力改变及病理形态学变化。结果术后7 d,改良模型组动物存活率（86.7%）明显高于传统模型组（40.0%）（P〈0.05）。术后8 w与12 w,与假手术组比较,两种方法模型组逃避潜伏期均明显延长（P〈0.05）,而改良法与传统法造模组之间相比较无显著性差异。HE染色显示：改良法与传统法造模组的大鼠海马区神经元有相似程度的明显变性、坏死和凋亡。结论 2VO改良造模法是降低大鼠血管性痴呆模型动物死亡率的成功方法,值得进一步研究、推广。     

Immunohistochemical study of N-epsilon-carboxymethyl lysine (CML) in human brain: relation to vascular dementia

Background  

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) occur in dementia of the Alzheimer's type and diabetic microvascular disease. Accumulation of AGEs relates to risk factors for vascular dementia with ageing, including hypertension and diabetes. Cognitive dysfunction in vascular dementia may relate to microvascular disease resembling that in diabetes. We tested if, among people with cerebrovascular disease, (1) those with dementia have higher levels of neuronal and vascular AGEs and (2) if cognitive dysfunction depends on neuronal and/or vascular AGE levels.     

Animal Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID)

Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the most common etiology of dementia in the elderly. Both, vascular and Alzheimer’s disease, pathologies work synergistically to create neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. The main causes of VCID include hemorrhage/microbleed (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia), cerebral small vessel disease, multi-infarct dementia, severe hypoperfusion (i.e., bilateral common carotid artery stenosis), strategic infarct, angiopathy (i.e., cerebral angiopathy), and hereditary vasculopathy (i.e., cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). In this review, we will discuss the experimental animal models that have been developed to study these pathologies. We will discuss the limitations and strengths of these models and the important research findings that have advanced the field through the use of the models.     

Links Between the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia

The major neuropathological lesions defining Alzheimer's disease (AD) include neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, which are mainly composed of abnormally phosphorylated tau and amyloid-beta (A beta), respectively. Numerous neuropathological and neuroimaging studies indicate that at least one-third of AD cases are complicated by some degree of vascular pathology, whereas in a similar proportion of patients clinically diagnosed with vascular dementia, AD pathology is also present. Many classical vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia have recently been shown also to increase the risk of AD. Growing evidence suggests that vascular pathology lowers the threshold for the clinical presentation of dementia at a given level of AD-related pathology and potentially directly promotes AD lesions such as A beta plaques. Cerebral ischemia, chronically up-regulates expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is the precursor to the amyloid beta peptide and damages the blood-brain barrier (BBB), affecting A beta peptide clearance from the brain. Recognition of the importance of these vascular risk factors for AD-related dementia and their treatment will be beneficial not only for preventing cardiac, cerebral, and peripheral complications of vascular disease, but also will likely have a direct impact on the occurrence of sporadic AD in older subjects. In this paper, we review some of the links between vascular risk factors and AD pathology and present data on the direct effect of ischemia on cognitive function and A beta deposition in a mouse model of AD.     

PET/CT影像技术在神经退行性疾病动物模型研究中的应用

PET和CT影像技术是肿瘤、痴呆症、心脑血管病等的重要临床诊断技术,近年发展的小动物PET/CT成为对人类疾病动物模型,尤其是小动物模型进行比较医学研究的最新工具,能够活体无创的、动态的、定量的从分子水平观察动物的生理生化变化,进行代谢显像、受体显像、基因表达显像等。已经广泛应用于对神经退行性疾病的研究中.本文介绍了近年来一些小动物PET/CT在退行性疾病的研究中的最新应用。     

The decline and resurgence of vascular dementia.

Arteriosclerotic narrowing of cerebral arteries was once viewed as the key to mental decline. As Alzheimer''s disease gained recognition and the concept of multi-infarct dementia achieved acceptance, vascular dementia came to be regarded as uncommon. The changing nature of cerebral vascular disease, the aging of the population and the widespread use of brain imaging techniques have brought new prominence to vascular dementia, chiefly in the form of an epidemic of "Binswanger''s disease". Growing evidence suggests that not only grey matter lesions but also white matter lesions contribute to dementia, that vascular factors commonly coexist and interact with Alzheimer changes and that Alzheimer''s disease has a vascular and potentially treatable component. Vascular dementia needs to be redefined, reappraised and reinvestigated.     

"Closing-in" phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia

Background  

The 'closing-in' phenomenon is defined as a tendency to close in on a model while copying it. This is one of several constructional apraxia observed in dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of it in the differential diagnosis of AD and subcortical vascular dementia (SVD) and to clarify the factors associated with it.