真核细胞表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型包膜糖蛋白B及其抗原性与免疫原性分析

为在真核细胞中表达并纯化I型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV I)包膜糖蛋白gB,并分析其抗原性和免疫原性,化学合成了包膜糖蛋白gB1胞外区基因片段,构建真核表达载体,并转染至HEK293细胞,表达的蛋白用羊抗HSV1+HSV2血清作为一抗,用ELISA检测其抗原性;用纯化的gB1蛋白免疫昆明小鼠,观察诱发抗体产生的时间及其效价,并用ELISA和Western blot检测小鼠抗gB1多克隆抗体特异性识别重组gB1抗原的能力,评价其免疫原性。结果显示在HEK293细胞中成功表达重组gB1蛋白,ELISA证实羊抗HSV1+HSV2多抗能够识别重组gB1蛋白;重组gB1蛋白免疫小鼠7周后,小鼠血清中多克隆抗体效价达到5×103,表明在真核细胞中高效表达并纯化的重组gB1蛋白具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性,为HSV检测试剂和疫苗研究提供了理论基础。     

真核细胞表达单纯疱疹病毒I型包膜糖蛋白B及其抗原性与免疫原性分析

为在真核细胞中表达并纯化I型单纯疱疹病毒（HSV I）包膜糖蛋白gB,并分析其抗原性和免疫原性,化学合成了包膜糖蛋白gB1胞外区基因片段,构建真核表达载体,并转染至HEK293细胞,表达的蛋白用羊抗HSV1+HSV2血清作为一抗,用ELISA检测其抗原性;用纯化的gB1蛋白免疫昆明小鼠,观察诱发抗体产生的时间及其效价,并用ELISA和Western blot检测小鼠抗gB1多克隆抗体特异性识别重组gB1抗原的能力,评价其免疫原性。结果显示在HEK293细胞中成功表达重组gB1蛋白,ELISA证实羊抗HSV1+HSV2多抗能够识别重组gB1蛋白;重组gB1蛋白免疫小鼠7周后,小鼠血清中多克隆抗体效价达到5×103,表明在真核细胞中高效表达并纯化的重组gB1蛋白具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性,为HSV检测试剂和疫苗研究提供了理论基础。     

猪瘟病毒NS3基因克隆、原核表达及间接ELISA方法初步建立

采用PCR方法从携带猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒(Hog cholera lapinized virus,HCLV)全长基因组cDNA的质粒pPOHCLV中扩增到长度为2000bp左右NS3基因序列,并将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a(+),构建成重组原核表达载体pETNS3。将pETNS3在大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中进行优化表达,SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白NS3主要以包涵体形式表达,分子大小约95kD。Western Blotting分析表明重组蛋白NS3具有免疫原性。采用Ni+亲和层析方法纯化得到重组蛋白NS3(90%)。以纯化的重组蛋白NS3为抗原初步建立了检测CSFVNS3抗体的间接ELISA方法,检测221份不同猪群和年龄猪的血清样品。检测结果与IDEXX公司CSFV-Ab检测试剂盒检测结果进行对比,阳性符合率为83.33%,阴性符合率为89.38%,总符合率为86.43%。30份存在差异的血清样品用间接免疫荧光法(Indirect immunofluorescence assay,IFA)进行检测,结果显示IFA检测结果与NS3间接ELISA和IDEXX公司CSFV-Ab检测试剂盒符合率分别为56.67%和43.33%。     

伪狂犬病病毒gE基因主要抗原表位区的原核表达及其在疫苗接种和自然感染鉴别诊断中的应用

根据伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）Min-A株gE基因序列,利用PCR方法扩增了PRV-gE基因不含信号肽、胞内区和跨膜区的主要抗原表位区,并克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中,获得的重组质粒命名为pGEX-tgE。经SDSPAGE电泳分析证实克隆的部分gE基因获得了表达,融合表达产物大小约为63kD,并在终浓度为0.6mmol/L的IPTG诱导下,3.5h其表达量达到高峰。通过改变诱导条件,有效抑制了包涵体形成,提高了重组蛋白的溶解性。Western blot分析证实表达的重组gE蛋白具有抗原反应活性。将表达产物利用亲和层析法纯化后作为ELISA抗原,通过对其特异性、敏感性及工作条件的优化试验,和对48份PRV阴性血清样品的检测结果的统计学分析,建立了猪伪狂犬病tgE-ELISA鉴别诊断方法。通过对400份送检血清样品的检测结果分析,表明其与PRV全病毒ELISA试验的符合率高达95%以上,与基于抗gE蛋白单抗竞争性ELISA的符合率达94%。此方法可用于gE基因缺失PRV疫苗免疫动物和PRV自然感染动物的鉴别诊断。     

检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征抗体的重组N蛋白-ELISA的建立

将已构建成功的重组质粒pETN转化入Ecoli BL21(DE3)中,在最佳诱导条件下获得重组N蛋白。随后用His-Bind对表达产物进行纯化,对纯化效果及纯化产物的特异性分别用SDS-PAGE电泳及Western—blot试验检测。在此基础上,以纯化的重组N蛋白作为包被抗原,对各种条件进行优化(如抗原的包被,作用时间及底物的选择),确定了判定标准。建立了检测PRRS抗体的间接ELISA方法。用此方法检测了200份血清样品,并与IDEXX公司ELISA试剂盒检测结果相比较,符合率达91％。     

猴B病毒囊膜蛋白gB特异性抗原表位的筛选与表达鉴定

目的筛选和鉴定猴B病毒囊膜蛋白gB的特异性抗原表位,将其应用于B病毒的检测。方法利用蛋白序列比较和表位预测技术筛选猴B病毒囊膜蛋白gB的特异性抗原表位,经PCR扩增后原核表达,纯化,Western-blot鉴定融合蛋白,建立特异性表位的ELISA检测方法 ,并对其效果进行评估。结果琼脂糖凝胶电泳和测序结果显示出目的表位基因完全正确,并且重组蛋白经过SDS-PAGE、Western-blot鉴定,其相对分子质量约为27×10^3,与预期值相符。筛选出的gB-26肽表位检测结果与文献相符,特异性较好,敏感性稍低。结论建立了猴B病毒囊膜蛋白gB特异性抗原表位筛选和鉴定的实验方法 ,为进一步研制猴B病毒快速诊断试剂盒和猴B病毒亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。     

伪狂犬病病毒Ea株gE基因主要抗原区在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达

伪狂犬病病毒gE蛋白是一种重要的诊断抗原,可用于伪狂犬病根除计划中的鉴别诊断。为了获得大量的抗原,将编码gE主要抗原区域的基因片段插入毕赤酵母表达载体中,得到的重组表达载体转化GS115酵母,通过G418抗性筛选得到一株多拷贝的重组酵母,经甲醇诱导表达了截短的gE蛋白,并分泌到胞外。Western blotting分析显示表达的蛋白大小为33kD。ELISA结果表明表达蛋白具有良好的抗原性,重组酵母的诱导培养上清不需纯化可直接作为抗原检测gE的抗体,这为研制质优价廉的鉴别诊断试剂盒奠定了基础。     

人巨细胞病毒抗原表位的重组表达及免疫原性分析

目的:用大肠杆菌表达系统表达人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)pp65蛋白和gB蛋白的优势抗原表位基因,制成HCMV亚单位疫苗,探究其在Balb/c小鼠体内的体液免疫和细胞免疫活性。方法:选取pp65蛋白的490~508aa和gB蛋白的607~621aa的基因片段,经PCR扩增目的片段,连接表达载体pET-32a(+),转化BL21(DE3)plys菌株,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDSPAGE)分析蛋白质表达,金属螯合亲和镍柱法纯化目的蛋白。重组蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠,Western blotting法和间接ELISA法检测重组蛋白的体液免疫活性;通过流式细胞仪和双抗夹心ELISA法检测重组蛋白的细胞免疫活性。结果:获得分子质量约为22kDa的融合蛋白,Western blotting检测显示抗体有特异性,间接ELISA法检测其效价为1∶102 400。与对照组相比,实验组小鼠外周血中CD4~+T细胞和CD8~+T细胞的数量,以及IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12的含量有显著提高(P0.01)。结论:制备的具有免疫优势抗原表位的重组蛋白能诱导小鼠产生较强的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。     

猪口蹄疫病毒VP1结构蛋白抗体间接ELISA方法的建立

将口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的VP1基因,通过pPROex-HT表达载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达,获得大小为31ku的融合蛋白,Western blot检测证实表达的该蛋白具有良好的生物学活性。以纯化的融合蛋白为抗原建立了猪FMDV VP1蛋白间接ELISA检测方法。通过对80份田间血清样品的检测表明,该方法与FMDV液相阻断ELISA（国标试剂盒）的总符合率为96.25%,表明建立的VP1蛋白间接ELISA检测方法具有很好的特异性和敏感性。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2抗原表位表达及验证

[目的]获得高效表达的重组牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhoea virus,BVDV)E2免疫抗原蛋白。[方法]应用软件分析BVDV-E2蛋白抗原表位,将富含抗原表位基因片段连接表达载体p GEX-4T-1,并转化至大肠杆菌(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western Blot检测诱导表达蛋白,经镍柱分离纯化;以纯化蛋白为包被抗原,用间接ELISA检测抗原对免疫血清的反应性。[结果]成功克隆BVDV-E2抗原表位基因,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达,Western Blot和ELISA证实表达重组蛋白对BVDV阳性血清具有反应原性。[结论]获得大小为49.5 k Da的BVDV-E2抗原表位蛋白,并且该抗原稀释度在1:40,抗体稀释度在1:20时结合效果最佳。可用于后续的纳米抗体筛选的研究。     

The pseudorabies virus gII gene is closely related to the gB glycoprotein gene of herpes simplex virus.

We have looked for conserved DNA sequences between four herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein genes encoding gB, gC, gD, and gE and pseudorabies virus (PRV) DNA, HSV-1 DNA fragments representing these four glycoprotein-coding sequences were hybridized to restriction enzyme fragments of PRV DNA by the Southern blot procedure. Specific hybridization was observed only when HSV-1 gB DNA was used as probe. This region of hybridization was localized to a 5.2-kilobase (kb) region mapping at approximately 0.15 map units on the PRV genome. Northern blot (RNA blot) analysis, with a 1.2-kb probe derived from this segment, revealed a predominant hybridizing RNA species of approximately 3 kb in PRV-infected PK15 cells. DNA sequence analysis of the region corresponding to this RNA revealed a single large open reading frame with significant nucleotide homology with the gB gene of HSV-1 KOS 321. In addition, the beginning of the sequenced PRV region also contained the end of an open reading frame with amino acid homology to HSV-1 ICP 18.5, a protein that may be involved in viral glycoprotein transport. This sequence partially overlaps the PRV gB homolog coding sequence. We have shown that the PRV gene with homology to HSV-1 gB encoded the gII glycoprotein gene by expressing a 765-base-pair segment of the PRV open reading frame in Escherichia coli as a protein fused to beta-galactosidase. Antiserum, raised in rabbits, against this fusion protein immunoprecipitated a specific family of PRV glycoproteins of apparent molecular mass 110, 68, and 55 kilodaltons that have been identified as the gII family of glycoproteins. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence indicated that the PRV gII protein shares 50% amino acid homology with the aligned HSV-1 gB protein. All 10 cysteine residues located outside of the signal sequence, as well as 4 of 6 potential N-linked glycosylation sites, were conserved between the two proteins. The primary protein sequence for HSV-1 gB regions known to be involved in the rate of virus entry into the cells and cell-cell fusion, as well as regions known to be associated with monoclonal antibody resistance, were highly homologous with the PRV protein sequence. Furthermore, monospecific antibody made against PRV gII immunoprecipitated HSV-1 gB from infected cells. Taken together, these findings suggest significant conservation of structure and function between the two proteins and may indicate a common evolutionary history.     

Effects of truncation of the carboxy terminus of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B on infectivity

Glycoproteins homologous to the type I membrane glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are the most highly conserved glycoproteins within the family Herpesviridae and are present in members of each herpesvirus subfamily. In the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), gB is required for entry into target cells and for direct viral cell-to-cell spread. These processes, though related, appear to be distinct, and thus it was interesting to analyze whether they require different functions of gB. To this end, we established cell lines stably expressing different carboxy-terminally truncated versions of PrV gB by deleting either (i) one predicted intracytoplasmic alpha-helical domain encompassing putative YQRL and dileucine internalization signals, (ii) two predicted intracytoplasmic alpha-helical domains, (iii) the complete intracytoplasmic domain, or (iv) the intracytoplasmic domain and the transmembrane anchor region. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that gB derivatives lacking at least the last 29 amino acids (aa) localize close to the plasma membrane, while the full-length protein accumulates in intracellular aggregations. Trans-complementation studies with a gB-deleted PrV (PrV-gB(-)) demonstrated that the 29-aa truncated form lacking the putative internalization signals and the C-terminal alpha-helical domain (gB-008) was efficiently incorporated into PrV-gB(-) virions and efficiently complemented infectivity and cell-to-cell spread. Moreover, gB-008 exhibited an enhanced fusogenic activity. In contrast, gB proteins lacking both alpha-helical domains (gB-007), the complete intracytoplasmic domain, or the intracytoplasmic domain and transmembrane anchor were only inefficiently or not at all incorporated into PrV-gB(-) virions and did not complement infectivity. However, gB-007 was able to mediate cell-to-cell spread of PrV-gB(-). Similar phenotypes were observed when virus recombinants expressing gB-008 or gB-007, respectively, instead of wild-type gB were isolated and analyzed. Thus, our data show that internalization of gB is not required for gB incorporation into virions nor for its function in either entry or cell-to-cell spread. Moreover, they indicate different requirements for gB in these membrane fusion processes.     

Production of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus envelope glycoproteins gB and gC as recombinant polyhedra in baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae

The expression of viral antigens in baculovirus-infected insect cells is often ineffective. As an alternative approach, therefore, we developed the recombinant polyhedra technology, which is an efficient strategy for the production of viral subunit vaccine. Here, we report a strategy for the large-scale production of a pseudorabies virus (PRV) gB or gC in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the epitope regions of PRV gB or heparin-binding domains of PRV gC. Recombinant BmNPV-PRV-gB or BmNPV-PRV-gC-infected silkworm larvae expressed native polyhedrin and fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-PRV gB or anti-PRV-gC antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra contained both the fusion protein and native polyhedrin with a normal morphology and that the recombinant polyhedra contained PRV gB or gC. The yield of gB or gC antigen produced in BmNPV-PRV-gB or BmNPV-PRV-gC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.69 or 0.46 mg per larva, respectively, at 6 days post-infection. These results demonstrate that the recombinant polyhedra strategy can be used for the large-scale production of PRV gB or gC antigen.     

含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase-1)对猪伪狂犬病毒复制的影响

猪伪狂犬病是伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)感染引起的一种烈性接触性传染病,其感染宿主会触发机体先天免疫应答,引起I型干扰素(Type I interferon,IFN-1)和炎性细胞因子等细胞因子的产生,为研究可诱导产生炎性细胞因子的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1,caspase-1)的基因敲除对PRV复制的影响,本试验利用近年来发展迅速的一项规律性短重复回文序列簇/Cas9核酸酶(Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated system 9,CRISPR/Cas9)基因定点修饰技术构建猪肾上皮细胞(Porcine kidney epithelial cells,PK15)caspase-1基因稳定敲除细胞系,并通过T7核酸酶检测敲除效率;细胞毒性(Cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)试剂盒检测PK15敲除caspase-1增殖影响;采用流式细胞术检测PRV-GFP感染PK15以及PK15-caspase-1^-/-的增殖差异;实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time quantitative PCR,RT-PCR)检测PRV-gB、TK及白细胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IFN-β、干扰素刺激基因(Interferon-stimulated genes 20,ISG20)mRNA的表达;Western Blot检测PRV-gB蛋白表达;滴度测定检测子代病毒滴度。结果表明,2对特异性单链引导RNA(Single guide RNA,sgRNA)均能对caspase-1进行基因编辑,但经T7核酸酶酶切进行基因编辑效率分析结果表明sgRNA2的基因编辑效率较高;CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力结果表明caspase-1基因敲除对PK15以及PK15-caspase-1^-/-细胞活力无影响(P>0.05);流式细胞仪检测结果表明PRV-GFP在PK15-caspase-1^-/-中的增殖显著低于PK15细胞(P<0.05);定量RT-PCR结果表明PRV-gB、TK基因在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的mRNA表达显著低于PK15细胞(gB:P<0.05,TK:P<0.05),而IFN-β、ISG20基因在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的mRNA表达显著高于PK15细胞(gB:P<0.05,TK:P<0.05);Western Blot结果表明,PRV的gB蛋白在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的表达显著低于PK15细胞(P<0.05);滴度测定结果表明,敲除caspase-1能够抑制PRV子代病毒的增殖。以上结果均表明caspase-1基因敲除可抑制PRV在PK15细胞中复制。     

Internalization of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B is mediated by an interaction between the YQRL motif in its cytoplasmic domain and the clathrin-associated AP-2 adaptor complex

The cytoplasmic domain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein B (gB) contains three putative internalization motifs. Previously, we demonstrated that the tyrosine-based YQRL motif at positions 902 to 905, but not the YMSI motif at positions 864 to 867 or the LL doublet at positions 887 and 888, is required for correct functioning of gB during antibody-mediated internalization of PRV cell surface-bound glycoproteins. In the present study, we demonstrate that the YQRL motif is also crucial to allow spontaneous internalization of PRV gB, and thus, that spontaneous and antibody-mediated internalizations of PRV gB occur through closely related mechanisms. Furthermore, we found that PRV gB colocalizes with the cellular clathrin-associated AP-2 adaptor complex and that this colocalization depends on the YQRL motif. In addition, by coimmunoprecipitation assays, we found that during both spontaneous and antibody-dependent internalization, PRV gB physically interacts with AP-2, and that efficient interaction between gB and AP-2 required an intact YQRL motif. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that during internalization of an alphaherpesvirus envelope protein, i.e., PRV gB, a specific amino acid sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the protein interacts with AP-2 and may constitute a common AP-2-mediated mechanism of internalization of alphaherpesvirus envelope proteins.     

Membrane anchoring domain of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gB is sufficient for nuclear envelope localization.

We have used the glycoprotein gB of herpes simplex virus type 1 (gB-1), which buds from the inner nuclear membrane, as a model protein to study localization of membrane proteins in the nuclear envelope. To determine whether specific domains of gB-1 glycoprotein are involved in localization in the nuclear envelope, we have used deletion mutants of gB-1 protein as well as chimeric proteins constructed by replacing the domains of the cell surface glycoprotein G of vesicular stomatitis virus with the corresponding domains of gB. Mutant and chimeric proteins expressed in COS cells were localized by immunoelectron microscopy. A chimeric protein (gB-G) containing the ectodomain of gB and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of G did not localize in the nuclear envelope. When the ectodomain of G was fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of gB, however, the resulting chimeric protein (G-gB) was localized in the nuclear envelope. Substitution of the transmembrane domain of G with the 69 hydrophobic amino acids containing the membrane anchoring domain of gB allowed the hybrid protein (G-tmgB) to be localized in the nuclear envelope, suggesting that residues 721 to 795 of gB can promote retention of proteins in the nuclear envelope. Deletion mutations in the hydrophobic region further showed that a transmembrane segment of 21 hydrophobic amino acids, residues 774 to 795 of gB, was sufficient for localization in the nuclear envelope. Since wild-type gB and the mutant and chimeric proteins that were localized in the nuclear envelope were also retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, the membrane spanning segment of gB could also influence retention in the endoplasmic reticulum.     

A method for efficient gene isolation from phage lambda gt11 libraries: use of antisera to denatured, acetone-precipitated proteins

Experience with cloning pseudorabies virus (PRV) DNA in the lambda gt11 phage vector has shown that there are special requirements for the antisera used in screening the libraries, in addition to the requirement that the antisera recognize proteins on a Western blot. Initial screening of a lambda gt11 library of sheared PRV DNA fragments in Escherichia coli for expression of PRV antigens using PRV hyperimmune antisera was unsuccessful. It was only after screening the library with antisera raised against PRV proteins eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide (PA) gels that positive results were obtained. These "gel-slice" antisera (GSA) were equivalent in potency to hyperimmune antisera in standard immunoassays (including ELISA, immunoprecipitation, Western blots, and neutralization of virus), but only the GSA could recognize PRV fusion proteins expressed by recombinant lambda gt11 phage. This difference was seen despite the fact that hyperimmune antisera performed satisfactorily on Western blots of denatured PRV-infected cell extracts. These results show that the efficiency of screening expression libraries in E. coli can be improved if antibodies are raised against denatured proteins.     

非洲猪瘟病毒p35蛋白作为诊断抗原的抗原性比较

为了筛选出酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)反应性最佳的非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)诊断抗原,通过建立ELISA方法,以杆状病毒昆虫细胞表达系统表达的ASFV p30蛋白诊断抗原为参照,首次探讨原核表达系统表...