Toll受体-myd88通路与异氟烷预处理脑保护的研究新进展

研究表明,吸入麻醉药可作用于KATP通道、拮抗兴奋性氨基酸及抑制氧自由基生成等,从而诱导脑缺血耐受.但是,上述结果并未揭示与吸入麻醉药预处理脑保护效应相关的细胞内信号机制,目前,对Toll样受体(TLRs)家族的广泛研究揭示部分TLRs受体与全身重要器官的缺血再灌注损伤有关,本文就以异氨烷为代表的吸入麻醉药预处理与脑保护的研究进展及参与脑缺血再灌注损伤的TLRs受体信号通路综述如下.     

硫化氢对抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制研究进展

硫化氢（H2S）是一种新型内源性气体信使分子,在许多生理和病理生理过程中,尤其在神经保护中,扮演重要角色,既是神经调节剂, 也是神经保护剂。近年来的研究发现,H2S对于脑缺血再灌注损伤具有积极的防治作用,它可通过抗氧化应激、抗炎及抗细胞凋亡等多个途径, 对脑缺血再灌注损伤起保护作用,具有良好的临床应用前景。简介脑内H2S生成途径,综述H2S在中枢神经系统中的生物学效应及其对脑 缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用与机制研究进展,以期为脑缺血再灌注损伤的临床防治提供新思路。     

何首乌提取物减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤和上调脑内UCP4蛋白水平

目的研究何首乌提取物对脑缺血再灌注损伤UCP4的影响,初步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法健康雄性SD大鼠采用线栓法复制局灶性脑缺血(MCAO)再灌注损伤模型,缺血2h后再灌注6h或24h,部分缺血再灌注模型大鼠分别灌胃不同浓度何首乌口服液。免疫组织化学染色和Western blot检测脑内UCP4表达,TTC染色检测脑梗死面积。结果在脑缺血再灌注6h后损伤,UCP4蛋白在海马内表达增高,再灌注24h后表达降低;何首乌提取物能浓度依赖性减少脑缺血再灌注损伤的脑梗死面积和上调UCP4表达。结论何首乌提取物能明显改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与脑内线粒体蛋白UCP4表达升高,保护神经元有关。     

大鼠脑缺血／再灌注损伤中一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的:探讨脑缺血/再灌注损伤中脑组织一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的变化.方法:用线栓法建立大脑中动脉梗死(MCAO)模型,观察局灶性脑缺血30 min再灌注30 min、1 h、3 h、 6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h 、72 h、96 h、168 h NO含量和NOS活性的变化.结果:脑缺血/再灌注过程中NO含量和NOS活性呈"双峰样"改变.缺血/再灌注30 min后NO含量和NOS活性升高,再灌注3 h时NO含量和NOS活性下降,再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h 、72 h NO含量和NOS活性再次显著升高,与再灌注72 h达峰值.结论:NO和NOS通过多种途径参与了脑缺血/再灌注损伤的病理过程.     

全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马PPARγ mRNA表达变化

目的 观察大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤后海马PPARγ mRNA表达的动态变化.方法 采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉,颈总静脉抽血后回输建立大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型.Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间定向能力变化,HE染色观察海马病理组织学改变及RT-PCR法检测缺血再灌注后不同时间点PPARγ mRNA的表达变化.结果 全脑缺血/再灌注损伤导致大鼠空间学习及记忆能力明显下降,海马神经元出现明显的核固缩和细胞丢失.PPARγ mRNA的表达先升高后降低,以缺血/再灌注后48 h表达水平最高,30 d后接近正常水平.结论 全脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠海马组织中PPARγ mRNA的表达,在再灌注30 d内明显增加,表达高峰在48 h.     

稳定表达黄嘌呤氧化还原酶的人类神经外胚层瘤PFSK细胞株的建立(简报)

黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(Xanthine Oxidoreductase,XOR)参与嘌呤类物质代谢,是嘌呤代谢的关键酶。在哺乳动物中,XOR以两种可互相转换的形式存在,即黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)。同时,由于XOR催化反应的副产物是氧自由基,因此XOR参与氧自由基产生的作用也日益受到重视。大量动物实验模型已经表明在氧化性组织损伤过程如脑缺血/再灌注等病理情况下,XOR活性增强导致的氧自由基积聚是造成组织损伤的直接原因之一。但是,人类XOR的研究却由于正常人类XOR活性和基因表达水平较低(仅     

电针对局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型大鼠大脑缺血皮质区P2X7R与NLRP3炎性小体表达的影响

目的观察电针治疗对局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型大鼠大脑缺血皮质区嘌呤受体配体门控性离子通道7(purinergic2X7 receptor,P2X7R)和Nod样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor pyrin 3,NLRP3)炎性小体表达的影响,探讨电针治疗减轻局灶脑缺血/再灌注炎性损伤的可能机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针组,每组16只。采用改良线栓法制备局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型。以大鼠"百会"、"合谷"和"太冲"为电针穴位。采用Bederson行为学评分评价各组大鼠神经功能缺损程度,Western blot和RT-q PCR检测大脑缺血皮区P2X7R、NLRP3蛋白及m RNA表达情况,ELISA检测脑内IL-1β和IL-18含量,荧光共聚焦显微镜检测脑内Iba-1阳性小胶质细胞数量。结果脑缺血再灌注后24h,电针治疗可明显改善神经功能缺损症状。RT-q PCR和Western blot检测显示,模型组大脑皮质缺血区P2X7R和NLRP3 m RNA和蛋白表达较假手术组明显升高,电针治疗可明显减少脑缺血再灌注后P2X7R和NLRP3 m RNA和蛋白表达的升高。ELISA测定表明,与模型组相比,电针组大脑皮质缺血区IL-1β和IL-18含量明显降低。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察发现,脑缺血再灌注后24h,电针治疗可明显减少大脑皮质缺血区Iba-1阳性小胶质细胞数量。结论电针可抑制局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型大鼠脑内P2X7R、NLRP3表达的上调,削弱小胶质细胞激活,减轻炎症因子分泌,从而减轻脑缺血/再灌注炎性损伤。     

UCF-101对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后JNK和ERK活性的影响

目的:探讨UCF-101对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和胞外信号调节酶(ERK)活性的影响,进一步探讨UCF-101对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤脑保护作用的机制。方法:采用大脑中动脉线栓法(MCAO)建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,随机分为假手术组,缺血再灌注组,UCF组,应用TTC检测大鼠脑梗死体积,TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡,Western blot检测ERK和JNK的活性。结果:UCF-101可下调脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织JNK蛋白的活性,上调ERK蛋白的活性,并降低梗死体积、坏死和凋亡细胞数。结论:UCF-101对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,抑制JNK凋亡通路、促进ERK生存通路,从而减轻细胞凋亡是其脑保护机制之一。     

三七总皂苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑内NGF和bFGF表达的影响

目的:观察三七总皂苷(PNS)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑组织神经生长因子(NGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)蛋白表达的影响.方法:采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.实验动物随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注模型组、模型 PNS治疗组和模型 尼莫地平治疗组.用免疫组织化学方法检测脑内皮质、海马等区域NGF和bFGF蛋白表达.结果:缺血2h再灌注46h后,脑内海马和皮质区的NGF表达降低,PNS能显著上调海马、皮质区及丘脑区域NGF的表达.缺血2h再灌注46h后,bFGF的表达各脑区无明显差异;但PNS能显著上调缺血再灌注损伤后胼胝体区域内bFGF的表达.结论:局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,PNS能上调缺血脑组织内NGF和bFGF表达,尤其是促进了NGF的表达,这可能是PNS对脑缺血后损伤神经元的保护机制之一.     

TNF-α与G—CSF在脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的研究

再灌注损伤是由多种原因引起的复杂的病理生理过程,而级联的炎症反应是导致脑细胞损伤的重要病理环节。脑缺血再灌注后,浸润的炎性细胞产生的大量炎性介质,在再灌注损伤中占有重要地位。肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）是一种具有广泛生物学功能的细胞因子,参与机体免疫应答和炎症反应TNF-α是细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的强诱导剂,抑制细胞粘附分子（ICAM-1）表达可显著减低再灌注时白细胞粘附活化,减少损伤脑面积起保护作用。粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）能通过STAT途径减少缺血区肿瘤坏死因子-α等的释放,引起人们对其在脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用的极大关注。     

Oxidative stress and neuronal death/survival signaling in cerebral ischemia

It has been demonstrated by numerous studies that apoptotic cell death pathways are implicated in ischemic cerebral injury in ischemia models in vivo. Experimental ischemia and reperfusion models, such as transient focal/global ischemia in rodents, have been thoroughly studied and the numerous reports suggest the involvement of cell survival/death signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of apoptotic cell death in ischemic lesions. In these models, reoxygenation during reperfusion provides oxygen as a substrate for numerous enzymatic oxidation reactions and for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to produce adenosine triphosphate. Oxygen radicals, the products of these biochemical and physiological reactions, are known to damage cellular lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and to initiate cell signaling pathways after cerebral ischemia. Genetic manipulation of intrinsic antioxidants and factors in the signaling pathways has provided substantial understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell death/survival signaling pathways and the role of oxygen radicals in ischemic cerebral injury. Future studies of these pathways could provide novel therapeutic strategies in clinical stroke.     

Oxygen radicals in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, and in cerebral vascular damage

Recent work suggests that oxygen radicals may be important mediators of damage in a wide variety of pathologic conditions. In this review we consider the evidence supporting the participation of oxygen radicals in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, in ischemia reperfusion injury in the myocardium, and in cerebral vascular injury in acute hypertension and traumatic brain injury. In the adult respiratory distress syndrome there is active sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the pulmonary vascular system. There is evidence that activation of these neutrophils results in the production of oxygen radicals which injure the capillary membrane and increase permeability, leading to progressive hypoxia and decreased lung compliance which are hallmarks of the syndrome. In acute arterial hypertension or experimental brain injury oxygen radicals are important mediators of vascular damage. The metabolism of arachidonic acid is the source of oxygen free radical production in these conditions. In myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, the ischemic myocyte is "primed" for free radical production. With reperfusion and reintroduction of molecular oxygen there is a burst of oxygen radical production resulting in extensive tissue destruction. Myocardial ischemia--reperfusion injury shares in common with the other two syndromes activation of the arachidonic acid cascade and acute inflammation. Thus it would appear that the generation of toxic oxygen species may represent a final common pathway of tissue destruction in several pathophysiologic states.     

Invited Commentary:Concepts Related to the Study of Reactive Oxygen and Cardiac Reperfusion Injury

The phenomenon of reperfusion injury remains poorly defined. Questions remain about whether injury occurs in addition to that produced by hypoxia or ischemia. or whether the observed changes simply reflect the unmasking of an underlying injury. Various pathological processes which occur upon the return of oxygen to hypoxic and ischemic heart tissue have been quantitated to assess the extent of reperfusion injury. yet it is not known if they reflect identical or different processes. In addition. the mechanism(s) responsible for these diverse changes may not be the same in the various model systems used to study reperfusion injury. Although reactive oxygen species clearly are formed at reperfusion. conclusive evidence that they are producing injury. particularly during the first seconds. is not available. Several sources of these reactive oxygen species have been proposed but none have been clearly linked with injury in several species or model systems. As research in the field of reperfusion injury continues. it is imperative for scientists to clearly define the system they are using so that studies examining mechanisms of cell lysis at reperfusion are not confused with those assessing the occurrence and mechanisms of damage in addition to that produced by oxygen deprivation.     

Invited Commentary:Concepts Related to the Study of Reactive Oxygen and Cardiac Reperfusion Injury

The phenomenon of reperfusion injury remains poorly defined. Questions remain about whether injury occurs in addition to that produced by hypoxia or ischemia. or whether the observed changes simply reflect the unmasking of an underlying injury. Various pathological processes which occur upon the return of oxygen to hypoxic and ischemic heart tissue have been quantitated to assess the extent of reperfusion injury. yet it is not known if they reflect identical or different processes. In addition. the mechanism(s) responsible for these diverse changes may not be the same in the various model systems used to study reperfusion injury. Although reactive oxygen species clearly are formed at reperfusion. conclusive evidence that they are producing injury. particularly during the first seconds. is not available. Several sources of these reactive oxygen species have been proposed but none have been clearly linked with injury in several species or model systems. As research in the field of reperfusion injury continues. it is imperative for scientists to clearly define the system they are using so that studies examining mechanisms of cell lysis at reperfusion are not confused with those assessing the occurrence and mechanisms of damage in addition to that produced by oxygen deprivation.     

Inhibition of the Rac1 GTPase protects against nonlethal ischemia/reperfusion-induced necrosis and apoptosis in vivo.

Reperfusion of ischemic tissue results in the generation of reactive oxygen species that contribute to tissue injury. The sources of reactive oxygen species in reperfused tissue are not fully characterized. We hypothesized that the small GTPase Rac1 mediates the oxidative burst in reperfused tissue and thereby contributes to reperfusion injury. In an in vivo model of mouse hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, recombinant adenoviral expression of a dominant negative Rac1 (Rac1N17) completely suppressed the ischemia/reperfusion-induced production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B, and resulted in a significant reduction of acute liver necrosis. Expression of Rac1N17 also suppressed ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute apoptosis. The protection offered by Rac1N17 was also evident in knockout mice deficient for the gp91phox component of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. This work demonstrates the crucial role of a Rac1-regulated oxidase in mediating the production of injurious reactive oxygen species, which contribute to acute necrotic and apoptotic cell death induced by ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. Targeted inhibition of this oxidase, which is distinct from the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, should provide a new avenue for in vivo therapy aimed at protecting organs at risk from ischemia/reperfusion injury.-Ozaki, M., Deshpande, S. S., Angkeow, P., Bellan, J., Lowenstein, C. J., Dinauer, M. C., Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J., Irani, K. Inhibition of the Rac1 GTPase protects against nonlethal ischemia/reperfusion-induced necrosis and apoptosis in vivo.     

Temporal and regional changes of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats exposed to focal cerebral ischemia

Reactive oxygen species are important cause of tissue injury during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) are intracellular enzymes responsible for endogenous antioxidant defense of tissues affected by I/R. The aim of this study was to examine temporal and regional changes of SOD and GSH-Px activities in animals exposed to transient focal cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar Hannover rats were subjected to the right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2?h. The animals were sacrificed immediately, 0·5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72 or 168?h after ischemic procedure. SOD and GSH-Px activities were determined spectrophotometrically in the hippocampus and parietal cortex, both unilaterally and contralaterally to the occlusion. Sham-operated animals were used as the control group. Our results indicated that transient focal cerebral ischemia causes significant changes in SOD activities in the hippocampus and parietal cortex such as in GSH-Px activities in the parietal cortex, unilaterally and contralaterally to the lesion in rats during different reperfusion periods. Statistically significant activation of GSH-Px was registered neither in the right nor in the left hippocampus of ischemic animals. Copyright ? 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of reactive oxygen species in intestinal diseases.

It is well known that reactive oxygen metabolites are generated during several pathologies, and that they are able to disturb many cellular processes and eventually lead to cellular injury. After intestinal ischemia, reactive oxygen species are produced when the ischemic tissue is reperfused. The enzyme xanthine oxidase is thought to play a key role in this process. As a result of this oxygen radical production, the permeability of the endothelium and the mucosa increases, allowing infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes into the ischemic area. Moreover, reactive oxygen species are also indirectly involved in leukocyte activation. In turn, these inflammatory cells respond with the production of oxygen radicals, which play an important role in the development of tissue injury. Thus, intestinal ischemia and reperfusion evokes an inflammatory response. Also during chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, reactive oxygen metabolites are proposed to play an important role in the pathology. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species will thus be beneficial in these disorders.     

Free radicals and myocardial ischemia: overview and outlook

Much evidence suggests that free radicals and active oxygen species derived from molecular oxygen (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical) contribute to the tissue injury which accompanies myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Three possible sources have been identified for the production of active oxygen species: the enzyme xanthine oxidase; the activated polymorphonuclear leukocyte; the disrupted mitochondrial electron transport system. These sources may be mutually interactive. Once triggered, they may lead to the loss of antioxidant enzymes and to the release of iron, both of which are exacerbatory events.     

Neuroprotective effect of glutamate-substituted analog of gramicidin A is mediated by the uncoupling of mitochondria

BackgroundReactive oxygen species are grossly produced in the brain after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion causing neuronal cell death. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species is nonlinearly related to the value of the mitochondrial membrane potential with significant increment at values exceeding 150 mV. Therefore, limited uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation could be beneficial for cells exposed to deleterious oxidative stress-associated conditions by preventing excessive generation of reactive oxygen species.MethodsProtonophoric and uncoupling activities of different peptides were measured using pyranine-loaded liposomes and isolated mitochondria. To evaluate the effect of glutamate-substituted analog of gramicidin A ([Glu1]gA) administration on the brain ischemic damage, we employed the in vitro model of neuronal hypoxia using primary neuronal cell cultures and the in vivo model of cerebral ischemia induced in rats by the middle cerebral artery occlusion.Results[Glu1]gA was the most effective in proton-transferring activity among several N-terminally substituted analogs of gramicidin A tested in liposomes and rat brain and liver mitochondria. The peptides were found to be protective against ischemia-induced neuronal cell death and they lowered mitochondrial membrane potential in cultured neurons and diminished reactive oxygen species production in isolated brain mitochondria. The intranasal administration of [Glu1]gA remarkably diminished the infarct size indicated in MR-images of a brain at day 1 after the middle cerebral artery occlusion. In [Glu1]gA-treated rats, the ischemia-induced brain swelling and behavioral dysfunction were significantly suppressed.ConclusionsThe glutamate-substituted analogs of gramicidin A displaying protonophoric and uncoupling activities protect neural cells and the brain from the injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion.General significance[Glu1]gA may be potentially used as a therapeutic agent to prevent neuron damage after stroke.