实验动物屏障系统微生物动态状况

目的研究运行中的实验动物屏障系统微生物的情况。方法采用沉降菌法、棉拭子法等方法,研究运行中的屏障系统不同区域、不同环境指标下屏障系统内微生物的状况。结果动态下的屏障系统微生物情况与国标GB14925-2001中静态环境有较大不同,动物饲养室和动物实验室沉降菌浓度远高于静态要求;辅助区域在规范化消毒及严格管理的情况下,能达到国标要求。屏障系统的微生物情况存在一定的昼夜变化规律,在晚间出现峰值。结论合适的换气次数可有效控制实验动物屏障系统的沉降菌浓度;加强消毒及硬件的管理,是屏障系统内环境稳定的保障。     

一级实验豚鼠饲养设施建立及其管理

豚鼠在生物医学研究中用途广泛,尤其适合研究人类生殖功能和控制生育,特别对着床机理研究是比较理想的动物模型。标准化实验动物的培育、生产,首要条件就是要建立标准化的饲养设施。本文根据卫生部《医学实验动物标准》（１９９２）的要求,报告一级实验豚鼠设施建立及其管理。１　普通设施条件的建立与应用本着经济实用的原则,我室在原有设施的基础上,改建成了６６－７ｍ２（７－４４ｍ×８－９７ｍ）的豚鼠饲育室。单走廊,无缓冲间,便于饲育室出口不直接对外;玻璃窗加防昆虫的纱窗,二台冷暖空调及定时通风换气系统。水泥预制板地…     

屏障系统动物室单向流与乱流空气净化方式的细菌比较分析

目的探讨屏障系统动物室控制微生物污染,维持洁净的方法。方法将屏障系统动物室的乱流空气净化方式进行改进,在乱流室内增加能改变气流方式的无动力的设施,使室内气流改变为单向流动的方式。结果乱流动物室的沉降菌平均为47个,浮游菌平均为154.5个;单向气流动物室内的沉降菌平均为1.5个,浮游菌平均为7个。结论单向流优于乱流。这将为今后我国制定新的实验动物屏障系统环境标准提供技术数据。     

屏障环境的门禁控制系统的设计与应用

实验动物屏障环境设施在动态运行时是一个封闭的系统,进入的人、动物、饲料、空气、垫料及用品均须进行严格的微生物控制。传递仓、渡槽、风淋室和缓冲间设备上的控制环节缺少必要的门禁自动化控制设备,在日常工作上极容易造成违章操作和失误,该门禁系统可控制设备的开关门程序和时间,并可启动消毒设备,实现门禁控制和消毒灭菌的目的。     

医学实验动物屏障环境内独立通气笼具的安放

目的探讨屏障系统内安放独立通气笼盒（Individually Ventilated Cages,IVC）双保险模式饲养实验啮齿类动物,力求动物饲养、实验的全过程达到SPF级;降低动物实验室硬件建造费和维持费（节能）。方法通过改建一间屏障环境动物实验室,对空气洁净度等相关项目数据按GB14925-2001方法检定,并在该实验室内安放SPC级IVC饲养动物;在超净工作台内做打针投药等动物实验。结果改建的屏障环境动物实验室和IVC,各项检测数据均达到新国标要求。结论医学实验动物屏障环境内安放IVC饲养啮齿类动物、做动物实验,这种双保险模式能全过程达到SPF级要求;饲养、实验人员操作较简便,节能。     

北京市三个功能区空气微生物中值直径及粒径分布特征

空气中微生物对人类健康的危害除了与微生物的种类和浓度有关外,还与微生物粒子的大小密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机理不同。通过定点试验调查,运用国产安德森生物粒子取样器着重研究北京市3个功能区(文教区-中国科学院生态环境研究中心所在区域、交通干线-西直门和公园绿地-北京植物园)空气微生物的中值直径和粒径分布。结果表明,不同功能区空气微生物的粒径分布相同,空气细菌,真菌与放线菌的粒径分布各不相同。空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,空气真菌呈对数正态分布,空气放线菌的分布特征与空气真菌相反,主要分布在>8.2μm和<2.0μm级中。不同属真菌的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,链格孢属和无孢菌为偏态分布。空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌和放线菌。交通干线和公园绿地空气细菌和真菌粒子中值直径明显大于文教区,放线菌粒子中值直径交通干线明显高于文教区和公园绿地。空气微生物中值直径在一年各月中没有明显的变化规律。     

不同等级环境对大、小鼠及其应用的影响

目的了解不同等级环境（屏障环境和普通环境）对实验大小鼠的一般生理表现和抗应激能力以及对药物反应的影响,初步判定严格的微生物控制是否影响实验动物的人类模型作用。方法将40只SPF级Wistar大鼠和200只SPF级BALB／c小鼠分别饲养于屏障环境和普通环境内,通过以下实验对比观察不同等级环境对实验大、小鼠及其应用的影响：每周测量动物的体重增长情况;饲养35d后,测定大鼠15项血液学指标、14项血液生化指标和9个脏器的相对重量;以抗缺氧实验和游泳实验判断对小鼠体质和抗应激能力的影响;以5．氟尿嘧啶急性毒性实验和戊巴比妥钠麻醉实验测试其对药物作用的异同。结果在5周观察期内,屏障环境饲养小鼠和大鼠的体重增长均明显快于普通环境的对照动物（P〈0．05）;普通环境饲养大鼠的血液RBC、WBC、PCT、PLT、GOT、GGT、GPT、CK、TB值高于屏障环境大鼠（P〈0．05）,而CHO、LDL-C和HDL-C值低于屏障环境大鼠（P〈0．05）;不同微生物环境条件饲养小鼠的游泳耐力和抗缺氧实验结果接近,但是屏障环境组动物所获数据的变异较小;不同等级环境条件饲养小鼠的戊巴比妥钠麻醉反应和5-氟尿嘧啶中毒反应相似,而屏障环境组动物的麻醉维持时间较短,LD50较低,95％可信限狭窄。结论饲养于屏障环境和普通环境的实验大、小鼠在一般生理表现上出现部分差异,动物的抗应激能力和对药物的反应未发生显著变化;在屏障环境条件中,动物的药物反应更敏感、所获数据更稳定,因此,初步认为严格微生物控制条件下的SPF级动物可以作为生活在自然环境中的人类的模型动物。     

复合式实验动物屏障系统一款集动物饲养、实验一体化的屏障设备的设计

目的依据节能、安全、高效、实用的原则,设计一款集饲养与实验一体化的屏障设施。方法在该屏障系统中主要设计了可以组合的传入单元、生活单元、过渡单元和实验单元。在动物和物品的传递流程中,加入了自动灭菌的控制。结果本设计能够提高工作效率,有效保障实验动物的清洁度。结论本系统可以满足清洁级和SPF级的中、小规模实验动物生产及实验需要。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘可培养微生物群落数量与结构特征

以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙漠化土壤为研究对象,研究了不同沙漠化修复程度土壤结皮及结皮下微生物分布特征及多样性。结果表明:研究区域可培养细菌数量随沙漠化生态修复进程呈升高趋势,随采样深度呈下降趋势。数量以节杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属为主,其含量随沙漠化修复程度分别呈降低与升高趋势。修复过程中可培养土壤微生物数量与土壤碳、氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与pH值呈极显著负相关关系,说明微生物数量与沙漠化土壤改良程度密切相关。通过16S rDNA基因测序及构建系统发育树,研究区域可培养细菌归类为18个属,分属于6个系统发育组:高G+C革兰氏阳性类群、低G+C革兰氏阳性类群、α-变形菌、β-变形菌、γ-变形菌和CFB类群,序列比对显示菌株功能多样。     

城市生态系统空气微生物群落研究进展

空气微生物是城市生态系统重要的生物组成部分 ,空气中广泛分布的细菌、真菌孢子、放线菌和病毒等生物粒子不仅具有极其重要的生态功能 ,还与城市空气污染 ,城市环境质量和人体健康密切相关。从生态系统角度出发 ,着重论述了城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围、空气微生物的主要类型、空气微生物浓度的时空变化和空气微生物群落结构的影响因素。综述结果表明 :城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围为 0 .0 0 2～ 30 μm;在调查的城市中 ,空气细菌有 2 1属 ,其中优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属 (Staphylococcus)、微球菌属 (Micrococcus)和微杆菌属 (Microbacterium ) ,真菌有 2 1属 ,其中优势菌属为交链孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属 (Penicillium)、曲霉属 (Aspergillus)和木霉属 (Trichoderma) ,放线菌共有 7属 ;一年中冬季空气微生物浓度最低 ,一天中空气微生物浓度在 8:0 0～ 10 :0 0出现高峰 ,2 :0 0～ 4 :0 0或者 12 :0 0～ 14 :0 0出现低峰 ,交通干线和商业区空气微生物的浓度较高 ,公园绿地较低 ,并且随着高度的增加空气微生物浓度随之减少 ;污染因子 SO2 、NO2 、NO和环境因素风速风向、温度、相对湿度、光照、雨、雪等影响空气微生物的数量和浓度。在经济发达 ,人口流动较多的城市如北京、上海、广     

Circadian rhythm of air-borne bacteria and dust particles in a mouse breeding room

The circadian rhythm of air-borne bacteria and dust particles in a mice breeding room was studied at 1-hour intervals on the first, third and fifth day after accommodation of the animals. The numbers of air-borne bacteria in the room increased day by day after accommodation, and showed a circadian rhythm which went down at about noon and rose with three peaks at about 20:00, 1:00 and 8:00. The numbers of dust particles tended to decrease from day to day, and they showed almost the same circadian rhythm as the air-borne bacteria. Correlations between air-borne bacteria and dust particles were not significant for each particle level on the first day, but were significant for all the particle levels of 0.3, 1, 2, and 5 microns at the third day, and were also significant at particles levels of 0.5 micron or more on the fifth day.     

Animal and worker exposure to dust and biological particles in animal care houses

An aerobiological study was performed to evaluate the potential exposure of animals and workers to dust constituents generated during routine animal house work. Different rooms of air conditioned (A, control) and passively ventilated (B, non-air conditioned) animal facilities were sampled, in order to evaluate total airborne culturable fungi and bacteria, fungal spore concentrations and particle levels. Airborne room particles were analyzed gravimetrically and for endotoxin content. All parameters, except for culturable fungi, were higher in facility B and statistically significant, with respect to those from the control facility A. Median values for airborne particle concentration, endotoxin and fungal spores in facility B were: 115 µg m^–3, 25 EU m^–3, and 2173 spores m^–3, respectively. Median values for facility A were: 66 µg m^–3, 9 EU m^–3, and 248 fungal spores m^–3. Broncheoalveolar lavage from rats kept in the rat room of B, presented median concentrations of total cells and lactate dehydrogenase, higher than those found in the control facility (4.4 × 10⁵ vs. 1.1 × 10⁵ and 2.7 UmL^-1 vs. 0.39 UmL^–1, respectively). Values of total and biological particles of both facilities, as well as the time spent in different rooms, showed that worker exposure was higher during cage washing. It was especially high in the passively ventilated facility (airborne particles 686 µg m^–3 3.5 h^–1 vs. 976 µg m^–3 3.5 h^–1, endotoxin 70 EU m^–3 3.5 h^–1 vs. 108 EU m^–3 3.5 h^–1). The type of basidiospores and ascospores found, as well as the significant correlation between particle levels and endotoxin contents suggests that wood chip bedding disturbance during cage washing is an important source for airborne biological particles. The changes in broncheoalveolar lavage components found in rats from these facilities and previously reported changes in pro-inflammatory cellular responses found in workers, indicate that these relatively low levels of exposure are enough to induce a biological response. Studies considering the composition of mixed organic dusts, would be needed to reevaluate current occupational standards.     

生态交通建设中的动物因素考虑

随着交通设施建设及运营过程中生态环境问题的出现,环境友好的"生态交通"逐渐成为许多国家道路交通建设的目标。铁路和公路等交通设施对动物群落的影响及相应的修复措施是生态交通建设研究中的重要部分。本文回顾了生态交通的产生背景及国内外研究和发展状况;分析了交通及交通设施对野生动物的影响,从道路事故、环境污染和生境阻隔等方面阐述了由此造成的动物群落数量、结构甚至习性的变化;同时,总结了减缓上述不利影响的工程措施及非工程措施,详述了运用最为广泛的动物通道的类型、位置及适用对象,提出了生态交通设计的基本原则和方法。     

Microbiologically monitored fumigation of a newly built SPF laboratory rodent facility.

The initial sanitization and sterilization of a newly built animal facility for the breeding and holding of specific pathogen free (SPF) rats and mice is described. The fumigation programme was started with methyl bromide treatment directed primarily against arthropods, followed by ammonia spray to kill coccidial oocysts and concluded by three formaldehyde treatments with fog and spray against bacteria and viruses. The practicalities and problems involved are described in detail and the rationale and purpose of the programme and its monitoring are discussed. The report is expected to contribute towards the establishment of a rational, efficient and standardized fumigation programme for SPF animal facilities, under increasing constraints of safety and environmental considerations concerning pollution with toxic and corrosive agents.     

实验动物建筑设施节能技术探讨

实验动物建筑设施的节能方案设计是制约设施建立与正常运行管理的关键因素。良好的节能措施包括优化屏障环境与IVC笼具工艺布局设计,有利于保证实验区空气质量、节省综合投资及提高设施3-5倍的利用率;采用变风量空调控制系统,可大大降低新风的热能耗,并使空调负荷减少约10%-50%新风量能耗;采用先进的中央空调智能节电系统（简称GL-CAC）,可实现中央空调辅机节电30%-60%、主机节电5%-20%的目标;优化卫生热水与消毒蒸汽设备工程可节约50%的投资及其运行费用;对设施系统运行实施科学管理,也可以节省人力资源与年度运行管理费用。     

Evaluation of bio-aerosols at an animal feed manufacturing industry: A case study

Both total and biological particles (totalculturable bacteria, Gram negative bacteria,mold and actinomycetes) were measured at ananimal feed manufacturing industry. Suspendedparticle concentration ranged from 1.72 to2.3 mg m^–3 with a mean value of1.97 mg m^–3. Airborne microorganisms weredetected in lower concentrations than thoseassociated with suspended dust andfeed-materials. Bacterial concentrations weretwo to three times higher than concentrationsof mold and actinomycetes. Bacterialconcentrations averaged4.86 × 10³ cfu m^–3; 2.6 × 10⁴cfu m^–3 and 3.96 × 10⁷ cfu g^–1 inair, associated with suspended dust andfeed-materials, respectively, whereas moldconcentrations averaged 7.33 × 10²cfu m^–3; 1.97 × 10³ cfu m^–3 and7 × 10⁵ cfu g^–1 of the correspondingenvironments, respectively. Enterobacterspp and Klebsiella spp were the mostabundant Gram negative bacteria, whereas Bacillus species. were the most dominant Grampositive bacteria. Aspergllius niger,other Aspergillus species and Penicillium were the dominant mold isolates.Acremonium was only detected in feedmaterials, whereas Aspergillus fumigatuswas only detected in air. The animal feedindustry environment has a significantbio-contamination and many of microorganismsimplicated in respiratory problems weredetected in this environment.     

Circadian rhythm of serum testosterone levels in male beagle dogs--effects of lighting time zone

In a previous study, the author found that serum testosterone (T) levels in male beagle dogs showed a circadian rhythm which was lowest at 12:00, and increased to a peak at 18:00-6:00, thereafter decreasing until 12:00. The reason was thought to be that dogs were breeding under rigid controlled conditions. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of lighting on the circadian rhythm of T level by means of a reversal of the lighting time zone, because lighting is considered an important factor in modulating T levels. Six male beagle dogs of 2 years were used in this study. The routine lighting time (8:00-20:00) and dark time (20:00-8:00) zone in the breeding room was reversed completely and T levels were measured at intervals of 1-5 weeks for up to 54 weeks. Blood samples were collected at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00. The results showed that the circadian rhythm of the T level and the T level at each blood sampling time did not change significantly within 54 weeks. As a result, it was recognized that the circadian rhythm of the T level in male dogs may not be affected by changes in the lighting time zone.     

湖北省实验动物设施环境控制中存在的问题

目的分析总结湖北省2012年度实验动物许可单位年检中环境设施的检测结果,找出问题,提出促进湖北省实验动物环境设施可靠运行的建议。方法各实验动物环境设施采用30%区域抽检方式,依据GB14925-2010《实验动物环境及设施》,进行环境指标检测。结果除气流速度、沉降菌最大平均浓度外,其他技术指标均存在不符合国家标准的情况。结论应针对实验动物设施管理加强培训,提高实验动物设施管理人员的管理水平,从而保证实验动物设施的正常运行。