医药院校教学中应注重培养实验动物福利观念

在生命科学、医学和药学研究中,实验动物作为直接的实验材料和人类的替难者,具有不可替代的地位和作用。实验动物福利影响着实验动物的身心健康和动物实验的质量,进而影响到科学研究的科学性、可靠性和公众认可程度。各医药院校是培养未来医务人员、科研工作者的机构,在其教学中,都涉及到利用实验动物进行实际操作的训练学习,许多学科都与实验动物学科有着密不可分的内在联系。因此,在医药院校教学中,树立和培养医学生实验动物福利观念具有重要意义。     

实验动物学教学内容及方法的探索与改进

实验动物学是生命科学研究的基础和支撑条件之一。在医学院校实验动物学的教学中,应以实验动物与动物实验标准化为中心,增加和完善动物模型、分子遗传、胚胎工程及转基因动物等理论内容,紧跟生命科学的发展趋势;同时注重理论教学与实验教学的相互结合,充分利用现代先进的教育技术,以基本实验、综合实验和自主设计实验培养学生的操作能力和创新思维。这些改革措施将对改进实验动物学的教学质量,提高医学院学生的科研水平有重要意义。     

实验动物福利与动物实验伦理审查国内外进展

介绍实验动物福利与动物实验伦理审查国内外进展情况。实验动物为生命科学发展和人类健康做出了重大贡献。随着社会进步和人类文明程度不断提高,善待实验动物既是人类文明道德的体现,也是人与自然和谐发展的需要。把握实验动物福利原则、遵循实验动物福利法规、严格履行动物实验伦理审查制度是切实保障实验动物福利的有效途径。虽然经过近30年的发展,我国在实验动物福利、动物实验伦理审查等方面的管理逐步走向法制化和规范化,探索出关于动物福利和实验动物伦理方面的多种教学模式,但与国际上高水平的动物福利监管相比,仍有欠缺,有待继续发展完善。     

实验猕猴在生物医学研究中的福利管理

猕猴作为一种重要的非人灵长类实验动物,在生物医学研究中发挥着重要的作用。该文从动物福利概念、我国实验动物福利制度现状、猕猴在饲养管理过程中的福利保障以及在生物医学研究过程中的福利管理等方面进行了阐述,旨在为提高实验猕猴在生物医学研究中的福利管理水平提供参考和思路。     

药物安全性评价中的实验动物福利

开展实验动物福利工作不论对于实验动物自身,还是科学研究都具有重要意义。本文对实践中如何开展实验动物福利工作,以及其中存在的问题进行了初步探讨。     

首都医科大学实验动物科学部

首都医科大学实验动物科学部是该校以部处级设置的独立的二级部门。位于北京市西南二环首都医科大学院内最南端,总占地面积4800平万米。是教学、科研、动物实验技术服务和实验动物资源供给为一体的部门。近几年来,首都医科大学实验动物科学部紧紧依靠高等医学院校的教育资源优势,全面开展实验动物学学科建设,在我国初步构建了实验动物学专业教育和继续教育体系,走出一条具有自己特色的实验动物工作快速发展之路。     

国内外高校动物福利教育发展历史与前景展望

自20世纪80年代动物福利作为一个严谨的科学分支被人们接受以来,动物福利学科得到了迅猛发展,相关概念在科学研究结果的支持下被更精确地定义,评价动物所处福利水平的体系也逐步被建立起来.伴随着动物福利科学的发展,动物福利教育也逐步被纳入高等教育的课程体系.综述了国内外高等院校特别是高校的动物医学学院近30年间的动物福利教育进程,并以英国、美国、澳大利亚等国的动物福利教育为例说明国际动物福利教育的发展现状与趋势,结合中国现状,思考中国与国际动物福利教育之间存在的差异.随着动物福利相关科学、伦理学以及法学研究的深入,社会对动物福利的关注将会日益加深,相信至少对准动物医生普及动物福利教育必将成为发展的趋势.     

中英首届实验动物福利伦理国际论坛在北京召开

正由中国实验动物学会实验动物福利伦理专业委员会和英国内政部共同主办、北京实验动物行业协会承办的"中英首届实验动物福利伦理国际论坛"于2014年3月25日至27日在北京举行。论坛由英国全球合作基金项目资助。论坛以"提升实验动物福利伦理管理规范和科技水平"为宗旨,从实验动物福利伦理管理法规与技术标准、人员培训和技术资质认定、善待实验动物、动物保护和3R理念实践等相关的国际合作议题进行广泛而     

浅谈兽医在非人灵长类动物实验福利中的作用

非人灵长类实验动物作为人类的“替身”,在生理学、病理学、病毒学、药物动力学、毒理学、生殖生理学、免疫学、遗传学、基因工程药和生物医药等科学研究领域具有无可替代的重要作用。因此,在其实验过程中的动物福利问题应当引起人们的足够重视。本文根据工作实践和动物福利的要求,从疾病的监视、诊断、治疗、预防、实验操作技术、猴类捕捉、保定、镇静、止痛、麻醉和安乐死术等方面,总结了兽医及其护理在灵长类实验动物福利中的作用。     

筑巢材料在实验大、小鼠环境丰荣中的应用

相对于标准鼠盒,实验大、小鼠更喜好有筑巢材料的“环境丰荣”鼠盒.向标准鼠盒中放入筑巢材料,可以为大、小鼠提供筑巢、躲避、攀爬、休息的环境.因此,在实验大、小鼠饲养过程中,提供筑巢材料,是一个简单有效的丰富实验动物环境,提高实验动物福利的方法.本文就筑巢材料应用背景、近年来在啮齿类实验动物环境丰荣中的应用、对实验动物福利的影响三方面做以综述,并对今后筑巢材料在改善实验动物福利的应用前景作以展望.     

Concepts of Animal Welfare in Relation to Positions in Animal Ethics

When animal ethicists deal with welfare they seem to face a dilemma: On the one hand, they recognize the necessity of welfare concepts for their ethical approaches. On the other hand, many animal ethicists do not want to be considered reformist welfarists. Moreover, animal welfare scientists may feel pressed by moral demands for a fundamental change in our attitude towards animals. The analysis of this conflict from the perspective of animal ethics shows that animal welfare science and animal ethics highly depend on each other. Welfare concepts are indispensable in the whole field of animal ethics. Evidence for this can be found by analyzing the structure of theories of animal ethics and the different ways in which these theories employ welfare concepts. Furthermore, the background of values underneath every welfare theory is essential to pursue animal welfare science. Animal ethics can make important contributions to the clarification of underlying normative assumptions with regard to the value of the animal, with regard to ideas about what is valuable for the animal, and with regard to the actions that should follow from the results of animal welfare science.     

Human-Directed Empathy and Attitudes Toward Animal Use: A Survey of Spanish Veterinary Students

Veterinary practitioners are thought of as guardians of animal health and wellbeing, and are considered important in the development of policies on animals. Measuring veterinary students’ attitudes toward animals and animal use is needed when assessing the effectiveness of education programs focused on animal welfare and ethics. The present study examined Spanish veterinary students’ attitudes toward different types of animal use, their human-directed empathy, and the relationship between these and various personal variables. The sample comprised 200 students who completed an online questionnaire. Attitudes toward animal use varied significantly, depending on the type of use in question. There was also a relationship between attitudes toward animal use, one component of human-directed empathy, “Empathic Concern,” and a number of personal variables such as gender, career choice, and contact with animal welfare organizations. Concern about the use of animals for research and animal management was lower in students who were in the later years of their studies. Reasons for this and the role of veterinary education are discussed.     

在机能实验教学中加强动物实验伦理学教育的实践与思考

动物实验是机能实验学中的主要研究手段,对帮助医学生加深课堂理论知识的理解,提高动物实验操作技能有十分重要的作用。实验动物的伦理问题已经在生物医学研究中得到广泛关注,在机能实验教学中加强动物实验伦理学教育是医学生医德培养的重要途径。     

Animal Welfare in Relation to Standards in Organic Farming

The new EU-regulations on organic farming (1804/1999) are also influencing the animal welfare. A lot of positive regulations is to find, but also regulations that seen to mind more about the general public and customer and their view on organic farming, than the health and welfare of the animals.The paper specially focus on the impact of the regulations and the recommendations that phytotherapeutic essences and homeopathic products take precedence over the so called chemically-synthesised allopatic veterinary medical products, and that the use of the same is prohibited for preventive treatments. Key questions here are the lack of scientific evidence concerning homeopathy in animals, and that Swedish veterinarians are not allowed to work with homeopathy.Differences in interpretation of the regulations between animal owners and veterinarians will also be discussed. What is a disease that needs treatment? Who is to decide about the treatment? Parasitic infections are discussed as an illustrative example.Other consequences of the regulations concerning the animal welfare are problems in certain geographical zones, for instance subarctic areas where necessary crops are impossible to grow.Animal transports and splitting mother-offspring are briefly discussed as future problems to be handled in the regulations, and the paper ends by presenting the need of regulated herd health control programs in organic husbandry, which can detect and focus on welfare and production problems. The organic movement is not static, and must not be so.     

Zoo Animal Welfare: The Human Dimension

ABSTRACT

Standards and policies intended to safeguard nonhuman animal welfare, whether in zoos, farms, or laboratories, have tended to emphasize features of the physical environment. However, research has now made it clear that very different welfare outcomes are commonly seen in facilities using similar environments or conforming to the same animal welfare requirements. This wide variation is almost certainly due, at least in part, to the important effects of the actions of animal care staff on animal welfare. Drawing mostly on the farm animal literature, we propose that this “human dimension” of animal welfare involves seven components: (1) positive human–animal interaction, (2) consistency and familiarity of keepers, (3) treating animals as individuals and taking account of their personalities, (4) the attitudes and personalities of keepers, (5) the keepers’ knowledge and experience, (6) the keepers’ own well-being, and (7) the influence of facility design on how keepers and others interact with the animals. We suggest that attention to these human factors provides major scope for improving the welfare of animals in zoos.     

Perceptions of Social Responsibility of Prominent Animal Welfare Groups

Nonhuman animal welfare is an increasingly important component of consumer expectations of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The extent to which prominent animal welfare or protection organizations may influence people’s perceptions of food industry CSR may be related to an organization’s perceived social responsibility. Data from an online survey of 300 U.S. residents were used to explore relationships between demographics/lifestyle choices and perceptions of prominent animal welfare organizations (using best–worst scaling methodology). Overall, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was perceived to be the most socially responsible organization analyzed, followed by the Humane Society of the United States and the American Humane Association (AHA). Results suggest that the perceived social responsibility of animal protection organizations in this study was not strongly linked to personally (financially) supporting them, with 2 exceptions: the perceptions of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and AHA. Improved understanding of the perception of animal welfare or protection organizations can inform decision making by organizations interested in furthering animal welfare causes.     

实验动物的环境与福利

实验动物在生物科学研究领域中的应用不断发展,其饲养环境和福利保障的问题已越来越被国际所关注。实验动物的环境与福利不仅是对动物本身的保护,更重要的是对动物试验结果的保证。本文详细论述了大环境（温度、湿度、气流等方面）及小环境（笼具、饲养密度、垫料）对实验动物福利的影响,通过总结国内外的研究概况,旨为我国改善和提高实验动物的福利提出一些思路。     

四阶段四层次医学实验动物学教学模式的建立

通过基础理论、实验操作、应用实践和在职培训四个阶段学习,构建医学特色突出,符合国家法规的医学实验动物学课程体系.针对不同学科专业的培养要求,以及教学对象的素质结构,合理调整教学内容,区别对待研究生、本科生、医学实验专业技术学生和实验动物学专业学员的实验动学教学,制订四层次教学重点与大纲,强化实验动物学与医学生物学的融合,突出专业特点.