The effects of wild cruciferous host plants on morphology,reproductive performance and flight activity in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

The wild crucifers,Rorippa indica andLepidium virginicum, are known to serve as host plants for the diamondback moth (DBM),Plutella xylostella, but they are less suitable than the preferred cultivated cruciferous plant, cabbage, in terms of adult body size and fecundity. The life history traits and flight activity of DBM adults grown on various host plants were investigated. The adults thus reared on each host plant were divided into three size groups (small, medium and large). In general, female adults grown on the wild crucifers were less fecund and lived longer than those reared on cabbage. Flight activity was higher in adults grown on wild crucifers than in those reared on cabbage. Male adults flew longer than females. Fecundity, longevity, flight activity and morphometrical characters of adults were positively correlated with pupal weight in individuals reared on the same host plant. A negative relationship was found between fecundity and flight activity in females of the same size group, but a positive one was observed in females reared on the same host plant.     

十字花科蔬菜对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

通过组建4种十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾实验种群生命表发现,在菜心、芥蓝、芥菜和小白菜4种蔬菜上繁殖的小菜蛾实验种群增长趋势指数分别为41．0、69．5、38．2、52．4,影响种群增长的重要因子为幼虫的自然死亡,不同蔬菜种类对小菜蛾雌蛾的总产卵量和寿命无影响,但芥蓝繁殖的小菜蛾日平均产卵量显著高于其它几种蔬菜。在芥蓝和小白菜上繁殖的小菜蛾幼虫具有较高的存活概率,是其种群具有较大增长潜力的重要原因。试验结果表明,在4种蔬菜中,芥蓝提供的营养最适宜于小菜蛾种群生长、发育和繁殖,是最佳的寄主,其次为小白菜、菜心,而芥菜尽管被报道为小菜蛾成虫最喜欢产卵的寄主,由于所繁殖的小菜蛾种群在幼虫期有较高的死亡率,是最不适宜于小菜蛾生长发育的寄主。     

四种十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾自然种群连续世代生命表

利用作用因子生命表技术,组建芥菜、芥蓝、小白菜和菜心4种十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾自然种群连续世代生命表,分析寄主植物和生物因子对小菜蛾种群数量的控制作用。结果表明：在4种十字花科蔬菜的一造菜上,小菜蛾均能完成两个世代。虽然小菜蛾在芥菜上的初始卵量最高,但害虫种群总增长倍数在芥蓝上最高,其次为小白菜,菜心和芥菜,分别为17．64、11．90、11．43和3．76。这说明尽管芥菜对小菜蛾成虫的产卵有一定的吸引作用,但不适合小菜蛾生长发育。芥蓝是最适宜小菜蛾种群增长的寄主。生物因子在小菜蛾自然种群控制中起着重要的作用,但是在不同种类十字花科蔬菜上,天敌类群对小菜蛾控制作用存在一定差异。除芥菜之外,寄生性天敌对芥蓝、菜心和小白菜上的小菜蛾种群控制作用最大,其次为“捕食及其它”,病原微生物的控制作用最小。“捕食及其它”对芥菜上小菜蛾种群的作用非常明显,如果排除此因子作用,小菜蛾种群两代后将增长126．03倍。该因子是导致芥菜小菜蛾自然种群增长趋势指数低的主要原因。因此在制定小菜蛾防治策略时,应考虑蔬菜的种类和布局,加大对芥蓝小菜蛾种群的防治力度;芥菜可作为一种诱杀植物种植,以吸引小菜蛾产卵,并集中防治。这些防治策略在小菜蛾综合治理中具有重要的实际意义。     

小菜蛾对杀螟丹抗性遗传的研究

利用室内选育的抗杀螟丹小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)品系和敏感品系研究了该品系的抗性遗传形式,结果表明,小菜蛾对杀螟丹的抗性形式为常染色体多基因遗传,并呈不完全显性。该品系对６种常用杀虫剂的抗性谱测定结果表明,对杀虫双有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌畏、杀扑磷有低度交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、灭多威和叶蝉散等药剂无交互抗性。还发现该品系对杀螟丹的抗性与乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶活性无关。     

Herbivore‐induced plants do not affect oviposition but do affect fitness of subsequent herbivores on canola

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is oligophagous on plants in the Brassicaceae, and is considered one of the most significant insect pests of canola (Brassica napus L.), a major oilseed crop grown in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. The bertha armyworm (BAW), Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a generalist herbivore that preferentially feeds on canola plants. In the canola growing season in the Prairie Provinces of Canada, DBM feeding occurs prior to BAW herbivory. In this study, we test the effect of DBM herbivory on subsequent host use by BAW. Oviposition by female BAW was not influenced by previous DBM‐herbivory or mechanical damage of canola plants. Bertha armyworm larvae were deterred from feeding on canola previously damaged by DBM and larvae developed into lighter pupae when reared on DBM‐damaged plants. Bertha armyworm pupae that developed from larvae fed on mechanically damaged plants had similar pupal weights to those fed undamaged plants. Adult BAW reared on canola with previous DBM feeding damage had marginally smaller wings than moths reared on canola treated differently. The combination of these results suggests that herbivory by the brassicaceous specialist, DBM, negatively influences host use and larval performance by the generalist, BAW, on canola.     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力和种间竞争

在实验室内研究了本地天敌拟澳洲赤眼蜂和外来天敌短管赤眼蜂在不同卵龄和不同空间条件下对小菜蛾卵的寄生和种间竞争.结果表明,在0～62 h的小菜蛾卵上,拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率随卵龄下降,而后代发育死亡率则随卵龄增加.短管赤眼蜂对各龄小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率均较拟澳洲赤眼蜂高,而子代蜂的发育死亡率则较拟澳洲赤眼蜂低.两种蜂对小菜蛾卵龄的要求都不太严格,在小于48 h的小菜蛾卵上都能产卵寄生,且寄生率高于50%,但短管赤眼蜂寄生对小菜蛾卵龄的要求更宽松.在两种蜂混合接蜂时,后代中短管赤眼蜂的比例在各处理中都高于50%,且随寄主卵龄增加,当小菜蛾卵龄大于48 h后,短管赤眼蜂的比例高达100%,说明短管赤眼蜂对小菜蛾有更强的寄生能力和竞争能力.拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时,在4～22cm^3空间范围内,各处理间对小菜蛾卵的寄生率没有显著差异,而短管赤眼蜂的寄生率(76.4%～86%)略低于拟澳洲赤眼蜂(88.7%～92.3%).当空间大于53 cm^3时,寄生率显著下降,在102cm^3空间时显著降低到50%.混合接蜂时各处理间寄生率差异不显著.两种接蜂方式对后代羽化率和雌蜂百分率没有太大影响,蜂的后代发育死亡率在两种蜂单独接蜂时随空间而增加.在4～102cm^3空间范围内,混合接蜂后代雄蜂中短管赤眼蜂从80%以上降低到20%以下,说明短管赤眼蜂的竞争能力随接蜂空间的加大而降低.     

Gas-chromatography and electroantennogram analysis of saturated hydrocarbons of cruciferous host plants and host larval body extracts of Plutella xylostella for behavioural manipulation of Cotesia plutellae

Saturated hydrocarbons (SHC) of five cruciferous host plants viz., cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, knol khol and Brussels sprout and the larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella reared on these host plants were identified through gas-chromatography. The hydrocarbon profile of host plants and larval body extract of DBM reared on respective host plants revealed a wide variation in quantity as well as quality. Long chain hydrocarbons C26-C30 were detected in all the extracts. In electroantennogram (EAG) studies, SHCs at 10(-3) g dose elicited differential EAG response in the antennal receptors of gravid Cotesia plutellae females. Tricosane (C23) and hexacosane (C26) elicited 10-fold increased EAG response compared to control stimulus. Long chain hydrocarbons C27, C28 and C29 elicited, 6-7 fold increased responses. The sensitivity of antenna was 4-5 folds for C25, C14, C24, C15 and C30, while the short chain hydrocarbons elicited 2-3 fold increased EAG responses. Dual choice flight orientation experiments in a wind tunnel revealed that the gravid C. plutellae females preferred the odour of C16, C26, C29, C15, C21, C23, C30, C27, C24 and C22 as 60-70% females oriented and landed on SHC treated substrate compared to control odour, while the odour of eicosane (C20), pentacosane (C25) and octacosane (C28) were not preferred by the females.     

Effects of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor on the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis)

The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, is an economically important pest of cotton in tropical and subtropical areas of several countries in the Americas, causing severe losses due to their damage in cotton floral buds. Enzymatic assays using gut extracts from larval and adult boll weevil have demonstrated the presence of digestive serine proteinase-like activities. Furthermore, in vitro assays showed that soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) was able to inhibit these enzymes. Previously, in vivo effects of black-eyed pea trypsin chymotrypsin inhibitor (BTCI) have been demonstrated towards the boll weevil pest. Here, when neonate larvae were reared on an artificial diet containing SKTI at three different concentrations, a reduction of larval weight of up to 64% was observed for highest SKTI concentration 500 microM. The presence of SKTI caused an increase in mortality and severe deformities of larvae, pupae and adult insects. This work therefore represents the first observation of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor active in vivo and in vitro against A. grandis. Bioassays suggested that SKTI could be used as a tool in engineering crop plants, which might exhibit increased resistance against cotton boll weevil.     

Evidence for behavioural resistance by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Abstract:  The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is an important pest of brassicaceous crops worldwide. It has developed resistance to almost every synthetic insecticide applied in the field and consequently is often difficult to control in crucifer-growing areas. DBM oviposition behaviour was investigated in greenhouse and growth chamber conditions with seven cruciferous and one non-cruciferous plant varieties. In free choice tests, females deposited more eggs on the stem near the soil-stem interface than on leaves. Our findings suggest that DBM is capable of developing behavioural resistance through oviposition site selection to avoid lethal doses of foliar-applied insecticides in the field.     

寄主胁迫下小菜蛾种群的RAPD分析

采用RAPD-PCR技术,研究了取食6种不同十字花科寄主植物第4、9、15代小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群的DNA多态性。通过17条引物的重复PCR扩增实验,利用NTsys软件对电泳条带统计分析,构建了遗传距离矩阵和聚类分析图谱。结果表明:取食芥蓝的小菜蛾种群与其它5种寄主种群遗传距离较远(0.6523～0.8246),独立聚为一枝;取食萝卜的小菜蛾种群遗传距离与甘蓝上种群较近(0.3443),聚为一枝,并且与白菜、芥菜和菜心上小菜蛾种群遗传距离较近,逐次聚为一枝,芥蓝、萝卜及甘蓝寄主种群随代次的增多种群分化出现稳定规律性。各寄主种群间遗传距离平均值和范围、多态性条带占总条带数目的比例随代次增多而增大,说明种群分化程度随代次增多而加深。     

反胶束法萃取核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂及其抗虫研究

植物胰蛋白酶抑制因子对植物本身具有保护作用,能调节植物蛋白质的合成和分解,并具有抗虫作用。为明确核桃蛋白酶抑制剂对小菜蛾的抗虫效果,该研究采用AOT/异辛烷反胶束法和亲和层析法萃取及纯化核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂,命名为WTI,并对其抑制活性和生物活性进行测试。迪克森作图法测得纯化的核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂的抑制常数为2.1×10-9mol/L。抗虫试验表明,小菜蛾自1龄起至化蛹前的整个幼虫阶段中,核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂均对其产生了较强的毒杀作用。尤其是在1-3龄期,效果最佳。与对照组相比,WTI能延迟小菜蛾的化蛹时间,降低其化蛹率。核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂对小菜蛾有明显的毒杀作用,但不表现出明显的生长抑制作用,且一定浓度的核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂能将小菜蛾扼杀在其化蛹之前,从而能够控制其繁殖。     

氟虫腈对小菜蛾幼虫体内解毒酶的影响

本文从解毒酶系的角度研究了小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对氟虫腈的短期生理生化响应。用氟虫腈LC50剂量处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫一定时间后,测定小菜蛾幼虫体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、酯酶(EST)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性的动态变化。研究结果表明:经氟虫腈处理后小菜蛾体内解毒酶的活性均显著高于未经处理的对照,并且随着处理时间的延长,解毒酶活性逐渐提高。这说明氟虫腈对小菜蛾敏感品系的解毒酶具有一定的诱导作用,反之,解毒酶加快了小菜蛾体内对氟虫腈的代谢,降低了小菜蛾对氟虫腈的敏感性。     

上海青对小菜蛾取食胁迫的生理反应(英文)

上海青遭受小菜蛾取食为害后 ,0 .5小时内叶片的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶 (POD)、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)和总酚含量发生变化。就一天内的变化趋势而言 ,受害叶片的SOD、CAT、POD、PPO活力和总酚含量总体上比正常叶片低。但在 1 5:0 0时 ,正常叶片的SOD、CAT和POD活力最低时 ,受害叶片这三种酶的活力却明显上升 ;在 1 1 :0 0时 ,正常叶片的PPO活力为最低值时 ,受害叶片的PPO活力却上升至最高。这可能是由于小菜蛾取食对叶片的过度胁迫造成的结果。正常叶片的PPO活力与总酚量为负相关 ,但受害叶片没有这种关系 ,可见小菜蛾取食还引起了青菜生理的紊乱。受害植株的未受害叶的酶活力也不同程度地发生变化 ,可见上海青对小菜蛾的取食胁迫的应激生理反应是系统性的。总而言之 ,当上海青的直接防御体系被小菜蛾破坏时 ,上海青可能有其它防御小菜蛾的机制     

亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫取食和成虫行为反应的影响

亚麻荠是一种很少有害虫危害的油料作物。用室内生测和Y 型嗅觉仪研究了亚麻荠对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫取食和成虫行 为反应的影响。以甘蓝作对照,用亚麻荠叶片喂养的小菜蛾初孵幼虫3天后校正死亡率为79 .2%,显示了较强的致死作用;喂养小菜蛾3龄幼虫至化蛹,其存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及成 虫寿命都显著降低,表明亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育有不利影响。在幼虫的取食选择实 验中,有甘蓝叶供选择时,小菜蛾幼虫不取食亚麻荠;在无可选择的情况下,小菜蛾幼虫也 取 食亚麻荠叶片,但取食量很小,与取食甘蓝叶的量相比,差异极显著。行为反应测试表明, 小菜蛾成虫对甘蓝和亚麻荠植株的挥发物都有明显的趋性反应,与对照（净化空气）相比, 差异极显著,而在甘蓝和亚麻荠之间无选择性。说明小菜蛾成虫对亚麻荠植株的挥发物具有 较强的定向反应。     

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS REACTION OF CHINESE CABBAGE, BRASSICA CHINENSIS, INFESTED BY DIAMONDBACK, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA

Abstract The enzymatic activities of superoxidae dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxidae(CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the content of phenol in the leaves of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis , changed rapidly after the cabbage leaves were infested by the larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xyhstetta . Variations of the SOD, CAT, POD and PPO activities and the phenol content of damaged leaves within a day are generally different from that of undamaged normal leaves, which might result from the excessive stress caused by DBM infestation. The content of phenol and the activity of PPO are negatively correlated in the normal leaves, but the change is not the same as that in the damaged leaves. It is thus evident that the physiological disorder was caused by feeding activity of DBM in the cabbage plants, and the physiological stress response of the Chinese cabbage is prone systematically to the feeding of DBM. The defensive system of the Chinese cabbage could be destroyed by the infestation of DBM larvae, and there might be other defensive mechanisms in the cabbage resistant to the damage of DBM.     

Application of synthetic herbivore‐induced plant volatiles causes increased parasitism of herbivores in the field

We previously reported that Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella; Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) larvae, was attracted to volatiles from crucifer plants infested by moth larvae kept in a desktop acrylic box, and that a blend of four DBM‐induced plant volatiles was responsible for this attraction. In this study, using a specially designed dispenser to release the four compounds, we demonstrated that the wasp was attracted to intact komatsuna plants (Brassica rapa var. perviridis). The experiments were performed in a climate‐controlled room, which was approximately 1000 times larger than the acrylic box used previously. Similarly, using the dispenser in the field, C. vestalis females were attracted to intact komatsuna plants with the dispenser from a distance of three metres. We also examined the effect of the volatile blend on the incidence of parasitism of DBM larvae in the field. Three small containers containing DBM‐infested komatsuna plants with dispensers, and three control containers containing only infested plants (control) were arranged in two lines running perpendicular to a komatsuna field in which both DBM larvae and C. vestalis populations were maintained, at distances of 12, 30 and 70 m. The results showed that the incidence of DBM parasitism was significantly higher in containers containing dispensers than in the control containers, suggesting that the blend could potentially be applied to DBM control in agroecosystems.     

Parasitism rates and sex ratios of a parasitoid wasp: effects of herbivore and plant quality

Summary We studied interactions among collards, Brassica oleracea var. acephala, the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) by manipulating plant nitrogen (N) concentrations in field and laboratory experiments. Parasitoid abundance strongly reflected DBM abundance and was related to total leaf N. Parasitism rates were high (70.7%) and density-independent. Wasp sex ratios varied markedly (3–93% female) in response to the herbivores, the plants, or both. Higher proportions of female wasps emerged from DBM larvae on plants with high leaf N than on unfertilized plants. More female wasps also emerged from larvae parasitized as larger instars. We suggest that wasps have the potential to control DBM populations through long-term numerical responses mediated by variable sex ratios.     

抗生素和肠道细菌对小菜蛾适合度的影响

【目的】小菜蛾是危害十字花科蔬菜的世界性重要害虫。通过分析抗生素对小菜蛾的毒性效应,了解肠道细菌对小菜蛾适合度的影响,有助于更好地阐明小菜蛾肠道细菌的功能。【方法】利用抗生素处理含有高丰度肠道细菌的萝卜苗饲养品系(FZss)小菜蛾幼虫,同时利用抗生素处理饲料饲养的无肠道细菌(SLss)小菜蛾幼虫,分析抗生素及肠道细菌对小菜蛾适合度的影响。【结果】抗生素处理FZss品系小菜蛾导致了小菜蛾发育历期延长,虫重、蛹重、化蛹率、产卵量和成虫寿命降低。利用抗生素处理无肠道菌的SLss品系小菜蛾幼虫,小菜蛾化蛹率和单雌产卵量均显著降低,而对发育历期、虫重和蛹重则无影响。【结论】综合两个研究的结果发现抗生素处理后宿主适合度的降低一方面是由于抗生素的毒性效应导致,另一方面是由于小菜蛾肠道细菌的缺失引起。抗生素的毒性效应主要表现为对化蛹率和单雌产卵量的影响,而肠道细菌则对小菜蛾的发育历期、虫重、蛹重以及成虫寿命具有重要的促进作用。     

Digestive proteolytic activity in larvae of tomato moth,Lacanobia oleracea; effects of plant protease inhibitors in vitro and in vivo

Three distinct digestive protease activities, with strongly alkaline pH optima, were identified in the gut of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae, and characterised using specific synthetic substrates and inhibitors. These were; a trypsin-like activity, a chymotrypsin-like activity specific for substrates and inhibitors containing more than one amino acid residue, and an elastase-like activity, accounting for 40%, 30% and 20% of overall proteolysis respectively. The protease activities differed in their sensitivities to inhibition by different plant protein protease inhibitors (PIs), as estimated by I(50) values. Soya bean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) was the only plant PI tested to inhibit all three digestive protease activities at concentrations <40 &mgr;g/ml (approx. 5x10(-6)M). Incorporation of SKTI into a potato leaf-based artificial diet at 2% of total protein, decreased larval survival and growth (by approx. 33% and 40% respectively after 21 days) and retarded development (by approx. 2 days). However, when SKTI was expressed in transgenic potato plants at approx. 0.5% of total protein, only marginal effects on L. oleracea larvae were observed, which decreased with time. Whilst the presence of SKTI in artificial diet increased endogenous larval trypsin-like activity by up to four-fold, no effects on this activity were observed in larvae feeding on transgenic plants.     

Tebufenozide resistance is associated with sex‐linked inheritance in Plutella xylostella

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is a major pest of cruciferous crops. Tebufenozide, a novel nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist, exhibits good efficacy and has played an increasingly important role in the control of Lepidopteran pests in China. For its resistance management, the genetic basis of tebufenozide resistance was studied using a laboratory selected resistant strain of DBM (resistant ratio, RR = 268). A series of crosses with laboratory susceptible and resistant strains revealed that tebufenozide resistance in this pest was partially biased toward female heredity, with a large difference in RR for F₁ (RR = 29) and rF₁ progeny (RR = 147). The dominance calculated for these 2 cross progeny was ?0.788 and 0.09, respectively. Further analysis showed that the susceptible male and female larvae were similar in their sensitivity to tebufenozide, but the resistant female larvae showed significantly higher resistance than the resistant male larvae. The heredity of tebufenozide resistance in DBM might be linked with the W sex chromosome, which suggested that DBM has the ability to develop high levels of resistance to tebufenozide. This is the first report of sex‐linked inheritance of tebufenozide resistance in P. xylostella (L.).