原发性高血压患者红细胞抗高血压因子对高血压大鼠血压的影响

本工作观察了原发性高血压患者 (EHS) 红细胞抗高血压因子(AHF)对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和肾性高血压大鼠(RHR)及正常血压的 wistar Kyoto(WKY)大鼠和 wistar 大鼠的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)的影响。结果如下:(1)从腹腔一次注入 AHF(1.6mg/kg体重),可明显降低 SHR 和 RHR 的 SBP。给 AHF10min 后,SHR 的 SBP 平均降低34.0 mmHg,至3h 恢复;RHR 在注射 AHF 后24h,SBP 平均降低92.5mmHg,且持续时间较长,至第九天仍维持在低水平。(2)从股静脉一次推注 AHF(0.8 mg/kg体重)后,SHR 和 RHR的 SBP 和 DBP 均有显著性降低,且对 RHR 作用时间较 SHR 长,对 DBP 作用时间较 SBP长。给 AHF 后12 min,SHR 的 SBP 和 DBP 分别降低42.8和48.2 mmHg;RHR 在给AHF 后25 min,SBP 和 DBP 分别降低38.3和42.5 mmHg;AHF 后5min,wistar大鼠 DBP 由96.7±12.9mmHg 降到 83.3±11.7 mmHg(P<0.05),而 SBP 无明显变化。AHF 的降压作用具有剂量依赖性。(3)AHF 可拮抗去甲肾上腺素对 Wistar 大鼠的升压作用。     

冻存对自发性高血压大鼠精子顶体功能的影响

应用金霉素(CTC)荧光检测、精子穿卵试验和项体酶β-D-半乳糖苷酶活力测定等方法检测冻存对大鼠精子顶体的影响。CTC荧光反应显示,与未冻存精子比较,冻存后精子顶体反应的类型发生改变,AR型(发生了顶体反应)精子比例明显下降,冻存前为68.6％,冻存后为13.4.％,但是获能精子的比例未发生明显变化(92.6％对90.8％)。与未冻存的精子相比,冻存组精子的穿卵试验的受精指数下降(23.4±7.02对10.2±3.95),而且冻存后精子顶体酶——β-D-半乳糖苷酶活力明显下降(9.39±1.98对4.50±1.40)。结果表明冻存后精子的顶体功能受到较明显的破坏。实验结果为今后针对性地改进大鼠精子的冻存方法,改善大鼠精子的冻存保护剂提供实验和机制上的依据。     

健康教育对老年高血压患者掌握高血压知识的影响

目的:健康教育对老年高血压患者掌握高血压知识的影响。方法:抽取82例患有高血压的老年患者病例,年龄在62~88岁之间,平均年龄为70.3岁。并将其分为常规组和干预组两组,每组41例。常规组患者接受常规护理;干预组患者在常规护理基础上接受健康教育。结果:干预组患者护理前后的健康知识掌握评分和自我护理评分的改善幅度明显高于常规组,治疗后病情复发率明显低于常规组。讨论:健康教育对老年高血压患者掌握高血压知识的影响较大。     

高血压对大鼠心肌PPAR-γ表达水平的影响及其意义

以自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）为模型,Wistar-Kyoto大鼠（WKY）为正常对照,探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR-γ）表达水平,在高血压肥厚心肌中的变化及其意义.4周龄(4w)、16周龄(16w) SHR及WKY称量体重（BM）后取心脏,分别测量左心室（LV）、室间隔（IS）、右心室（RV）湿重（WM）,并应用免疫组织化学技术,检测大鼠心肌细胞PPAR-γ表达;应用蛋白质印迹和RT-PCR技术,检测 4w、16w SHR LV、IS、RV PPAR-γ蛋白质和mRNA水平.发现4w SHR LVWM/BM、ISWM/BM、RVWM/BM与同龄WKY相比无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,PPAR-γ的蛋白质和mRNA表达水平亦相似（P＞0.05）;16w SHR LVWM/BM和ISWM/BM较同龄WKY明显增高（P＜0.01）,而PPAR-γ的蛋白质和mRNA水平显著降低（P＜0.01）,16w SHR RVWM/BM与16wWKY相比差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,PPAR-γ的蛋白质表达水平亦无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,mRNA水平较WKY略减弱（P＜0.05）.实验结果提示,长期压力负荷过重导致SHR LV和IS心肌代偿性肥厚,肥厚心肌中PPAR-γ蛋白质和mRNA表达水平显著降低,推测心肌细胞PPAR-γ表达受抑制,可能参与了高血压心室重塑的发生机制.     

出血性蛇毒对凝血功能影响的研究进展

出血性毒蛇咬伤与DIC（Disseminatedintravascular coagulation,弥漫性血管内凝血）有类似的临床表现,均有多器官的出血、影响凝血功能及血小板数量等,以致多年来蛇咬伤一直被认为是引起DIC的病因之一。但是,近年来随着临床上对出血性蛇毒中毒病人进行血液系统各项指标及凝血因子活性的观察研究,以及对病人预后的追踪随访,发现出血性毒蛇咬伤后引起的变化与DIC存在显著的差异。     

贝那普利和氨氯地平对自发性高血压大鼠血压和肠道微生物的影响

目的观察贝那普利和氨氯地平对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压及肠道微生物的影响。方法 18只14周龄雄性SHR随机分为模型组(Mod组,n=6)、贝那普利组[Bph组,盐酸贝那普利灌服0.90 mg/(kg·d),n=6]、氨氯地平组[Aml组,苯磺酸氨氯地平灌服0.45 mg/(kg·d),n=6],另以Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠作为正常对照组(NC组,n=6), NC组和Mod组每日给予蒸馏水灌胃,干预8周后测定各组大鼠血压,观察结束处死大鼠取空肠粪便,进行16S rDNA V4区扩增子信息采集与分析。结果贝那普利和氨氯地平对SHR具有明显的降压作用,用药后对SHR肠道微生物的门属组成、α多样性、β多样性有一定影响;根据关系热图分析菌群和环境因子血压的关系,拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌属(Firmicutes)和粪球菌属(Coprococcus)与收缩压(SBP)相关,拟杆菌属与平均动脉压(MBP)相关。结论贝那普利和氨氯地平具有明确的降压作用,并对SHR肠道微生物有一定的影响。     

心钠素对卒中易感型自发性高血压大鼠血浆和脑组织加压素的影响

为研究心钠素(ANF)和精氨酸加压素(AVP)的相互作用在原发性高血压发病中的意义,对卒中易感型自发性高血压大鼠(SHRsp)和对照大鼠(WKY)侧脑室(icv)或静脉(iv)注射人ANF-(99-126)观察其对血浆、下丘脑和垂体AVP含量以及平均动脉压(MAP)和尿量(UV)、尿钠(U_(Na)V)排泌的影响。静脉注射ANF后10min,SHRsp和WKY大鼠的MAP分别下降9.4％和12.2％(P<0.05),UV分别增加9和20倍(P<0.01),U_(Na)V增加16和29倍(P<0.01)。侧脑室注射ANF对两种大鼠的MAP、UV和U_(Na)V排泌均无明显作用。静脉或侧脑室注射ANF均使两种大鼠的血浆AVP水平明显下降,其中SHRsp的血浆AVP浓度下降程度(iv,-58％;icv,-31％)弱于WKY大鼠(iv,-80％;icv,-65％),下丘脑AVP含量在两种大鼠中都明显增加,而垂体AVP含量无明显变化。 结果表明,人ANF-(99-126)有明显的抑制AVP释放和降压、利尿、利纳作用,而SHRsp对这些作用的敏感性都降低,提示SHRsp对ABF的反应减弱可能在自发性高血压大鼠的发病中具有一定的意义。     

盐敏感性高血压大鼠模型的研究进展

高血压是多基因遗传和多个环境因素相互作用的结果,盐的摄入在高血压的形成中起着关键的作用。本文就感觉神经损伤、Dah 1种、醋酸脱氧皮质酮和部分肾切除等方法建立的盐敏感性高血压大鼠模型的特点及其病理生理学变化作一综述,为进一步研究盐敏感性高血压发病的机制提供依据。     

延髓孤束核微量注射可乐宁对自发性高血压大鼠血压和心房钠尿因子的影响

将卒中型自发性高血压大鼠(SHR_(sp))和正常血压对照大鼠(WKY)随机分为可乐宁、α_1受体拮抗剂育亨宾加可乐宁及对照组,进行孤束核(NTS)内微量注射。实验观察到,在SHR_(sp)中,可乐宁的降压效应及外周 ANF 释放减少的效应比 WKY 大鼠更明显。阻断α_2受体后,在 WKY 大鼠中,可乐宁的降压效应被完全阻断,而在 SHR_(sp)仅部分被阻断;两种大鼠的外周 ANF 与对照组相比无明显差异。可乐宁组两种大鼠的血浆儿茶酚胺水平明显降低,育亨宾可阻断该反应。以上结果提示,ANF 未参与 NTS 内微量注射可乐宁引起的降压效应,在 SHR_(sp),ANF 释放的减少可能为血压依赖的代偿反应;可乐宁通过α_2受体介导抑制外周儿茶酚胺的释放。     

Modulating effect of calcium on the cold defense response formation in normotensive and hypertensive rats

The effect of iontophoretic administration of calcium ions to skin in the area of cold stimulus application on the thermal thresholds and the magnitude of cold defense responses in normotensive Wistar and hypertensive inherited stress-induced arterial hypertensive rats was studied.In thermoneutral conditions, administration of calcium ions was without effect on the measured thermoregulatory parameters.Under the effect of calcium, the thresholds of all the thermoregulatory responses to rapid cooling (such as heat loss, oxygen consumption, shivering) are lowered and the values of heat loss and shivering thermogenesis are considerably increased. All changes are more expressive in hypertensive rats.The increased sensitivity of hypertensives to calcium suggests that change in their calcium metabolism may be a cause of the observed shifts in the thermoregulatory response to cold.     

Effects of exposing pigs to moving and odors in a simulated slaughter chute

Pigs in the finishing stage are infrequently handled and can be difficult to handle when experiencing novel situations. This study sought to determine the effects of minimal training and a novel odor/taste reward on the ease of handling finishing pigs in a novel environment. Pigs were assigned to one of four treatments organized in a factorial arrangement: training and odor exposure at the barn or not (trained or non-trained, respectively) and provision or not of maple syrup in the simulated pre-stun area of a slaughter plant (reward or no reward, respectively). Trained pigs (n = 14 pens) were let out of their home pens and onto a trailer for 10 min/d for 10 d and could chew on maple syrup-soaked flags. Non-trained pigs (n = 14 pens) were not handled or exposed to maple syrup. After the 10 d, trained and non-trained pigs were transported, unloaded and then experienced a novel simulated pre-stun area. A maple syrup-soaked flag (reward) was dragged through the simulated pre-stun area and put in a simulated CO₂ stun box. Non-rewarded pigs were not exposed to maple syrup. Trained pigs unloaded the trailer and reached the resting pen faster (P = 0.014) than non-trained pigs. Trained pigs had fewer (P = 0.02) blood neutrophils and more (P = 0.03) lymphocytes than non-trained pigs. Rewarded pigs received fewer (P = 0.02) taps before reaching the simulated CO₂ stun box than non-rewarded pigs. Cortisol concentration increased (P = 0.004) when the total time to reach the simulated CO₂ stun box increased. Pigs that were allowed to exercise out of their home pen and were given access to an odor/taste reward moved faster and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was decreased when exposed to a novel environment containing the same odor/taste reward.     

Protective effect of cicletanine on renal function in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Hypertension and diabetes are commonly associated and strongly predispose to renal injuries. In general, antihypertensive therapies protect from these damages, but the effect of cicletanine, a new type of antihypertensive drug, is unknown. This study examines the effects of cicletanine on renal failure in spontaneously hypertensive rats with diabetes (SHRD). Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin in uninephrectomized SHR. Rats received the vehicle, 10 mg or 50 mg/kg per day of cicletanine for 6 weeks. Age-matched untreated Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as controls. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), microalbuminuria and proteinuria were assessed throughout the treatment. At the end of the study, creatinine clearance measurements and histological analysis of kidneys were performed. Cicletanine did not affect SBP but decreased the elevated albuminuria of diabetic SHR in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained for proteinuria. Treatment with the high dose of cicletanine also normalized the altered creatinine clearance of diabetic SHR. These results indicate that cicletanine has a renal-protective action, probably blood pressure-independent, in a model combining hypertension and diabetes. The mechanism of renal-protection of cicletanine is not clearly established but may be due to the stimulation of arterial prostacyclin synthesis and/or to the reduction of intraglomerular capillary pressure.     

不同发育阶段短期低温对小菜蛾生存和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究通过不同低温时长和低温所处发育阶段对小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella生存和繁殖能力的影响,为冬季蔬菜大棚中小菜蛾的发生及防治提供理论参考。【方法】在相对湿度为55%±10%,12L∶12D的光周期条件下,观察小菜蛾4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫分别经低温（8℃）处理24、48和96h后幼虫的化蛹率、成虫的羽化率、成虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵期及产卵量等指标,以温度为（26±1）℃的处理为对照组。【结果】8℃处理不同时长对小菜蛾幼虫化蛹率的影响差异不显著（χ²=1.58,P=0.664）,但低温所处的不同发育阶段（χ2=1.58,P=0.664）,但低温所处的不同发育阶段（χ²=202.52,P <0.001和低温处理时长（χ2=202.52,P <0.001和低温处理时长（χ²=141.83,P <0.001）显著影响成虫的羽化率;4龄幼虫低温处理后的羽化率均高于蛹期低温处理的（4龄幼虫低温：87.40%;蛹期低温：66.97%）。成虫寿命受低温处理时长（χ2=141.83,P <0.001）显著影响成虫的羽化率;4龄幼虫低温处理后的羽化率均高于蛹期低温处理的（4龄幼虫低温：87.40%;蛹期低温：66.97%）。成虫寿命受低温处理时长（χ²=39.3,P <0.001）和低温所处发育阶段（χ2=39.3,P <0.001）和低温所处发育阶段（χ²=43.0,P <0.001）影响。一定范围内,4龄幼虫低温处理时长对雌雄成虫寿命无显著影响（雌虫：χ2=43.0,P <0.001）影响。一定范围内,4龄幼虫低温处理时长对雌雄成虫寿命无显著影响（雌虫：χ²=41.86,df=3,P=0.330;雄虫：χ2=41.86,df=3,P=0.330;雄虫：χ²=4.55,df=3,P=0.210）,而蛹期（雌虫：χ2=4.55,df=3,P=0.210）,而蛹期（雌虫：χ²=41.86,df=3,P <0.001;雄虫：χ2=41.86,df=3,P <0.001;雄虫：χ²=14.30,df=3,P <0.001）和成虫期雄虫寿命（χ2=14.30,df=3,P <0.001）和成虫期雄虫寿命（χ²=19.32,df=3,P <0.001）随低温处理时长的延长而逐渐延长;雄成虫寿命普遍长于雌成虫寿命（未成熟阶段低温：χ2=19.32,df=3,P <0.001）随低温处理时长的延长而逐渐延长;雄成虫寿命普遍长于雌成虫寿命（未成熟阶段低温：χ²=﹣3.88,P <0.001;成熟阶段低温：χ2=﹣3.88,P <0.001;成熟阶段低温：χ²=﹣5.72,P <0.001）;产卵前期随低温处理时长的延长而延长（未成熟期处理：χ2=﹣5.72,P <0.001）;产卵前期随低温处理时长的延长而延长（未成熟期处理：χ²=14.40,df=3,P=0.002;成熟期处理：χ2=14.40,df=3,P=0.002;成熟期处理：χ²=60.04, df=2, P <0.001）。单雌产卵量除蛹期8℃处理96 h(40.9粒/雌)外,其余处理与对照组（87.3粒/雌）相比无显著性降低。【结论】不同低温处理时长对蛹的生存和繁殖的影响比对4龄幼虫的影响更为明显,且随低温处理时长的延长,对小菜蛾的生存和繁殖的抑制程度加深。     

Oil and air dispersion in a simulated fermentation broth as a function of mycelial morphology

The culture conditions of a multiphase fermentation involving morphologically complex mycelia were simulated in order to investigate the influence of mycelial morphology (Trichoderma harzianum) on castor oil and air dispersion. Measurements of oil drops and air bubbles were obtained using an image analysis system coupled to a mixing tank. Complex interactions of the phases involved could be clearly observed. The Sauter diameter and the size distributions of drops and bubbles were affected by the morphological type of biomass (pellets or dispersed mycelia) added to the system. Larger oil drop sizes were obtained with dispersed mycelia than with pellets, as a result of the high apparent viscosity of the broth, which caused a drop in the power drawn, reducing oil drop break-up. Unexpectedly, bubble sizes observed with dispersed mycelia were smaller than with pellets, a phenomenon which can be explained by the segregation occurring at high biomass concentrations with the dispersed mycelia. Very complex oil drops were produced, containing air bubbles and a high number of structures likely consisting of small water droplets. Bubble location was influenced by biomass morphology. The percentage (in volume) of oil-trapped bubbles increased (from 32 to 80%) as dispersed mycelia concentration increased. A practically constant (32%) percentage of oil-trapped bubbles was observed with pelleted morphology at all biomass concentrations. The results evidenced the high complexity of phases interactions and the importance of mycelial morphology in such processes.     

Changes of renal function and structure in rats exposed to cold

The kidney appears to play a crucial role in both initiating and maintaining the high blood pressure in cold-induced hypertension (CIH). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes of renal function and structure in rats exposed to cold for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly after 2 weeks of cold exposure and was maintained throughout the whole experiment. Upregulation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT₁R) expression was seen in the vascular zone and distal tubule after 4 and 6 weeks of cold exposure. This was accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and nitric oxide (NO) content in kidney. Structural changes were also observed in glomeruli, tubules and arteries in cold-treated rats. These results suggest that upregulation of kidney AT₁R plays a critical role in the development of CIH, and its interaction with oxidative stress, NO and NOS may be involved in changes of renal function and structure.     

Cardiovascular and metabolic responses of hypertensive and normotensive rats to one week of cold exposure

Challenges to energy homeostasis, such as cold exposure, can have consequences for both metabolic and cardiovascular functioning. We hypothesized that 1-wk cold exposure (4 degrees C) would produce concurrent increases in metabolic rate (VO(2); indirect calorimetry), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) measured by telemetry. In the initial hours of change in ambient temperature (T(a)), both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats showed rapid increases (in cold) or decreases (in rewarming) of VO(2), HR, and MAP, although the initial changes in MAP and HR were more exaggerated in SHRs. Throughout cold exposure, HR, VO(2), food intake, and locomotor activity remained elevated but MAP decreased in both strains, particularly in the SHR. During rewarming, all measures normalized quickly in both strains except MAP, which fell below baseline (hypotension) for the first few days. The results indicate that variations of T(a) produce rapid changes in a suite of cardiovascular and behavioral responses that have many similarities in hypertensive and normotensive strains of rats. The findings are consistent with the general concept that the cardiovascular responses to cold exposure in rats are closely related to and perhaps a secondary consequence of the mechanisms responsible for increasing heat production.     

Aging attenuates the coronary blood flow response to cold air breathing and isometric handgrip in healthy humans

The purpose of this echocardiography study was to measure peak coronary blood flow velocity (CBV(peak)) and left ventricular function (via tissue Doppler imaging) during separate and combined bouts of cold air inhalation (-14 ± 3°C) and isometric handgrip (30% maximum voluntary contraction). Thirteen young adults and thirteen older adults volunteered to participate in this study and underwent echocardiographic examination in the left lateral position. Cold air inhalation was 5 min in duration, and isometric handgrip (grip protocol) was 2 min in duration; a combined stimulus (cold + grip protocol) and a cold pressor test (hand in 1°C water) were also performed. Heart rate, blood pressure, O(2) saturation, and inspired air temperature were monitored on a beat-by-beat basis. The rate-pressure product (RPP) was used as an index of myocardial O(2) demand, and CBV(peak) was used as an index of myocardial O(2) supply. The RPP response to the grip protocol was significantly blunted in older subjects (Δ1,964 ± 396 beats·min(-1)·mmHg) compared with young subjects (Δ3,898 ± 452 beats·min(-1)·mmHg), and the change in CBV(peak) was also blunted (Δ6.3 ± 1.2 vs. 11.2 ± 2.0 cm/s). Paired t-tests showed that older subjects had a greater change in the RPP during the cold + grip protocol [Δ2,697 ± 391 beats·min(-1)·mmHg compared with the grip protocol alone (Δ2,115 ± 375 beats·min(-1)·mmHg)]. An accentuated RPP response to the cold + grip protocol (compared with the grip protocol alone) without a concomitant increase in CBV(peak) may suggest a dissociation between the O(2) supply and demand in the coronary circulation. In conclusion, older adults have blunted coronary blood flow responses to isometric exercise.     

人工寒潮对高血压大鼠P-选择素的影响

目的:探讨人工寒潮对易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠(RHRSP)血小板活化影响.方法:健康雄性Sprague Dawley(SD)随机分成三组:高血压组、假手术组、正常对照组,高血压组大鼠按双肾双夹法复制成RHRSP模型;用鼠尾测压仪(HX21型)经尾动脉测量收缩压,肾动脉狭窄术前测量1次,术后每4周测量1次,观察12周,分别与对照组和假手术组比较;12周末对每只大鼠放入人工寒潮箱进行人工寒潮,4小时后舌下静脉取血约2ml.流式细胞仪检测RHRSP全血中p-选择素(CD62p)表达阳性率,取脑组织进行病理学检查.结果:不同时期各组全血中CD62p表达阳性率比较:a.方差分析结果表明:高血压组CD62p表达阳性率显著高于其它2对照组(P＜0.01);b.CD62p表达阳性率、随血压的升高而逐渐增多,与高血压大鼠MAP成正相关关系;c.t检验结果表明:高血压组CD62p表达阳性率在经历人工寒潮后较前显著升高(P＜0.0).结论:高血压大鼠的CD62p表达阳性率较对照组明显增高,在人工寒潮后CD62p表达更高.