植物-微生物联合修复化学农药污染土壤的研究进展

化学农药的高毒性、生物积累性和扩散性极易对环境及人类健康造成危害,环境中化学农药的去除尤为重要。植物-微生物联合修复技术因其高效、环境友好和修复成本低等优点受到越来越多的关注,植物-微生物联合修复化学农药污染土壤是一种很有前景的方法。植物为根际和内生细菌提供养分,而细菌通过化学农药的降解和解毒来支持植物生长。本文综述了影响化学农药在植物体内吸收和转运的因素以及植物-微生物修复技术的原理,并讨论了植物与微生物在化学农药污染土壤修复中的协同效应,并对植物-微生物联合修复法在化学农药污染土壤修复中的应用前景进行了展望。     

汞污染土壤植物修复技术研究进展

汞是一种全球性污染物,汞污染土壤的修复问题,一直倍受各国科学工作者关注,土壤汞污染的植物修复技术是近年来发展起来的新兴技术.其中,汞污染土壤的植物提取技术是最有发展前途的一种汞污染土壤植物修复技术.本文对国内外有关汞污染土壤的植物修复技术进行了系统分析,对有关汞污染土壤的植物修复应用技术,如植物挥发、固化及提取等修复方法进行了评述,探讨了植物修复技术在汞污染土壤修复中的应用前景.加快对汞超积累植物的筛选和植物体对重金属耐性机制的研究,对今后开展汞污染土壤的植物修复工作具有重要的现实意义.     

重金属污染土壤修复技术研究的现状与展望

目前重金属污染土壤的修复主要采用物理化学技术和植物修复技术,根据其作用和过程和机物,物理化学技术主要包括化学固化,土壤淋洗和动电修复;植物修复技术包括植物稳定,植物挥发和植物提取,本文就各种修复技术的原理,优缺点,实用性及其国际研究与发展动态作一简述。     

重金属污染的转基因植物修复——原理与应用

污染环境的植物修复技术具有成本低、不造成二次污染等优点。从自然界中寻找用于污染环境修复的超富积植物不仅难度大 ,而且受生物量、生长周期以及地理环境等因素的限制。近几年迅速发展起来的通过转基因植物进行污染环境的修复技术显示了广阔的应用前景。外源基因在植物的高效表达可以提高植物吸收、运输、降解污染物的能力以及修复的效率 ,并可以作为研究不同污染物修复机理的实验系统。以转基因植物修复几种主要的重金属污染为例 ,介绍了转基因植物修复的原理、现状及存在问题 ,并探讨了提高转基因植物修复效率的一些方法 。     

污染土壤植物修复效率影响因素研究进展

为提高植物修复技术对污染土壤的修复效率,根据当今植物修复技术在污染土壤修复中的应用现状及发展趋势,对近年来国内外植物修复技术的各种影响因素进行分析。首先从污染物的理化性质及其交互作用、土壤与气象因子、植物种类及其根际效应以及栽培措施等方面,系统论述影响土壤中重金属污染物及有机污染物植物修复效率的主要因素,阐述植物添加剂对植物修复效率的影响。最后指出植物修复今后研究的重点:营造促进植物生长发育的环境,针对影响植物修复效率的各个因素对植物修复技术进行改良及强化,并合理应用植物添加剂,提高植物修复效率。     

铜污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

随着工业化与农业化进程的加快,土壤重金属污染问题日益突出。铜(Cu)既是生命体生长发育的必需微量元素,也是重金属污染物之一。土壤中过量的Cu不仅会对植物产生毒害,而且能够通过食物链的富集作用,对人类健康造成严重威胁。生物修复技术作为治理重金属污染土壤的一种新型技术受到广泛关注。文中对生物修复的主要技术如植物修复、微生物修复、植物-微生物联合修复、动物修复等在治理Cu污染土壤方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为重金属污染土壤有效治理和可持续农业的发展提供理论依据。     

重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理及强化措施探讨

阐述了植物修复的基本概念及主要作用方式 ,并从土壤中重金属存在形态 ,植物对重金属吸收、排泄和积累以及植物生物学特性与植物修复的关系等方面讨论了重金属污染土壤植物修复的基本原理及局限性和限制性因素 ,从超富集植物性能强化和技术强化两方面探讨了植物修复的强化措施 ,并指出与现代化农业技术相结合是植物修复重金属污染土壤大规模商业应用的一条捷径     

我国土壤重金属污染植物吸取修复研究进展

我国从上世纪90年代中后期开始土壤重金属（含类金属砷）污染的植物吸取修复研究及技术探索,先后发现了一批具有较高研究价值和应用前景的铜、砷、镉、锰等重金属的积累或超积累植物,并从重金属耐性和超积累生理机制、植物吸取修复的根际过程与机制、吸取修复强化措施和修复植物处置与资源化利用等方面进行了研究,同时开展了植物吸取修复技术的示范与应用,已有一些较成功的植物修复工程应用案例,使我国重金属污染土壤植物修复技术,尤其是植物吸取修复技术在国际上产生了较强的影响力。本文就近年来我国土壤重金属污染植物吸取修复研究进展进行了综述,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

2020污染土壤的生物修复专刊序言

生物修复技术,作为可持续发展的重要方向,因其环境友好、高效且无二次污染并能从根本上解决土壤污染问题而受到关注,已经在土壤污染治理中得到了广泛的应用。为了梳理和凝练生物修复技术的发展状况,本专刊收录了该研究领域的16篇论文,分别从植物修复、微生物修复、联合修复、重金属吸收积累的相关分子机制、资源化再利用等方面,详细阐述生物修复技术的发展动态,展望未来的发展趋势,为促进生物修复技术的发展提供参考。     

强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的策略及其机制

重金属对生态环境、农业生产、人类健康等诸多方面造成重要危害。植物修复因其具有经济有效、绿色生态等优点,已经成为土壤重金属污染修复研究领域的热点。由于植物重金属毒害、修复耗时过长等因素致使植物修复技术受限于研究阶段而不能广泛应用于实践。采用科学合理的强化措施提高植物修复的效率可能是解决该矛盾的关键之一。讨论了根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌、溶磷微生物和内生真菌构建的微生物-植物共生系统在强化植物修复过程中的具体应用;概述了EDTA、EDDS等螯合剂在改变土壤中重金属可溶态,促进重金属从土壤向植株转运的重要作用;介绍了植物中编码金属转运蛋白、金属硫蛋白、植物螯合肽等与重金属转运和代谢相关的基因在植物修复领域的实际应用;归纳了上述强化策略主要机制为微生物促进植物生长、缓解重金属植物毒性以及提高了土壤中重金属生物利用度,从而促进重金属在富集植物中积累和植物生物量的增加;最后总结并展望了植物修复强化技术在今后研究的重点及存在的问题。综述植物修复技术采用的主要强化策略及其机制,旨在为利用植物修复技术治理土壤重金属污染提供重要参考。     

基于芽苗砧嫁接油茶砧穗创伤后内源激素动态变化分析

为研究油茶(Camellia oleifera A)嫁接时穗条和砧木创伤后内源激素动态变化规律,解析影响砧穗嫁接面愈合的生理机制,为油茶砧穗愈合生长机理提供理论支持。以树龄6年的长林18号和53号的穗条和实生砧木为材料,按照芽苗砧嫁接方法切割穗条S0(0 min)、S10(10 min)、S40(40 min)和砧木茎段Z0(0 min)、Z10(10 min)后,利用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、反式玉米素(TZR)、玉米素(Zeatin)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量,分析不同时间段内源激素变化及品种间差异的关系。结果显示:创伤后18号的TZR、Zeatin和SA含量总体高于53号;18号IAA、SA和JA逐渐下降;TZR和Zeatin分别在S10和S0达最高值后下降;ABA在S10达最高值。53号IAA和JA爱S10达最高值后下降;TZR、Zeatin和SA在S10达低值后逐渐上升;ABA在S0达高值后逐渐下降。砧木茎段创伤前后激素含量除JA外18号高于53号;两品种Z0时激素含量下降,Z10后上升,仅53号ABA和SA含量在Z0达高值后下降。砧木茎段和根部激素含量在品种间除JA外18号高于53号,茎段的IAA、ABA高于根部,其他激素为根部高于茎段。激素比值在品种间和部位间差异明显;IAA/ABA、IAA/TZR、IAA/Zeatin和IAA/JA、ABA/TZR、ABA/Zeatin和ABA/JA比值为53号高于18号;穗条内SA/IAA为18号高于53号,SA/JA和SA/ABA为53号高于18号;砧木茎段均为18号高于53号;TZR/SA、TZR/JA比值在穗条和砧木茎段为18号高于53号。两品种创伤后IAA与JA极显著正相关,而IAA与SA,SA与JA在18号极显著正相关,53号极显著或显著负相关;53号TZR、Zeatin、SA间极显著或显著正相关,JA与TZR、Zeatin和SA极显著负相关。砧木茎段创伤后18号激素间为极显著或显著正相关;53号TZR和Zeatin与IAA、JA极显著正相关,与SA存在显著负相关,SA与JA有显著负相关。砧木茎段和根部间品种间仅在SA与各激素间相关性存在差异,其他激素间存在极显著正相关或负相关。综上所述,砧穗创伤后激素水平上18号在创伤面易于愈伤组织发育,而53号抗逆激素水平较高且与细胞分裂增殖类激素负相关,可能影响53号嫁接后愈合生长;嫁接应在创伤后10 min内较为适宜;砧穗间激素含量及比值的差异可能会影响后期嫁接部位形态重建以及穗条生长。     

啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化

啮齿动物对植物种子的取食和扩散影响种子的时空分布,继而影响种子的萌发和幼苗建成,因而在森林更新中起着重要作用.在国有济源市愚公林场,选择退耕地生境,于春季、夏季、秋季分别释放人工标记的山杏种子,观察啮齿动物扩散与埋藏山杏种子的季节性差异.结果表明：1）退耕地中的啮齿动物主要包括大林姬鼠、社鼠、黑线姬鼠;2）山杏种子扩散速率在春季显著慢于夏季,夏季显著慢于秋季;3）种子搬运量受季节和种子状态交互作用影响,春季显著少于夏季,夏季显著少于秋季;4）不同季节种子平均搬运距离不同,秋季不同状态种子的搬运距离均大于春季和夏季;5）啮齿动物对山杏种子的贮藏点大小多为1粒种子,少量为2、3粒种子,且贮藏点大小与季节间存在显著的交互作用,春季单粒种子的贮藏点数量显著少于夏季和秋季,而夏季与秋季的贮藏点则倾向于多粒种子;6）在夏季和秋季各有5枚（共释放1800枚）被啮齿动物分散贮藏的山杏种子建成幼苗.     

Accumulation of elements in the arteries and cardiac valves of Thai with aging

To elucidate whether the extent of element accumulation in the arteries and cardiac valves with aging was different between different races, the authors investigated the accumulation of elements in the arteries and cardiac valves of the Thai with aging and the relationships among elements in the cardiac valves. After ordinary dissection at Chiang Mai University was finished, 16 arteries and 4 cardiac valves were resected and element contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. In the 16 arteries, the average content of calcium was the highest in the site of the abdominal aorta ramifying into the common iliac arteries, and it decreased in the order internal iliac, coronary, abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, thoracic aorta, brachial, radial, common carotid, subclavian, ulnar, axillary, renal, and internal thoracic arteries. The average contents of phosphorus and magnesium in respective arteries were parallel with the average contents of calcium, except for the coronary artery. In comparison with the arteries of the Japanese, the trend of calcium accumulation in the arteries of the Thai was almost similar to that in the arteries of the Japanese, except for the coronary artery and thoracic aorta. The calcium accumulation in the coronary artery was much higher in the Thai than in the Japanese, whereas that in the thoracic aorta was lower in the Thai than in the Japanese. Regarding elements in the cardiac valves, the calcium content increased remarkably in the seventies in the aortic valve and in the nineties in the pulmonary valve, but it hardly increased in both the mitral and tricuspid valves with aging. The average content of calcium was the highest in the aortic valve, and it decreased in the order pulmonary, tricuspid, and mitral valves. Regarding the relationship among elements in the aortic valves, it was found that there were extremely significant direct correlations among the contents of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, whereas there were significant direct correlations between zinc and either calcium or phosphorus contents. Although significant correlations were found between sulfur and the other element contents in the aortic valves of the Japanese, no significant correlations were found between them in the aortic valves of the Thai. In the mitral valves, extremely or very significant direct correlations were found among the contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur, with some exceptions that there were no significant correlations between phosphorus and either magnesium or sulfur contents. In addition, no significant correlation was found in the calcium content between the aortic valve and coronary artery in the same individuals.     

Species and individual differences in juvenile female alloparental care are associated with oxytocin receptor density in the striatum and the lateral septum

The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in the regulation of affiliative behavior and maternal responsiveness in several mammalian species. Rodent species vary considerably in the expression of juvenile alloparental behavior. For example, alloparental behavior is spontaneous in juvenile female prairie voles (approximately 20 days of age), takes 1-3 days of pup exposure to develop in juvenile rats, and is nearly absent in juvenile mice and meadow voles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that species differences in pup responsiveness in juvenile rodents are associated with oxytocin receptor (OTR) density in specific brain regions. We found that OTR density in the nucleus accumbens (NA) is highest in juvenile prairie voles, intermediate in juvenile rats, and lowest in juvenile mice and meadow voles. In the caudate putamen (CP), OTR binding was highest in prairie voles, intermediate in rats and meadow voles, and lowest in mice. In contrast, the lateral septum (LS) shows an opposite pattern, with OTR binding being high in mice and meadow voles and low in prairie voles and rats. Thus, alloparental responsiveness in juvenile rodents is positively correlated with OTR density in the NA and CP and negatively correlated with OTR density in the LS. We then investigated whether a similar receptor-behavior relationship exists among juvenile female prairie voles by correlating individual variation in alloparental behavior with variation in OTR density. The time spent adopting crouching postures, the most distinctive component of alloparental behavior in juveniles, was positively correlated with OTR density in the NA (r = 0.47) and CP (r = 0.45) and negatively correlated with OTR density in the lateral septum (r = -0.53). Thus, variation in OTR density in the NA, CP, and LS may underlie both species and individual differences in alloparental care in rodents.     

黄土丘陵区不同植被根际土壤微量元素含量特征

为了解黄土高原不同植被土壤微量元素的根际效应,分析了该地区柠条、沙棘、沙打旺、柳枝稷、阿尔泰狗娃花和茵陈蒿6种植被根际与非根际土壤中有机碳、全氮、Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn含量.结果表明： 6种植被中,柠条、阿尔泰狗娃花和茵陈蒿根际土壤的有机碳、全氮含量高于非根际土壤;除柠条和沙棘外,其余4种植被非根际土壤pH值均显著高于根际土壤.6种植被根际土壤有效Mn含量均低于非根际;柠条、沙打旺和柳枝稷根际有效Cu含量显著高于非根际,表现出强烈根际富集现象.除沙打旺外,其他5种植被根际有效Fe含量均略高于非根际.沙打旺、柳枝稷、茵陈蒿和阿尔泰狗娃花表现出强烈的有效Zn根际富集现象.根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮与有效Mn、有效Zn,以及有效Mn与有效Zn呈极显著正相关.根际土壤pH值与有效Mn和有效Zn呈显著负相关.由于不同植物根系的生长特征、根际pH值及微生物种类等的差异,不同植被根际的微量元素含量不同,茵陈蒿根际4种微量元素含量高于其他植被.     

Dichloroacetate- and trichloroacetate-induced phagocytic activation and production of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues of mice after acute exposure

Dichoroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are by-products formed during chlorination of the drinking water and were found to be hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. In this study, the abilities of the compounds to induce oxidative stress and phagocytic activation have been studied in B6C3F1 mice. Groups of mice were administered 300 mg/kg of either DCA or TCA, p.o, and were sacrificed after 6 or 12 h. Peritoneal lavage cells (PLCs) were isolated and assayed for superoxide anion (SA) production, and hepatic tissues were assayed for the production of SA, lipid peroxidation (LP), and DNA-single strand breaks (SSBs). TCA resulted in significant production of SA in the PLCs, and in the production of SA, LP, and DNA-SSBs in the hepatic tissues, 12 h after dosing, as compared with the control. DCA administration, on the other hand, resulted in significant increases in the productions of LP and DNA-SSBs in the hepatic tissues at both time points, and in SA production in PLCs and hepatic tissues, 6 h after dosing. However, DCA-induced increases in SA production in PLC and hepatic tissues declined at the 12-h time point, reaching control level in the hepatic tissues. These results may implicate the contribution of phagocytic activation to the induction of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues and also the role of SA production in the induction of LP and/or DNA damage in those tissues, in response to the compounds. The results also suggest studying the involvement of these mechanisms in the long-term hepatotoxicity/hepatocarcinogencity of the compounds.     

Dynamics of growth and the content of endogenous phytohormones during kidney bean scoto-and photomorphogenesis

The dynamics of growth and the contents of free and bound endogenous IAA, gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (zeatin and its riboside), and ABA in kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Belozernaya) grown in darkness or in the light was studied. Phytohormones were quantified in 5–15-day-old plants by the ELISA technique. Plant growth and phytohormone content were shown to depend on plant age and the conditions of illumination. During scotomorphogenesis, changes in the biomass and hypocotyl length were highly correlated with the content of GA, whereas during photomorphogeneses, these parameters were correlated with the content of zeatin. In darkness, epicotyl growth displayed a positive correlation with the content of GA, whereas in the light, the correlation was negative. Growth characteristics of the primary leaves were shown to correlate with IAA in darkness and with GA and zeatin in the light. At a low concentration of cytokinins in illuminated leaves, cell divisions occurred, whereas, at the higher cytokinin concentrations, cell expansion occurred. The highest content of GA was characteristic of leaves in the period of growth cessation. ABA accumulated during active leaf and root elongation and biomass increment in the light and during hypocotyl growth in darkness. After plant illumination, the ratio of auxins to cytokinins increased in bean roots and decreased in their epicotyls. Thus, light changed the developmental programs of bean plants, which was manifested in the changed rate and duration of growth of various organs (root, hypocotyl, epicotyl, and leaf). Some mechanisms of light action depended on the contents of IAA, ABA, GA, and cytokinins and the ratios between these phytohormones. Differences between scotonorphogenesis of mono-and dicotyledonous plants are discussed in relation to the levels of phytohormones in them.     

Sex and estrous cycle-dependent differences in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the adult rat hippocampus

Sex differences in the morphology and function of the hippocampus have been reported in several species, but it is unknown whether a sexual dimorphism exists in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the rat hippocampus. We analyzed GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of intact adult male rats as well as in females during diestrus and proestrus phases of the estrous cycle. We found that in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, GFAP immunoreactivity was higher in proestrus females as compared with males and diestrus females. In CA1, a similar GFAP immunoreactivity was found in males and in diestrus females, but in dentate gyrus, males presented the lowest GFAP content. Interestingly, differences in astrocyte morphology were also found. Rounded cells with numerous and short processes were mainly observed in the hippocampus during proestrus whereas cells with stellate shape with few and long processes were present in the hippocampus of males and diestrus females. The marked sex and estrous cycle-dependent differences in GFAP immunoreactivity density and in astrocyte number and morphology found in the rat hippocampus, suggest the involvement of sex steroid hormones in the sexually dimorphic functions of the hippocampus, and in the change in its activity during the estrous cycle.     

Seasonal variation of organogenetic activity and reserves allocation in the shoot apex of Pinus pinaster Ait

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To understand better the basic growth characteristics of pines and the fundamental properties of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), variations within the shoot apex of buds were studied. METHODS: A detailed structural comparison of meristem dimensions, organogenetic activity, and the presence of lipids, starch grains and tannins was performed on shoot apices of juvenile, and male and female adult Pinus pinaster at five different times in the annual growth cycle. KEY RESULTS: There were significant correlations among traits and differences in the pattern for juvenile and adult shoots. In juvenile shoots, peaks of organogenesis were present in spring and autumn, but not in summer. In adult shoots, one peak, characterized by an increase in meristem dimensions, was present in summer. The accumulation of starch grains beneath the SAM and of tannin in sub-apical pith parenchyma were at their maximum when organogenetic activity was high in spring and autumn in juvenile plants, and in summer in adult plants. In juvenile and adult plants, lipids were stored within the SAM in autumn, filling a large part of the bud in winter, and were depleted in the cortical parenchyma and then in the pith during shoot elongation. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the sites of accumulation within the SAM and on the stage of the annual growth cycle, lipids, starch and tannins may be involved in different processes. In spring, energy and structural materials released by lipid hydrolysis may contribute to stem elongation and/or cell-to-cell communication. During organogenesis, energy and structural materials released by starch hydrolysis may influence developmental programmes in the SAM and adjacent cells. Tannins may be involved in cellular detoxification. At the end of the growing season, accumulation of lipid and starch is positively correlated with the onset of dormancy.     

松嫩平原全叶马兰种群不同龄级分株的生长策略

全叶马兰为根蘖性多年生草本菊科植物,种群由3个龄级无性系分株组成,在松嫩平原6月份,是全叶马兰营养生长的旺盛期,研究结果表明,分株的生长与生产力以1龄级最低,2、3龄级依次增高,3个龄级分株的生物量分配均为茎>叶>主根,叶的生物量分配为1龄级>2龄级>3龄级,茎和主根的均为1龄级<2龄级<3龄级,3个龄级分株总重与分株高度、分株叶重与茎重、分株主根重与枝条重之间均为幂函数异速生长规律,主根的生物量分配则随着分株高度的增加呈线性减少,全叶马兰无性系分株的生长与分配策略是在分株幼小时将较多的物质分配给叶,以保证物质生产器官叶的建造上,随着分株生长逐渐将生产的物质分配到茎和主根的生长与贮藏;分株不向主根投入较多的能量,但在分株幼小时向主根中分配的物质相对较多,随着分株的生长则按比例较小,并保持相对稳定的分配比率