可溶性焦磷酸酶的研究进展

焦磷酸酶(pyrophosphatase, PPase)是一种将底物焦磷酸(pyrophosphoric acid, PPi)水解成两分子磷酸盐的酶。目前,自然界中存在两大类PPase:膜结合型焦磷酸酶(membrane-integral pyrophosphatase, M-PPase)和可溶性焦磷酸酶(soluble inorganic pyrophatase, s-PPase)。s-PPase又分为Ⅰ型可溶性焦磷酸酶(soluble inorganic pyrophatase FamilyⅠ, s-PPaseⅠ)、Ⅱ型可溶性焦磷酸酶(soluble inorganic pyrophatase FamilyⅡ, s-PPaseⅡ)和Ⅲ型可溶性焦磷酸酶(soluble inorganic pyrophatase FamilyⅢ, s-PPaseⅢ)。s-PPaseⅠ在不同生物中寡聚物的状态不同,s-PPaseⅡ在所有生物中都以二聚体形式存在,s-PPaseⅢ是卤代烷脱卤酶的变体。s-PPase催化PPi水解过程包括基团去活化和亲核体产生。s-PPaseⅡ中的CBS-PPase调控机制研究的比较清楚。本综述将重点对s-PPase的结构、催化特性、调控机制和应用等方面进行分析阐述,为后续深入的研究提供参考。     

植物焦磷酸酶(PPase)的研究进展

植物焦磷酸酶(PPase)可分为存在于细胞质中可溶性的无机焦磷酸酶和与膜结合的不可溶性焦磷酸酶.后者不仅能水解焦磷酸,同时还具有质子泵的功能.橡胶树乳管中与黄色体膜结合的不可溶性焦磷酸酶,是调控橡胶生物合成的一个必不可少的酶.对植物焦磷酸酶的结构及其功能和分子生物学研究的进展进行了综合论述,并着重阐述了焦磷酸酶在橡胶树橡胶生物合成中的作用.     

谷氨酰胺磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰胺酶研究进展

谷氨酰胺磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰胺酶是生物．体内嘌呤产物合成途径的关键酶,负责催化全合成途径的第一步反应。肌苷属于嘌呤核苷,是食品和医药行业广泛应用的重要产品。谷氨酰胺磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰胺酶在肌苷的生物合成途径中起重要调节作用,对其深入研究将有助于提高肌苷的产量,对工业化生产有重大意义。本从谷氨酰胺磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰胺酶的属性、功能、结构和基因表达与调控方面对其做了介绍,为肌苷产量的提高工作奠定了基础。     

植物液泡膜上的焦磷酸酶

本文概述了焦磷酸酶在植物物质和能量代谢过程中的调节作用,并对液泡膜焦磷酸酶的质子泵功能研究现状进行了讨论。     

NTP焦磷酸酶的生物学功能及临床相关性研究进展

核苷三磷酸焦磷酸酶(nucleotide triphosphates pyrophosphatase,NTP-PPase)是一类可将核苷三磷酸(nucleotide triphosphates,NTPs)水解生成其对应的NMPs,同时释放出焦磷酸的核酸酶。随着其在从大肠杆菌到哺乳动物细胞中的广泛发现,它们在进化上的保守性表明该家族分子在维持生命过程中具有重要作用。NTP焦磷酸酶可以通过水解异常核苷酸,避免其掺入到新合成的DNA或RNA链中,保证DNA合成的精确性和基因组的稳定性,并与肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关。将对NTP焦磷酸酶的研究进展作简要介绍。     

人细胞核dUTPase的克隆表达及其酶学活性

以阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer’sdisease ,AD)患者脑cDNA文库质粒为模板 ,用PCR方法扩增得到人细胞核dUTP焦磷酸酶 (dUTPase)的cDNA ,将其克隆到谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶 (GST)融合表达载体pGEX 4T 1中 ,并在大肠杆菌BL2 1中获得高效表达 .表达的融合蛋白GST dUTPase经过谷胱甘肽 Sepharose 4B亲和层析 ,凝血酶酶切和SephacrylS 10 0纯化 ,得到高纯度dUTPase蛋白 .通过SDS PAGE ,氨基酸组成分析 ,N端氨基酸序列测定以及HPLC测Mr 结果与期望值一致 .通过检测该酶水解dUTP释放的焦磷酸 (PPi)来测定表达产物dUTPase蛋白及GST dUTPase融合蛋白的酶活性 ,发现两蛋白都具有正常的酶水解dUTP活性 ,但融合蛋白的活性比dUTPase蛋白低 7～ 8倍 .同时研究了Mg2 +和EDTA对酶活性的影响     

无机焦磷酸化酶基因转化甘蔗的遗传研究

甘蔗是我国最为重要的糖料作物,也是一种重要的能源作物,提高甘蔗的含糖量是甘蔗育种的主要目标.通过农杆菌介导法将无机焦磷酸化酶(PPase)基因导入甘蔗,以期获得提高蔗糖含量的转基因植株.经过PPT抗性筛选获得72株抗性植株,并对其进行PPase基因和bar筛选标记基因的双重PCR检测,其中有13株都呈阳性.结果初步证明无机焦磷酸化酶基因已整合到甘蔗的基因组中.     

酿酒酵母胞内无机焦磷酸酶的分离纯化及性质

An inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC3.6.1.1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified to PAGE homogeneity by sonication disruption. (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose colunm chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were 7.4～7. 8 and 60℃, respectively. The Km was 19.3 mmol / L. The enzyme required Mg2+ as a cofactor for hydrolysis of pyrophosphate and was inhibited by Ca2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Mn2+.     

膜外核苷酸焦磷酸酯酶/磷酸二酯酶家族的研究进展

膜外核苷酸焦磷酸酯酶/磷酸二酯酶家族(E-NPPs)是哺乳动物体内一族结构相似的膜蛋白,目前共发现该家族的7个成员。该家族名称的由来是因为最初发现的NPP1、NPP2、NPP3均具有水解核苷酸及其衍生物的焦磷酸酯键/磷酸二酯键的活性,而进一步的研究表明,E-NPPs的一些成员还具有重要的磷脂酶活性。它们广泛参与核苷酸循环、骨矿化、磷脂信号调控、细胞运动、细胞增殖等多种生理过程,其表达异常时会导致肿瘤、骨矿化异常、Ⅱ型糖尿病等疾病的发生。     

金属硫蛋白-3对dUTPase调节dUTP细胞毒性作用的影响

金属硫蛋白-3（MT-3）,又称神经生长抑制因子,是一种脑特异性金属硫蛋白。人细胞核dUTP焦磷酸酶（dUTP pyrophosphatase, dUTPase）是最近在脑中研究发现的能与人金属硫蛋白-3（human metallothionein-3,hMT-3）相互作用的一个蛋白,两者共同作用具有神经元生长抑制活性。为了探讨hMT-3对dUTPase调节dUTP引起的细胞毒性作用的影响,通过基因转染HEK293细胞观察细胞在dUTP中的生长情况,发现共转染hMT-3和dUTPase基因的细胞比单转染dUTPase或hMT-3基因的细胞具有更强的对dUTP细胞毒性的耐受能力;同时在大肠杆菌BL21中表达重组蛋白,测定hMT-3在dUTPase水解dUTP中的作用,结果显示重组蛋白hMT-3可以促进dUTPase对dUTP的水解。结果均初步证实了hMT-3对dUTPase抵抗dUTP引起的正常细胞死亡有一定的协同作用,为进一步研究dUTPase及其相互作用蛋白hMT-3在化疗中的应用提供理论依据。     

Down–Regulation of Human Deoxyuridine Triphosphate Nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) Using Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

A small interfering double stranded RNA molecule (siRNA, 21 bp) corresponding to a portion (nucleotides 337 to 357) of domain 3 of the human dUTPase was synthesized and used to determine whether it could down‐regulate dUTPase activity in human cells. Transfection of the siRNA into HeLa and HT29 cells resulted in a 56 ± 3.6% decrease in dUTPase activity, while transfection of SW620 cells resulted in a 27 ± 6% decrease in dUTPase activity when compared to non‐treated controls.     

dUTP Pyrophosphatase, its appearance in extracellular compartment may serve as a potential biomarker for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine exposure in mammalian cells

The monofunctional alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is a model chemical widely used for studying the molecular events induced by the widespread environmental N-nitroso alkylating carcinogen. Many studies have focused on understanding MNNG-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. However, the search for specific indicators of MNNG exposure is still underway. In this study, we analyzed the proteins in culture medium of human amnion epithelial cells (FL cells) exposed to MNNG by 2-DE followed by MALDI-TOF MS, in the hope of finding a specific protein marker suitable for MNNG risk assessment. Image visualization and statistical analysis indicated that 12 spots appeared and 4 spots up-regulated after MNNG exposure. Most of them were identified by MS. These proteins include nuclear isoform of dUTP pyrophosphatase (DUT-N), phosphoglycerate mutase 1, heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan, etc., which are involved in multiple cellular functions. Interestingly, 2-DE and MS analyses of cell lysate exposed to MNNG revealed that DUT-N was down-regulated. The appearance of DUT-N in culture medium and its down-regulation in cell lysate was confirmed by Western blot. These data suggest that these proteins, especially DUT-N, could be used as candidate biomarkers for monitoring MNNG exposure.     

Cross-species inhibition of dUTPase via the Staphylococcal Stl protein perturbs dNTP pool and colony formation in Mycobacterium

Proteins responsible for the integrity of the genome are often used targets in drug therapies against various diseases. The inhibitors of these proteins are also important to study the pathways in genome integrity maintenance. A prominent example is Ugi, a well known cross-species inhibitor protein of the enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase, responsible for uracil excision from DNA. Here, we report that a Staphylococcus pathogenicity island repressor protein called Stl_SaPIbov1 (Stl) exhibits potent dUTPase inhibition in Mycobacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first indication of a cross-species inhibitor protein for any dUTPase. We demonstrate that the Staphylococcus aureus Stl and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis dUTPase form a stable complex and that in this complex, the enzymatic activity of dUTPase is strongly inhibited. We also found that the expression of the Stl protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis led to highly increased cellular dUTP levels in the mycobacterial cell, this effect being in agreement with its dUTPase inhibitory role. In addition, Stl expression in M. smegmatis drastically decreased colony forming ability, as well, indicating significant perturbation of the phenotype. Therefore, we propose that Stl can be considered to be a cross-species dUTPase inhibitor and may be used as an important reagent in dUTPase inhibition experiments either in vitro/in situ or in vivo.     

Inhibition of phosphorylation of cellular dUTP nucleotidohydrolase as a consequence of herpes simplex virus infection

During an infection with herpes simplex virus, activity of cellular dUTPase decreases as a function of time, post-infection, while virus-encoded dUTPase activity increases. Prelabeling of cells with 35S-methionine and immunoprecipitation analysis, using monoclonal antibodies, indicates that cellular dUTPase protein levels remain the same (with respect to levels in uninfected cells) throughout the infection period. New synthesis of cellular dUTPase does not occur in infected cells as determined by 35S-methionine labeling during infection. Further characterization of the cellular dUTPase, in uninfected cells, reveals that the protein is post-translationally phosphorylated at serine residues. Pulse labeling of virus-infected cells with 32P-orthophosphate reveals that the phosphorylation rate of the cellular dUTPase protein decreases significantly as a function of time post-infection. In an effort to establish that phosphate turnover was occurring on the cellular dUTPase protein, cells were prelabeled with 32P-orthophosphate and then infected with HSV in the absence of label. Evidence from this experiment indicates that the phosphate moiety is removed from the cellular dUTPase protein during the infection. A series of viable virus mutants was generated by insertional inactivation of the HSV dUTPase gene. These mutants do not express viral dUTPase activity and HSV dUTPase protein is not detected by western blot analysis. However, in contrast to the wild-type situation, these mutant virus retain significant cellular dUTPase activity throughout infection. Interestingly, phosphorylation of cellular dUTPase protein is now readily detectable in each of the mutant virus-infected cells. These studies indicate that cellular dUTPase activity is diminished in wild-type HSV-infected cells by a process of dephosphorylation. It also appears that in mutant HSV, lacking the virus dUTPase, the mechanism of dephosphorylation and thus inactivation of cellular dUTPase is not functional. The end result is that the mutant virus can now rely on the cellular activity for its survival.     

Modulation of human dUTPase using small interfering RNA

Analyzing the CYP2A6 gene of subjects who showed a poor metabolic phenotype toward SM-12502, we discovered a novel mutant allele (CYP2A6*4C) lacking the whole CYP2A6 gene. Using genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing a human CYP, we found that CYP2A6 was involved in the metabolic activation of a variety of nitrosamines such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) contained in tobacco smoke. Taking these results into consideration, we hypothesized that the subjects carrying the CYP2A6*4C allele had lower risk of tobacco-related lung cancer. In accordance with our hypothesis, our epidemiological studies indicated that smokers homozygous for the CYP2A6*4C allele showed much lower odds ratios toward cancer risk. Other mutant alleles reducing the CYP2A6 activity, besides CYP2A6*4C, also reduced the risk of lung cancer in smokers, particularly of squamous-cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma, both smoking-related cancers. 8-Methoxypsoralen, an inhibitor of CYP2A6, efficiently prevented the occurrence of adenoma caused by NNK in A/J mice.     

Nuclear localization signal-dependent and -independent movements of Drosophila melanogaster dUTPase isoforms during nuclear cleavage

Two dUTPase isoforms (23 kDa and 21 kDa) are present in the fruitfly with the sole difference of an N-terminal extension. In Drosophila embryo, both isoforms are detected inside the nucleus. Here, we investigated the function of the N-terminal segment using eYFP-dUTPase constructs. In Schneider 2 cells, only the 23 kDa construct showed nuclear localization arguing that it may contain a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Sequence comparisons identified a lysine-rich nonapeptide with similarity to the human c-myc NLS. In Drosophila embryos during nuclear cleavages, the 23 kDa isoform showed the expected localization shifts. Contrariwise, although the 21 kDa isoform was excluded from the nuclei during interphase, it was shifted to the nucleus during prophase and forthcoming mitotic steps. The observed dynamic localization character showed strict timing to the nuclear cleavage phases and explained how both isoforms can be present within the nuclear microenvironment, although at different stages of cell cycle.     

Evidence for a second messenger function of dUTP during Bax mediated apoptosis of yeast and mammalian cells

The identification of novel anti-apoptotic sequences has lead to new insights into the mechanisms involved in regulating different forms of programmed cell death. For example, the anti-apoptotic function of free radical scavenging proteins supports the pro-apoptotic function of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Using yeast as a model of eukaryotic mitochondrial apoptosis, we show that a cDNA corresponding to the mitochondrial variant of the human DUT gene (DUT-M) encoding the deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) enzyme can prevent apoptosis in yeast in response to internal (Bax expression) and to exogenous (H₂O₂ and cadmium) stresses. Of interest, cell death was not prevented under culture conditions modeling chronological aging, suggesting that DUT-M only protects dividing cells. The anti-apoptotic function of DUT-M was confirmed by demonstrating that an increase in dUTPase protein levels is sufficient to confer increased resistance to H₂O₂ in cultured C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts. Given that the function of dUTPase is to decrease the levels of dUTP, our results strongly support an emerging role for dUTP as a pro-apoptotic second messenger in the same vein as ROS and ceramide.     

胶原研究进展

胶原是哺乳动物体内含量最多的蛋白质,占体内总蛋白质含量的25%~35%。作为动物体内重要的结构蛋白,胶原不仅是细胞外基质的主要构成成分,还在细胞增殖和分化、组织发育方面发挥了重要作用。胶原纤维分布广泛,主要分布于动物的骨骼、皮肤、角膜、肌腱、软骨、韧带、内脏等组织和器官中。骨骼肌胶原纤维的含量约占总重的1%~2%。骨骼肌胶原含量及交联方式是肉产品嫩度的重要决定因素。通过对胶原结构、功能、合成调控及测定方法进行综述,旨在为提高肉类产品品质提供参考。