RNase III cleavage of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and tryptophan operon mRNA.

Purified RNase III of Escherichia coli cleaved the initial 479-nucleotide sequence of lac operon mRNA at four specific sites and also gave limited cleavage of trp operon mRNA. This action explains the inactivation of mRNA coding capacity by RNase III in vitro.     

Overproduction of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase relieves transcription termination at the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon attenuator

Three spontaneous derivatives of Streptococcus faecium ATCC 9790, originally isolated as conditionally Triton X-100 detergent-resistant at 25 degrees C, displayed normal penicillin-induced rates of lysis at 37 degrees C but substantially reduced rates of lysis and killing at 25 degrees C. The addition of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids at 25 degrees C restored wild-type penicillin lysis rates.     

Expression of Escherichia coli tryptophan operon in Rhizobium leguminosarum.

Summary RP4-trp hybrid plasmid containing Escherichia coli whole tryptophan operon was conjugatively transferred from E. coli to Rhizobium leguminosarum strains carrying mutations in different trp genes, converting their Trp^– phenotype to Trp⁺. That the phenotype change of the R. leguminosarum cells was due to the presence of the E. coli tryptophan operon was verified by the isolation of RP4-trp hybrid plasmid from the R. leguminosarum conjugant cells, and by re-transfer of RP4-trp plasmid by conjugation back to E. coli trp and Pseudomonas putida trp strains. Enzymatic activities of anthranilate synthetase and subunit of tryptophan synthetase in crude extracts of R. leguminosarum cells containing RP4-trp plasmid were much higher than that of the wild-type cells and were not repressed by the presence of tryptophan in the culture medium.     

Duplication-translocations of tryptophan operon genes in Escherichia coli

Mutants of Escherichia coli were selected in which a single mutational event had both relieved the polar effect of an early trpE mutation on trpB and simultaneously released the expression of trpB from tryptophan repression. The frequency at which these mutations appeared was roughly equal to the frequency of point mutations. In each of these mutants, the mutation increased the function of trpB and also increased the activity of some, but not all, of the other four tryptophan operon genes. Genetic analysis showed that the mutations were not located within the trp operon since in each case the parental trp operon could be recovered from the mutants. Each mutant was shown to carry a duplication of a trp operon segment translocated to a new position near the trp operon. Polarity is relieved since the trpB duplication-translocation is not in the same operon as the trpE polar mutation. The duplicated and translocated segments are fused to operons not regulated by tryptophan, so trpB function is no longer subject to tryptophan repression. The properties of the mutants indicate that the length of the duplicated segment and the position to which it is translocated differ in each of the seven mutants studied. The duplications are unstable, but the segregation pattern observed is not consistent with a single crossover model for segregation. That such duplication-translocation events generate a variety of new genetic arrangements at a frequency comparable with point mutations suggests they may play an important role in evolution.     

Effect of tryptophan analogs on derepression of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon by indole-3-propionic acid.

The abilities of 14 tryptophan analogs to repress the tryptophan (trp) operon have been studied in Escherichia coli cells derepressed by incubation with 0.25 mM indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). trp operon expression was monitored by measuring the specific activities of anthranilate synthase (EC 4.1.3.27) and the tryptophan synthase (EC 4.2.1.20) beta subunit. Analogs characterized by modification or removal of the alpha-amino group or the alpha-carboxyl group did not repress the trp operon. The only analogs among this group that appeared to interact with the trp aporepressor were IPA, which derepressed the trp operon, and d-tryptophan. Analogs with modifications of the indole ring repressed the trp operon to various degrees. 7-Methyl-tryptophan inhibited anthranilate synthase activity and consequently derepressed the trp operon. Additionally, 7-methyltryptophan prevented IPA-mediated derepression but, unlike tryptophan, did so in a non-coordinate manner, with the later enzymes of the operon being relatively more repressed than the early enzymes. The effect of 7-methyltryptophan on IPA-mediated derepression was likely not due to the interaction of IPA with the allosteric site of anthranilate synthase, even though feedback-resistant mutants of anthranilate synthase were partially resistant to derepression by IPA. The effect of 7-methyltryptophan on derepression by IPA was probably due to the effect of the analog-aporepressor complex on trp operon expression.     

Temperature-sensitive repression of the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli

Mutants of Escherichia coli exhibiting temperature-sensitive repression of the tryptophan operon have been isolated among the revertants of a tryptophan auxotroph, trpS5, that produces an altered tryptophanyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase. Unlike the parental strain, these mutants grew in the absence of tryptophan at high but not at low temperature. When grown at 43.5 C with excess tryptophan (repression conditions), they produced 10 times more anthranilate synthetase than when grown at 36 C or lower temperatures. Similar, though less striking, temperature-sensitivity was observed with respect to the formation of tryptophan synthetase. Transduction mapping by phage P1 revealed that these mutants carry a mutation cotransducible with thr at 60 to 80%, in addition to trpS5, and that the former mutation is primarily responsible for the temperature-sensitive repression. These results suggest that the present mutants represent a novel type of mutation of the classical regulatory gene trpR, which probably determines the structure of a protein involved in repression of the tryptophan operon. In agreement with this conclusion, tRNA of several trpR mutants was found to be normal with respect to its tryptophan acceptability. It was also shown that the trpS5 allele, whether present in trpR or trpR(+) strains, produced appreciably higher amounts of anthranilate synthetase than the corresponding trpS(+) strains under repression conditions. This was particularly true at higher temperatures. These results provide further evidence for our previous conclusion that tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is somehow involved in repression of this operon.