Vigna radiata var.Sublobata (Fabaceae): Economically useful wild relative of urd and mung beans

Eight natural populations ofVigna radiata var.sublobata— wild relative of cultivated urd (V. mungoj and mung (V. radiata,) beans—were sampled from different ecozones of Palney Hills, an eastward offshoot of Western Ghats of Tamilnadu, India. Photosynthetic efficiency, protein content, seed weight, and amino acid composition were determined for it and the cultigens. Some populations ofV. radiata var.sublobata are as good as or even superior to the cultigens. The wild relative is a potential donor of desirable traits to urd and mung beans.     

Seed protein and amino acid composition of WildVigna radiata var.sublobata (Fabaceae) and Two Cultigens,V. mungo andV. radiata

WildVigna radiata var.sublobata populations, inhabiting the mountains of India, and two cultigens,V. mungo andV. radiata, were examined for seed-protein content and amino acid composition. The protein content in the populations varied from 15.2 to 21%. Lysine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine contents were invariably higher in wild populations as compared with the FAO reference pattern. The variation encountered in wild populations is largely genetic in origin. Total essential amino acids in the wild populations varied from 38.3 to 42.2; in the cultigens, from 29.2 to 37.5 (g/100 g protein). There was marked variation in the amino acid composition of the populations for the two different ecozones studied, suggesting a broad genetic base.     

In vitro induction of multiple shoots and plant regeneration inVigna

Summary Cotyledonary nodes, excised cotyledons, and hypocotyl segments of six varieties ofVigna mungo andV. radiata have been tested for their morphogenic potential on media containing a range of hormonal combinations including benzyladenine, kinetin, thidiazuron (TDZ), and zeatin. Multiple shoots developed on cotyledonary node explants in all varieties tested on basal medium containing cytokinin. Presence of both the cotyledons, either full or half, resulted in a maximum number of shoots produced. Shoot bud regeneration was achieved via meristem formation on excised cotyledons on Murashige-skoog basal medium with B₅ vitamins supplemented with TDZ. Mature plants had normal phenotypes.V. mungo var. PS1 andV. radiata var. Pusa 105 were found to be the most responsive varieties for shoot regneration. The histology ofin vitro organogenesis was studied.     

Seed Protein Pattern of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and Its Distant Species

Seed protein was extracted from two varieties of cowpea (CO 2, CO 6) and eight distant species of Vigna and was analysed by SDS-PAGE. The relative migration (Rm) and Similarity Index (SI) were worked out. There was no difference in protein profiles of varieties CO 2, a vegetable type cowpea and CO 6, a grain type cowpea (SI = 100%). A high SI has been exhibited by V. glabrescens with V. radiata (62.5%) and V. umbellata (45.4%), the probable progenitors of the natural amphidiploid V. glabrescens. V. sublobata and V. trilobata trevealed greatest SI (90.9%) indicating a close evolutionary relationship, on the contrary, V. mungo and V. umbellata exhibited a zero value revealing a greater evolutionary distance. The electrophoretic variability study indicates difficulty in obtaining interspecific hybrids through conventional methods for cowpea improvement (SI < 26.67%).     

Kaempferol Glycosides in the Seed-Coat of Ophiopogon jaburan (Kunth) Lodd.

Blue seed-coats of Ophiopogon jaburan have been found to contain kaempferol, kaempferol 3-glucoside (astragalin), two new glucosides of kaempferol, and a trace amount of an unknown flavonol-like compound. One of the new glucosides was determined to be kaempferol 4′-glucoside and the other to be kaempferol 3, 4′-diglucoside by means of paper-chro-matographic and spectral analyses.     

A new petunidin tetraglycoside and tulipanin fromOphiopogon seeds

Blue seed-coats ofOphiopogon jaburan have been found to contain two kinds of anthocyanins. By means of paper chromatographic and spectral analyses, one present as a minor component was determined to be delphinidin 3-rutinoside, tulipanin, and the major component, a new anthocyanin, was identified as petunidin 3-O-β-(2^G-glucosylrutinoside)-5′-glucoside, which the authors have named “ophionin”. Both anthocyanins were also present in the blue seed-coasts ofO. japonicus andO. planiscapus.     

Flavonoids from Eustoma grandiflorum flower petals

The major flavonoids responsible for flower colours of Eustoma grandiflorum were characterized by TLC, HPLC, spectral and chemical analyses. Anthocyanins were delphinidin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside-5-glucoside and delphinidin 3-galactoside-5-glucoside, each acylated with p-coumaric acid, from the purple cultivar ‘Murasaki no Homare’ and the pelargonidin analogues, each acylated with either p-coumaric or ferulic acids, from the pink cultivar ‘Momo no Mine’. The major flavonol copigments were the 3-rhamnosylgalactoside-7-rhamnoside of myricetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin and the 3-rhamnosylglucoside-7-rhamnoside of kaempferol and isorhamnetin. Flavonols present acylated with p-coumaric acid were myricetin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside-7-rhamnoside and robinin in both cis and trans forms, and isorhamnetin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside-7-rhamnoside. Robinin also was present acylated with caffeic or ferulic acids. Simulated in vitro colours obtained from the flavonoids present in this germplasm indicated that good blue colours were not attainable. Good blue colours were formed with delphinidin 3-p-coumaroyl-rhamnosylgalactoside-5-glucoside and C-glycosylflavone copigments such as swertisin and isoorientin. These copigments are readily available in other members of the Gentianaceae and this suggests the possibility of genetical engineering endeavours for increasing the colour range of this important new ornamental plant.     

Flavonoid glycosides and the chemosystematics of Eucalyptus camaldulensisis

Leaf flavonoid glycosides of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were identified as kaempferol 3-glucoside and 3-glucuronide; quercetin 3-glucoside, 3-glucuronide, 3-rhamnoside, 3-rutinoside and 7-glucoside, apigenin 7-glucuronide and luteolin 7-glucoside and 7-glucuronide. Two chemical races were observed based on the flavonoid glycosides. These races correspond to the northern and southern populations of species growing in Australia. The Middle Eastern species examined were found to belong to the southern Australian chemical race. The major glycosides of E. occidentalis proved to be quercetin and myricetin 3-glucuronide.     

Des dipeptides soufres differencient nettement Vigna radiata de Vigna mungo

The presence of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine and its sulphoxide characterizes the seeds of Vigna radiata; on the other hand, those of Vigna mungo do not contain these compounds but are particularly rich in γ-glutamylmethionine and its sulphoxide. These two peptides, absent in V. radiata, represent an important fraction of the methionine existing in V. mungo and bring the total amount of this amino acid up to a relatively high level. Thereby, they are liable to play an important part in the improvement of the nutritive value of certain legume crops.     

Paper chromatographic survey of anthocyanins in leguminosae

Flower anthocyanins of 22 leguminous species, of which 20 species belong to the subfamily Faboideae, were examined. In the present study, 21 kinds of anthocyanin were found and their distribution pattern in 22 species was discussed.Albizia julibrissin belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae contained only cyanidin 3-glucoside, which was quite different from the pigment constitutents in other species. Anthocyanins ofCercis chinensis belonging to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae were similar to those of species of the subfamily Faboideae. Malvidin glycoside was contained as a main pigment in 14 species examined. Malvidin and petunidin glycosides were most frequent and occurred in 20 legumes. Delphinidin glycoside, cyanidin glycoside and peonidin glycoside were present in descending order.     

Species-specific kaempferol derivatives in ferns of the appalachian Asplenium complex

A series of kaempferol derivatives have been identified in fronds of three parental species of the Appalachian Asplenium complex. Asplenium platyneuron is characterised by the presence of the 7-glucoside of kaempferol 3,4′-dimethyl ether and also contains kaempferol 3,7-diglucoside, free and with an aliphatic acyl attachment. By contrast, A. rhizophyllum contains a remarkable caffeoyl complex of kaempferol glycosides, which appears to be chromatographically homogenous. However, on deacylation, the complex yields caffeic acid and the 7-glucoside, 3,7-diglucoside, 3-sophoroside-7-glucoside and 7,4′-diglucoside of kaempferol. Asplenium montanum, in addition to having previously characterised glycosylxanthones, has two further kaempferol derivatives. It has been confirmed that these various species specific flavonoids are inherited in an additive fashion in three interspecific hybrids.     

Isolation of new kaempferol glycosides from the leaves ofEuonymus

Leaves ofEuonymus alatus f.ciliato-dentatus and f.alatus have been found to contain three new glycosides. One of new glycosides isolated fromE. alatus f.ciliato-dentatus leaves was determined to be kaempferol 3-rhamnosylxyloside, which we have named “euonymin”, and the others were identified by paper chromatographic and spectral analyses as the 3-xyloside and the 3-rhamnosylxylosido-7-glucoside of kaempferol.     

Differences in shoot regeneration response from cotyledonary node explants in Asiatic Vigna species support genomic grouping within subgenus Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc.

The efficiency of any plant regeneration system lies in part in its wide applicability to diverse genotypes. In Asiatic Vigna, cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants from 4-day-old seedlings of 27 genotypes were cultured in a medium consisting of MS salts, B5 vitamins, 3.0% sucrose and 1.0 mg l^-1 BA. Direct and efficient multiple shoot regeneration (80–100%) from the cotyledonary nodes was obtained in all epigeal species namely radiata, mungo, aconitifolia, subspecies radiata var. sublobata, mungo var. silvestris and in the hypogeal but allotetraploid glabrescens. In contrast, two other hypogeal species V. angularis and V. umbellata failed to initiate shoots from the nodes. However, adventititious shoots developed at the basipetal cut (hypocotyl) in 35–67% of V. angularis explants. These results provide evidence in support of the existing genomic grouping within subgenus Ceratotropis, which designates AA, A₁A₁ and A₁A₁/- to epigeal, hypogeal and the allotetraploid species, respectively. Mean shoot production ranged from 3.3 to 10.4 shoots per explant during the first subculture and varied significantly among the responsive genotypes within 4 species. Additional shoots were obtained in all genotypes after subsequent subculture. However, cotyledons were not as regenerable as cotyledonary node explants. Although significant differences in rooting were observed among the shoots of the 15 genotypes, the response was generally higher in MS basal medium (MSO) than in MS with 1.0 mg l^-1 IAA. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to soil (50–100% survival rate) and all surviving plants were reproductively fertile. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A chemotaxonomic study of flavonoids in the leaves of six Trichosanthes species

The 7-, 3′- and 4′-glucosides of luteolin, the 7-glucoside and 6,8-di-C-glucoside of apigenin were isolated from Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica. Kaempferol 3,7-di-rhamnoside and 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside were identified from T. cucumeroides, kaempferol 3-galactoside and 3-sophoroside were also identified from T. anguina. Quercetin-3-rutinoside was detected from T. multiloba and T. rostrata. T. bracteata afforded luteolin 3′-glucoside and kaempferol 3-rutinoside, and T. kirilowii afforded luteolin 7-, 3′- and 4′-glucosides and apigenin 7-glucoside.     

Flavonoids of Mayaca fluviatilis (Mayacaceae)

Mayaca is an aquatic monocot of the monogeneric family Mayacaceae. The flavonol glycosides quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and the flavone luteolin 5-O-glucoside were found in methanolic leaf extracts. The presence of flavonol and flavone O-glycosides sets the Mayacaceae apart from the Commelinaceae, which accumulates predominantly flavone C-glycosides.     

Further studies of flavonols of Clibadium (compositae)

The flavonoids of an additional eight species of Clibadium have been determined. The compounds are derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin and quercetagetin. O-Methylated quercetagetin derivatives were found in several taxa with the possibility that 6-methoxykaempferol may also exist in one collection. Kaempferol and quercetin exist as 3-O-glucosides, galactosides, rhamnosides, rutinosides and diglucosides although not all glycosides occur in each taxon. Quercetagetin derivatives occur as 7-O-glucosides. Observations on these newly investigated species confirm previous work in the genus that three types of flavonoid profiles exist: (1) kaempferol and quercetin 3-glycosides; (2) kaempferol and quercetin 3-glycosides plus quercetagetin 7-glucoside; and (3) kaempferol and quercetin 3-glycosides plus quercetagetin 7-glucoside and O-methylated derivatives of quercetagetin.     

Eight flavonol glycosides in Pyrola (pyrolaceae)

As part of a general survey of the flavonoids of Pyrolaceae, the flavonoids of Pyrola virens and P. chlorantha were investigated. Eight flavonol glycosides based upon kaempferol, quercetin and rhamnetin were identified from each of the two species. Two of the glycosides, rhamnetin 3,3′,4′-tri-O-glucoside and rhamnetin 3-O-arabinoside-3′,4′-di-O-glucoside are previously unreported and further, represent an unusual pattern of glycosylation. The similarity of flavonoids and the presence of the unusual substitution pattern supports a conspecific status for the two taxa.     

Four acylated flavonol glycosides from leaves of Strychnos variabilis

Four new acylated flavonol glycosides have been isolated and identified from the leaves of Strychnos variabilis: quercetin 3-(4″-trans-p-coumaroyl)robinobioside-7-glucoside (variabiloside A) and its cis derivative (variabiloside B), kaempferol 3-(4″-trans-p-coumaroyl)robinobioside-7-glucoside (variabiloside C) and its cis derivative (variabiloside D).     

Monitoring Primary Response to Chilling Stress in Etiolated Vigna radiata and V. mungo Seedlings Using Thermal Hysteresis of Water Proton NMR Relaxation Times

Thermal hysteresis of longitudinal relaxation times (T₁) ofwater protons in hypocotyls of etiolated Vigna radiata and V.mungo seedlings was investigated by pulse nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy. Various lengths of chilling exposures duringa cool-warm cycle between 20 and 0?C (below 10?C, about 4 h)for the T₁ hysteresis measurement did not cause any visibleinjury symptoms in hypocotyls. However, the profiles of T₁ hysteresisvaried as a result of different chilling exposures. The sumsof the T₁ ratio (for detail see Introduction) reflecting T₁prolongation or shortening upon the warming process were a goodquantitative index for the extent of T₁ hysteresis, and thewide dispersion of this value ranging on the "minus" side (T₁prolongation upon warming) suggested the occurrence of a primaryresponse of cells to chilling stress before obvious visiblesymptoms occur while the T₁ ratio sums on the "plus" side (T₁shortening upon warming) corresponded to a response of seriousvisible injury. Therefore, the sums of the T₁ ratio can be usedas a non-destructive diagnostic tool for monitoring the primaryevent of chilling injury when lacking any visible injury symptoms.The data indicate that the critical temperature for the occurrenceof primary response for chilling stress was around 7.5?C forV. radiata and 12.5?C for V. mungo. (Received February 1, 1988; Accepted June 1, 1988)     

A comparative study of the flavonoids of Medicago radiata with other Medicago and related Trigonella species

The flavonoid glycosides of Medicago radiata as well as M. arabica, M. polymorpha, M. sativa, Trigonella coerulescens, T. foenum-graecum and T. spicata were studied in detail. Major glycosides identified were the 7-glucuronides of apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol and tricin, as well as lesser amounts of di- and triglucuronides of chrysoeriol and tricin. Also identified were the 3-robinobioside and 3,7-diglucoside of kaempferol, along with lesser amounts of quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone, formononetin and daidzein. Twelve other Medicago and Trigonella species were also studied for their flavonoid aglycones. The systematic position of M. radiata is discussed.