DAKO-M1在胃癌组织表达的免疫组织化学研究

对９５例胃癌组织进行ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１（ＤＡＫＯ－ＣＤ１５）表达的免疫组织化学研究。结果发现,ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１在胃癌中的阳性率（８６．３％）显著高于癌旁粘膜和正常胃粘膜（Ｐ＜０．０５和０．００５）。其定位分布有３种类型：即腺腔缘型（Ａ型）、胞膜型（Ｍ型）和胞浆型（Ｃ型）。胃非肿瘤性粘膜组织仅为Ａ型。胃癌３型兼有,高分化癌Ａ型（１８．２％）和Ｍ型（６１．４％）均显著高于低分化癌（Ｐ值均＜０．００５）;低分化癌和粘液癌Ｃ型（各占７２．０％和５３．８％）均显著高于高分化癌（２０．５％）,Ｐ＜０．００５和０．０２５。ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１Ｃ型和Ｍ型淋巴结转移率（分别为９７．１％和６９．２％）均显著高于Ａ型（３３．３％）者,Ｐ＜０．００５和０．０５。结果提示,ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１是判断胃癌分化水平、恶性程度及预测淋巴结转移的一种有用标志物     

bcl-2癌基因蛋白在甲状腺癌中的表达及其意义

利用免疫组织化学技术,对６４例甲状腺癌进行了ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达的检测,同时进行ｐ５３蛋白的对照检测。结果显示,甲状腺癌中ｂｃｌ－２蛋白阳性表达率为８１．３％（５２／６４）,但未分化癌无阳性表达。ｐ５３蛋白在甲状腺癌的阳性表达率为２０．３％（１３／６４）,而未分化癌全部为阳性表达。两种抗体在甲状腺癌的阳性表达率有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示ｂｃｌ－２蛋白在甲状腺癌的表达与肿瘤细胞的分化程度有关,并与ｐ５３蛋白呈反比关系,ｂｃｌ－２与ｐ５３蛋白表达的不同分布可作为判断甲状腺癌预后的一个重要参考指标     

CD15、溶菌酶和p53的表达及其与大肠癌浸润转移的关系

应用免疫组织化学ＳＰ法检测了９０ 例大肠癌组织中ＣＤ１５、溶菌酶（ＬＺＭ） 和ｐ５３ 的表达。结果显示大肠癌中ＣＤ１５、ＬＺＭ 和ｐ５３ 表达阳性率分别为８３．３％ 、７０．０％ 和５７．８％ 。ＣＤ１５ 表达与大肠癌的组织类型和ＬＺＭ 表达无关。ＬＺＭ 和ｐ５３ 表达与大肠癌组织类型有关（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。ｐ５３ 表达与ＣＤ１５ 和ＬＺＭ 表达相关（Ｐ＜ ０．００１）。ＣＤ１５、ＬＺＭ 和ｐ５３表达均与大肠癌的浸润和转移相关（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。本文揭示ＣＤ１５、ＬＺＭ和ｐ５３在大肠癌的发生发展、浸润和转移过程中具有独立或相互影响作用, 其相互作用机制有待深入研究。因此认为联合检测ＣＤ１５、ＬＺＭ 和ｐ５３表达状况, 是判断大肠癌分化程度、浸润、转移和预测预后的良好指标。同时也为利用不同基因变化研究大肠癌的发病机制、探讨治疗和预防提供一种新途径。     

肌源性调节蛋白MyoDl和肌球蛋白myosin在横纹肌肉瘤中的表达:免疫组织化学研究

应用免疫组织化学ＳＰ方法,检测了肌源性调节蛋白ＭｙｏＤｌ和肌球蛋白ｍ ｙｏｓｉｎ 在３８例横纹肌肉瘤（ＲＭＳ） 中的表达。结果显示ＭｙｏＤｌ阳性表达主要定位于ＲＭＳ瘤细胞的胞核中; ｍ ｙｏｓｉｎ 的阳性表达定位于ＲＭＳ瘤细胞的胞浆中, 二者的表达阳性率分别为６５．８％ 和５５．３％ 。在ＲＭＳ不同病理分型中ＭｙｏＤｌ和ｍ ｙｏｓｉｎ 的阳性表达均无显著性差异。但ＲＭＳ分化程度低,ＭｙｏＤｌ阳性表达增强,ｍ ｙｏｓｉｎ 阳性表达下降。Ｍｙｏ－Ｄｌ在Ⅲ级（低分化） 中的表达阳性率显著高于Ⅰ级（高分化）、Ⅱ级（中等分化） 中的表达阳性率（Ｐ＜ ０．０５,Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。ｍ ｙｏｓｉｎ 在Ⅰ级中的阳性率显著高Ⅲ级中的表达阳性率（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。本文认为, ＭｙｏＤｌ表达增高、ｍ ｙｏｓｉｎ 表达下降,不仅是ＲＭＳ生物学行为的重要特征,也为改进低分化ＲＭＳ的病理诊断和ＲＭＳ早期诊断提供了有益的思路。     

P53，Rb和c－myc基因在人脑原发性肿瘤中的转录表达

采用ＲＮＡ斑点杂交分析,对２１测人脑原发性胶质瘤和１１例人脑膜瘤中ｐ５３,Ｒｂ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因转录水平的表达进行研究,发现４８．４％的肿瘤中ｐ５３基因表达减弱,２１．９％的肿瘤中Ｒｂ基因表达减弱;７１．９％的肿瘤中ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达增强,在ｐ５３基因表达减弱的１５例病例中有１３例（８０％）ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达增强,结果表明,ｐ５３基因表达减弱和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达增强与人脑原发性肿瘤的发生有关。     

ras基因和表皮生长因子受体在胃癌中的表达及其病理临床意义

应用免疫组化方法检测ｒａｓ基因蛋白和表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）在７５例胃癌组织中的表达,研究它们与胃癌病理特征及预后关系。７５例胃癌ｒａｓ基因表达阳性率为４６．７％,与胃癌的分化程度,生长方式,浸润深度和淋巴转移呈明显正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＥＧＦＲ表达阳性率６１．３％,癌旁组织及新生血管有阳性表达;ＥＧＦＲ表达与胃癌大体类型,分化程度,生长方式和淋巴结转移呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ｒａｓ蛋白表达与ＥＧＦＲ表达有明显关系（Ｐ＜０．０５）;Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ生存分析ｒａｓ蛋白和ＥＧＦＲ表达与胃癌的预后有明显的关系（Ｐ＜０．０１）。两者表达的检测有助于判断胃癌的恶性程度和预后估计。     

鼻咽癌细菌L型感染与P^53基因突变的研究

用免疫组化和革兰染色等技术,对６９例鼻咽癌进行细菌Ｌ型和突变型Ｐ５３蛋白检测,并以２０例鼻咽粘膜慢性炎作为对照。结果发现,革兰染色鼻咽癌细菌Ｌ型检出率为７９．７％,与免疫组化Ｌ型抗原表达阳性率（６９．６％）具有一致性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。鼻咽癌Ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率为６５．２％,与粘膜慢性炎的Ｐ５３蛋白表达（１／２０）有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００５）,且Ｌ型阳性病人的Ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率（７８．２％）明显高于Ｌ型阴性病人（１４．３％）,两者有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００５）。结果表明,细菌Ｌ型感染与突变型Ｐ５３蛋白过度表达存在着明显相关性。提示,细菌Ｌ型感染参与了Ｐ５３抑癌基因的失活,基因突变可能是细菌Ｌ型致鼻咽癌作用的机制之一。     

天然和氧化修饰型LDL、VLDL及HDL对培养人动脉平滑肌细胞原癌基因fos及myc表达的影响

动脉平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）是动脉粥样硬化（ＡＳ）斑块中的主要细胞,它的增殖在ＡＳ形成过程中极其重要。脂蛋白和氧化修饰型脂蛋白对ＳＭＣ增殖的影响以及ＳＭＣ增殖与原癌基因异常表达的关系是当前ＡＳ发病机制研究的热点之一。我们在建立人主动脉ＳＭＣ体外培养方法的基础上,观察了ＬＤＬ,ＶＬＤＬ及ＨＤＬ和相应的氧化修饰型脂蛋白对培养人ＳＭＣｆｏｓ,ｍｙｃ,ｅｒｂ－Ｂ原癌基因转录表达的影响。结果表明：①ＨＤＬ对ＳＭＣｆｏｓ,ｍｙｃ基因表达无影响;②ＬＤＬ和ＶＬＤＬ有使这些基因表达增加的趋势,但与对照比较差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;③ＯＸ－ＶＬＤＬ,ＯＸ－ＶＬＤＬ和ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ有使ＳＭＣｆｏｓ,ｍｙｃ基因表达显著增强的作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）,且其作用较相应的天然脂蛋白大（Ｐ＜０．０１）．上述结果说明：ＬＤＬ,ＶＬＤＬ,ＯＸ－ＬＤＬ,ＯＸ－ＶＬＤＬ和０Ｘ－ＨＤＬ的致ＡＳ作用可能与刺激ＳＭＣｆｏｓ和ｍｙｃ癌基因表达增加有关。     

畲族Gc、PGM1、AcP_1、6-ΡGD、ADA和AK1的遗传多态性

对畲族血浆组特异性成分（Ｇｃ）、红细胞磷酸葡萄糖变位酶１（ＰＧＭ１）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡｃＰ１）、６－磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（６－ＰＧＤ）、腺苷脱氨酶（ＡＤＡ）、腺苷酸激酶（ＡＫ１）的遗传多态性进行了研究。Ｇｃ与ＰＧＭ１是用薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦分析的,ＡｃＰ１、６－ＰＧＤ、ＡＤＡ及ＡＫ１是用淀粉凝胶电泳分析的。各基因座的基因频率分别为Ｇｃ＊１Ｆ０．４７２２、Ｇｃ＊１Ｓ０．２４２１、Ｇｃ＊２０．２７３８;ＰＧＭ１＊１Ａ０．５３５７、ＰＧＭ１＊１Ｂ０．１６２７、ＰＧＭ１＊２Ａ０．１５８７、ＰＧＭ１＊２Ｂ０．１４２９;ＡｃＰ＊１Ａ０．１８２５、ＡｃＰ１＊Ｂ０．８１７５;６－ＰＧＤ＊Ａ０．９６８３、６－ＰＧＤ＊Ｂ０．０２７８;ＡＤＡ＊１０．９８８１、ＡＤＡ＊２０．０１１９;ＡＫ１＊１１．００００。畲族Ｇｃ、ＰＧＭ１、ＡｃＰ１、６－ＰＧＤ和ＡＤＡ基因为多态,而ＡＫ１基因为单态。发现１例带有６－ＰＧＤ＊Ｒ和３例带有Ｇｃ＊１Ａ２变异等位基因的个体,其中Ｇｃ＊１Ａ２基因频率为０．０１１９,达到多态水平。     

诱发心肌细胞肥大过程中p53和c－myc基因表达的原位杂交研究

利用血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｕｇⅡ）诱发下培养的ＳＤ乳鼠心肌细胞（ＭＣ）肥大的模型,采用地高辛配体（ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ）标记探针的原位分子杂交方法,研究了ｐ５３和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因在血管紧张素Ⅱ促培养乳鼠心肌细胞肥大中的表达变化。实验分成二组：根据ＡｎｇⅡ持续作用心肌细胞时间,实验组分别于第一天,第三天和第七天终止培养;对照组是相同时期不加血管紧张素培养的心肌细胞。杂交信号用图象分析仪（ＭＩＡＳ３００）进行分析处理,统计结果显示：实验组ｐ５３ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平明显低于对照组,且表达水平与用药时间呈负相关。而ｃ－ｍｙｃ的ｍＲＮＡ在加药促肥大早期（第１天）,表达增高,然后逐渐衰减。结果提示：野生型ｐ５３及ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因均可能参与心肌肥大的病理过程,而ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因在心肌肥大过程中可能是一个始动因素。     

多药耐药基因在肝细胞癌中的表达及与p53、PCNA表达的相关性研究

目的　研究肝细胞癌 (HCC)组织中多药耐药基因MDR 1与p5 3蛋白及增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)表达的关系 ,旨在从基因水平进一步探讨预测化学治疗效果的可行性。方法　利用免疫组织化学方法 (S P法 )研究 30例肝穿活检的肝癌组织中MDR 1、p5 3和PCNA的表达。结果　 30例肝细胞癌中MDR 1的阳性表达率为 5 6 6 7% ,MDR 1阳性表达与组织学分级无关 (P >0 0 5 )。MDR 1表达与 p5 3、PCNA表达间无相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　通过检测MDR 1基因可以对肝细胞癌病人进行化学治疗敏感性预测 ;肝细胞癌中MDR 1基因表达不依赖于 p5 3和细胞增殖这些因素。     

Serum anti-p53 antibodies as a useful marker for prognosis of gastric carcinoma

Mutations in the TP53 gene are the most common genetic alterations in cancer. Accumulation of mutated protein may induce circulating anti-p53 antibodies (anti-p53Ab) in sera of cancer patients. The aim of our work was to evaluate the presence and prognostic value of anti-p53Ab in gastric cancer patients and to investigate whether their presence is related to p53 overexpression in tumor tissue. Anti-p53Ab were analyzed in sera from 111 patients with gastric carcinoma and from 64 healthy donors by ELISA. p53 expression was also quantified by ELISA in biopsies of 54 gastric cancers and 22 healthy gastric mucosas. Significant anti-p53Ab levels were found in 15.3% of patients, whereas none of the 64 donor sera were positive. High levels of p53 expression were detected only in tumor tissue, in 72.2% of cases. A significant correlation was observed between anti-p53Ab and high levels of mutated p53 in tissue (p<0.05). The survival time of serum-positive patients was significantly longer than that of patients with low/negative serum levels, with a survival rate of 41.2% and 14.9%, respectively, over 48 months (p<0.05). Thus, detection of serum anti-p53Ab in gastric cancer patients can be useful to identify a subset of patients with better prognosis.     

C-myc、p53基因和AFP在家兔诱发性肝癌及癌旁组织中的表达

目的获得家兔二乙基亚硝胺诱发肝脏肿瘤的形态学资料,探讨Cmyc、p53基因和甲胎蛋白的表达情况。方法取5例家兔多结节肝癌的肿瘤性结节25个,瘤旁肝组织每例1块,进行一般病理组织学和超微结构观察。同时,以免疫组化方法检查Cmyc、p53基因和AFP的表达情况。结果和结论25个结节中,良性增生10个,高分化肝细胞癌11个,中分化肝细胞癌4个。家兔肝细胞癌的发生与Cmyc基因、AFP的过表达和p53基因的突变有关。参照肿瘤诱发过程中,增生性肝硬化、腺瘤样增生、高分化癌、中分化癌的变化顺序,在所检测的三种标志物中,Cmyc蛋白为最早出现的肿瘤标志物,p53基因突变相对较晚出现,AFP在恶性肿瘤结节中的表达率最高(933%)。     

应用差异PCR技术研究MTX耐药细胞的遗传学改变

基因扩增是介导细胞产生耐药性的一种普遍性机制。为探讨MTX耐药的小鼠细胞中与耐药机制形成有关的分子遗传学背景,应用差异PCR技术,检测了MTX耐药细胞中DHFR基因的扩增和过表达,并对c-myc及p53基因状态与dhfr扩增之间的相关性进行了探讨。结果表明：dhfr的扩增和过表达直接介导细胞耐药。未检测到c-myc的扩增和p53拷贝数的变化;也未检测到c-myc mRNA水平的改变,但p53基因的mRNA水平明显升高,显示p53可正常表达。这些结果表明dhfr的扩增与这两个侯选基因的状态无关,提示该耐药细胞中可能存在其他的分子遗传学改变允许基因大量扩增。     

幽门螺杆菌及其细胞毒素相关蛋白A与胃癌形成的关系及可能机制

目的通过检测慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)、肠上皮化生(IM)、不典型增生(DYS)、胃癌(GC)组织幽门螺杆菌(Hp)和细胞毒素相关蛋白A(CagA)基因、P53、一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)的表达,探讨Hp、CagA基因、P53、iN-OS与胃癌相关性及其参与胃癌形成的可能机制。方法应用快速尿素酶试验和组织切片革兰氏染色和血清HpCagA抗体检测Hp表达,用PCR检测HpCagA基因表达,用免疫组化SP法检测上述组织的突变P53蛋白、iNOS表达。结果 CSG、CAG、IM、DYS、GC组织中Hp检出率分别为46.7%、67.2%、70.0%、75.3%和53.8%,相应组织中HpCagA检出率分别为34.3%、59.0%、65.7%、69.1%和76.8%,GC组Hp感染率与DYS组相比差异显著(P<0.05),而CAG、IM、DYS组与CSG组Hp感染率相比差异显著(P<0.05)。IM、DYS、GC组CagA+株感染率则高于CSG组(P<0.01-P<0.05),GC组CagA+株感染率则高于CAG组(P<0.05)。从CSG到GC胃粘膜演变中,CagA基因阳性组中的突变P53、iNOS表达逐渐升高;除CSG外,CAG、IM、DYS、GC组CagA基因阳性组突变P53表达明显高于CagA基因阴性组突变P53表达(P<0.005-P<0.05);CSG、CAG、IM、DYS、GC组CagA基因阳性组iNOS表达均高于CagA基因阴性组iNOS表达(P<0.005-P<0.05)。结论 Hp特别是CagA基因与胃癌形成有关,Hp、CagA引起iNOS表达增高,P53基因突变,在形成胃癌中发挥作用,但P53基因突变在胃癌形成中属于较晚期事件。     

Hypermethylation of 5'CpG island of p14ARF flanking exon 1 Beta in human colorectal cancers displaying a restricted pattern of p53 overexpression concomitant with increased MDM2 expression

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that inactivation of p14ARF, a tumor suppressor central to regulating p53 protein stability through interaction with the MDM2 oncoprotein, abrogates p53 activity in human tumors retaining the wild-type TP53 gene. Differences in expression of tumor suppressor genes are frequently associated with cancer. We previously reported on a pattern of restricted p53 immunohistochemical overexpression significantly associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), low TP53 mutation frequency, and MDM2 overexpression in colorectal cancers (CRCs). In this study, we investigated whether p14ARF alterations could be a mechanism for disabling the p53 pathway in this subgroup of CRCs. RESULTS: Detailed maps of the alterations in the p14ARF gene were determined in a cohort of 98 CRCs to detect both nucleotide and copy-number changes. Methylation-specific PCR combined with bisulfite sequencing was used to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of p14ARF methylation. p14ARF alterations were then correlated with MSI status, TP53 mutations, and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and MDM2. The frequency of p14ARF mutations was extremely low (1/98; 1%), whereas coexistence of methylated and unmethylated alleles in both tumors and normal colon mucosa was common (91/98; 93%). Only seven of nine tumors (7%) had a distinct pattern of methylation compared with normal colon mucosa. Evaluation of the prevalence and distribution of p14ARF promoter methylation in a region containing 27 CpG sites in 35 patients showed a range of methylated CpG sites in tumors (0 to 25 (95% CI 1 to 13) versus 0 to 17 (95% CI 0 to 2)) in adjacent colon mucosa (P = 0.004). Hypermethylation of the p14ARF promoter was significantly correlated with the restricted p53 overexpression pattern (P = 0.03), and MDM2 overexpression (P = 0.02), independently of MSI phenotype. Although no significant correlation between p14ARF methylation and TP53 mutational status was seen (P = 0.23), methylation involving the proximal CpG sites within the 5' CpG flanking exon 1beta was present more frequently in tumors with restricted p53 overexpression than in those with diffuse p53 overexpression (range of methylated clones 17 to 36% (95% CI 24 to 36%) versus range 0 to 3% (95% CI 0 to 3%), P = 0. 0003). CONCLUSION: p14ARF epigenetic silencing may represent an important deregulating mechanism of the p53- MDM2-p14ARF pathway in CRCs exhibiting a restricted p53 overexpression pattern.     

Role of DNA aneuploidy, overexpression of p53 gene product, and cellular proliferation in the progression of gastric cancer.

DNA aneuploidy, p53 overexpression, and high cell proliferation frequently occur in gastric cancer. However, little is known about the time of their appearance throughout cancer progression. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine when such abnormalities occur during gastric cancer progression. We classified the gastric cancers examined into intestinal (n = 65) and diffuse (n = 34) types. DNA ploidy was examined using flow cytometry and expression of MIB-1 and p53 immunoreactivity were studied using the avidin-biotin complex method in three stages of gastric cancer (mucosal, submucosal, deeply invasive cancer, i.e., advanced cancer). The incidence of DNA aneuploidy in intestinal-type mucosal cancers (15/27, 55.6%) was lower than that of submucosal invasive cancers (14/16, 87.5%) or advanced cancers (19/22, 86.4%), while a low incidence of DNA aneuploidy was observed in each diffuse-type cancer group (mucosal, 1/12, 8.3%; submucosal invasive, 3/9, 33.3%; advanced, 8/14, 57.1%). Although overexpression of the p53 gene in intestinal-type cancer was found in early stage, that in diffuse-type cancer was observed in advanced stage. Among the intestinal-type mucosal cancers, the MIB-1 percent positive was higher in aneuploid tumors than diploid ones. DNA aneuploidy and overexpression of the p53 gene may play an important role in the early tumorigenesis of intestinal-type gastric cancer and in the late event of tumorigenesis of diffuse-type gastric cancer.     

Immunohistochemical expression of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb), p53 protein, MDM2, c-erbB-2, HLA-DR and proliferation indices in human urinary bladder carcinoma

Archival biopsy specimens from transitional cell bladder cancers (n=88) were analysed immunohistochemically for the expression of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene protein, p53, mdm2, c-erbB-2, HLA-DR antigen and proliferation indices. An altered nuclear expression of Rb, p53 and mdm2 was observed in 55.2%, 33.3% and 18.2% of tumors respectively. Cytoplasmic membrane immunoreactivity (>25% tumor cells) for c-erbB-2 was detected in 14.1% of tumors and aberrant HLA-DR antigen cytoplasmic staining (>5% of tumor cells) in 22.2% of the cases. P53 overexpression was associated with higher tumor grade and stage. Aberrant HLA-DR antigen expression and PCNA were also correlated with the grade of differentiation and tumor stage. MIB1 was statistically correlated with stage. pRb scores and HLA-DR antigen expression were correlated with proliferation activity as determined by PCNA and MIB1 immunostaining. p53 protein was also strongly correlated with the proliferation index PCNA. A strong correlation between PCNA and MIB1 (p<0.0001) was also found. In addition a statistically positive correlation between p53 and HLA-DR antigen expression was observed. Our data show that, although pRb and p53 protein expressions are not associated between them, they may contribute to the growth fraction of the bladder cancer. In addition, p53 and HLA-DR antigen expression could be indicators of aggressive behavior of bladder cancer.