人工模拟降水格局变化对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

降水格局的变化会影响到植物种子萌发出苗过程及幼苗的更新。本研究以呈扩张趋势的草原毒害草醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种子为材料,利用环境控制培养箱进行降水量(W-60%,W-30%,W,W+30%,W+60%)和降水间隔(T5,T10)的双因素控制实验,探讨醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长对降水格局变化的响应规律,以期为探索醉马草的发生规律及预测其潜在分布范围提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)在相同降水间隔条件下,醉马草的出苗速度和出苗率随着总降水量的增加而提高;延长降水间隔促进W和W+30%条件下醉马草出苗,加快出苗进程。(2)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)使出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P0.05);在W和W+30%条件下,延长降水间隔使出苗率、出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P0.05)。(3)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量减少30%(W-30%)显著抑制幼根和幼苗的生长,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)显著促进幼苗的生长(P0.05);但总降水量增加30%(W+30%)和60%(W+60%)均显著降低根苗比(P0.05)。降水量增加或减少不同程度地影响醉马草的出苗和生长,但在一定降水范围内,延长降水间隔则促进醉马草的出苗和幼苗生长。     

人工模拟降水格局变化对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

降水格局的变化会影响到植物种子萌发出苗过程及幼苗的更新。本研究以呈扩张趋势的草原毒害草醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种子为材料,利用环境控制培养箱进行降水量(W-60%,W-30%,W,W+30%,W+60%)和降水间隔(T5,T10)的双因素控制实验,探讨醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长对降水格局变化的响应规律,以期为探索醉马草的发生规律及预测其潜在分布范围提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)在相同降水间隔条件下,醉马草的出苗速度和出苗率随着总降水量的增加而提高;延长降水间隔促进W和W+30%条件下醉马草出苗,加快出苗进程。(2)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)使出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P<0.05);在W和W+30%条件下,延长降水间隔使出苗率、出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P<0.05)。(3)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量减少30%(W-30%)显著抑制幼根和幼苗的生长,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)显著促进幼苗的生长(P<0.05);但总降水量增加30%(W+30%)和60%(W+60%)均显著降低根苗比(P<0.05)。...     

红松和蒙古栎种子萌发及幼苗生长对升温与降水综合作用的响应

研究气候变暖导致的温度升高和降水格局的变化对典型植被类型建群种植物种子萌发和幼苗存活的影响,对于预测森林群落的发展趋势、种质资源保育及森林抚育更新具有重要意义.以寒温带针阔混交林的建群种和优势种红松Pinus koraiensis、蒙古栎Quercus mongolica种子和幼苗为研究对象,采用空间替代法模拟温度升高和降水变化,观察其种子萌发和幼苗生长情况.结果表明:与种源地相比,蒙古栎种子在温度升高与降水增加(年均温+4.9℃,+330 mm)或降水减少(年均温+2.8℃,-249 mm)的条件下萌发率分别下降了13％和18％,但差异不显著.红松种子在温度升高与降水增加的情况下萌发率比种源地提高了2.29倍,而降水减少时则下降了64％,不同的地点对红松的萌发率差异极显著;不同的温度、降水组合对红松和蒙古栎幼苗的生长均产生不同影响,在温度升高与降水增加与降水减少的情况下,1年生蒙古栎幼苗的株高、基径和主根长度均有明显下降,与种源地差异显著,而对红松幼苗生长的影响差异不显著;温度升高和降水增加或降水减少的交互作用使蒙古栎幼苗和红松幼苗总生物量下降,尤其是在温度升高与降水增加的条件下两种幼苗的生物量最小,分别比种源地下降了62％和20％.但统计分析表明,红松幼苗生物量在3个样地间没有显著差异.温度升高和降水变化均降低了两种幼苗的根冠比,而比叶面积没有显著差异.     

东灵山地区辽东栎幼苗的建立和空间分布

研究树木实生苗的建立对森林生态系统的保育和恢复具有重要意义,在北京东灵山地区调查了辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)实生和萌生幼苗在几种典型的植被类型中的空间分布以及辽东栎一年生实生幼苗在1个林窗梯度上的建立。选择几种典型的植被类型,研究辽东栎实生幼苗和萌生幼苗在森林中的空间分布。结果显示,在不同植被类型中辽东栎实生和萌生幼苗的密度存在空间差异,实生苗密度随幼苗年龄增大逐渐降低,种群的更新主要依靠萌生苗完成。在1个落叶阔叶林中选择1个林窗,在不同梯度(即林窗中间、林窗和树冠连接处,以及树冠下)上,播种辽东栎坚果,第二年秋季调查实生幼苗的2个生长指标和出苗率。结果显示,林窗对一年生实生幼苗的生长高度有影响。幼苗高度在林窗中比在树冠下大;林窗对辽东栎幼苗最长叶片长度和幼苗的出苗率没有影响。说明辽东栎实生幼苗的良好生长需要阳光比较充足的生境条件。本项研究结果建议,对辽东栎种群的更新,应该适当择伐一些较大个体,使森林形成一些林窗或林中空地,以利于辽东栎实生幼苗的建立,这样才能使辽东栎种群通过实生苗进行更好的自然更新。     

子午岭马兰林区辽东栎幼苗定居限制的初步研究

在子午岭马兰林区选择油松林、辽东栎林、灌丛、草地等四种群落,通过播种实验及3 a的跟踪调查,研究四种不同生境下辽东栎幼苗在定居过程中的生长规律.结果显示:在四种生境中,人为增加辽东栎种子密度,均能明显提高出苗量,幼苗生长三年后大量死亡,死亡高峰出现在第三年.郁闭生境下(油松林和辽东栎林),辽东栎出苗率及存活率高于开阔生...     

子午岭三种生境下辽东栎幼苗定居限制

辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是子午岭地区的乡土乔木树种,也是该地区气候顶极群落的建群种,其幼苗的补充更新影响着森林群落的结构及物种组成。在3种典型生境(辽东栎林、人工油松林、灌草丛)中,设置3因素(种子、干扰、遮荫)两水平的野外播种实验(随机区组设计),记录辽东栎幼苗出苗量,并监测幼苗同生群在3种生境中3a间的生长状况,以确定种子及微生境在辽东栎幼苗补充过程中的限制作用。播种实验样方大小30cm×30cm,共计216个样方。结果显示,在辽东栎林及油松林内,增加种子和干扰强度(去除枯落物),能引起出苗量和幼苗补充量的显著增加,且2种处理方式间存在交互作用,表明在郁闭林冠下,辽东栎幼苗的补充受到了种子和微生境的双重限制,枯落物是导致微生境限制的主要因素之一。在灌草丛生境,各种处理方式均不能增加幼苗的补充量,表明辽东栎无法在开阔生境(强光照、干旱)中完成实生幼苗的补充更新。3种生境中的幼苗同生群生存分析表明,辽东栎幼苗在森林群落中存活率显著高于灌草丛群落。根据幼苗生长指标判断,在3种生境中,人工油松林是辽东栎幼苗定居的最佳场所。与实验预期相反,灌木对辽东栎幼苗的补充无显著影响。     

埋藏和环境因子对辽东栎(Quercus liaotun-gensis Koidz)种子更新的影响

辽东栎萌生丛零散地分布在北京山区,虽然其种子量很大,但自然状况下的实生苗非常稀少。鼠类搬运并吃掉大量散落在地表的辽东栎种子,但鼠类是否影响辽东栎的自然更新尚不清楚。本研究主要在于了解：（1）将种子埋入土层内后对辽东栎种子出苗率的影响;（2）环境因子（如坡向、地表植被等）对辽东栎种子出苗率的影响。1996年9月24日,选取5块样地（Site）,在每块样地各设置1条样线（Transect),每条样线上设置若干样点（Plot）,样点间隔10m,用于种子埋藏实验,在每个样点设置6条平行线（Parallel transect),间隔10cm,各埋入10粒种子,种子间隔2cm;第1、2、3、4、5、6条线的埋藏深度分别为0、2、4、6、8、10cm。分别于1997年6月15日和10月4日调查出苗情况。研究结果表明,和秋季辽东栎种子出苗率均与埋藏深度呈正相关,埋藏通过改善湿度和减少鼠类等动物的取食而增加了出苗率,其贡献分别占18％和12％。但鼠类对埋入土层内种子的取食率依然很高（87％）。辽东栎种子在阴坡和阳坡的最终出苗率都很高,但阳坡地要早于阴坡。夏季辽乐栎种子出苗率均与地表植被覆盖度负相关,地表植被可能是通过与辽东栎种子竞争水分和养分而降低辽东栎种子出苗要早于阴坡。夏季辽东栎种子出苗率均与地表植被覆盖度和高度相关不显著,从夏季到秋季,从东栎种子出苗率有所增加,主要是由于埋藏在深处或阴坡处的种子出苗较晚的缘故。     

降水格局变化对红砂幼苗生长的影响

以西北荒漠生态系统典型植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)一年生幼苗为研究对象,利用人工遮雨装置,设置3个降水量梯度(W-、W、W+)和2个降水间隔时间梯度(T、T+)进行模拟试验,研究了不同降水格局下红砂幼苗生长、生物量积累和分配的变化特征。结果表明:(1)降水量增加30%,幼苗株高和基径分别平均增加22.0%和28.0%,延长降水间隔时间其作用更显著,分别平均增加24.57%和32.98%(P0.05);(2)在延长降水间隔时间的同时增加降水量,幼苗地上、地下和总生物量分别显著增加了241.57%、223.95%和236.72%(P0.05),幼苗地上部分的生长优于地下部分;(3)与对照相比,降水量减少30%,幼苗根长平均增加21.0%,根冠比平均显著增加53.73%(P0.05),而各部分生物量差异不显著。     

水分条件对干热河谷锥连栎种子萌发及幼苗早期生长的影响

对锥连栎(Quercus franchetii Skan)在4种施水量下的种子萌发、幼苗早期生长形态及生物量分配的响应特征进行了研究。结果表明,施水量对锥连栎的种子萌发过程具有显著影响。随着施水量增加,其种子萌发率、萌发指数以及萌发时间和萌发持续时间均呈明显的上升趋势,而萌发时滞和萌发速率系数呈下降趋势。锥连栎幼苗早期生长对施水量的适应幅度较大,每次施水4～12 mm时,幼苗均能存活,但生长状况存在明显差异,随着施水量的减少,幼苗生长和生物量的积累速度均出现显著减缓。同时,施水量对锥连栎幼苗生物量分配具有显著影响,随着施水量增加,幼苗根冠比呈显著下降趋势,表明在生物量分配上锥连栎幼苗具有极大的可塑性,施水量减少时,光合产物将向地下部分迁移,增加根冠比。     

接种外生菌根对辽东栎幼苗生长的影响

辽东栎 (Quercusliaotungensis)是中国特有的栎林树种 ,也是中国暖温带落叶阔叶林的主要优势树种之一。铆钉菇 (Gomphidiusviscidus)和臭红菇 (Russulafoetens)是在自然环境中与其共生形成外生菌根的真菌。在温室花盆中播种辽东栎种子获得辽东栎幼苗 ,并对幼苗接种铆钉菇和臭红菇合成外生菌根 ,比较了有菌根和无菌根辽东栎幼苗生长、光合蒸腾特性、氮磷含量的差异。外生菌根对辽东栎幼苗的生长有明显的促进作用 ,有菌根幼苗的生物量、株高、净光合速率和水分利用效率高于无菌根幼苗 ,蒸腾速率则相反。有菌根幼苗的氮磷含量分别为无菌根幼苗的 1.7倍和 2 .2倍 ,外生菌根的合成还改变了氮磷在幼苗器官间的分配比例 ,与无菌根幼苗相比 ,有菌根幼苗茎中的氮磷减少 ,而叶片中的磷显著增加。同时接种铆钉菇和臭红菇的生长促进效果优于单独接种。     

全球气候变化对沈阳地区春玉米生长的可能影响

Physiological ecology simulation modelling of maize growth (MPESM) was used to simulate the variation of soil moisture, maize development and maize growth under twelve prescribed climate scenarios, which include doubling CO2, raising mean temperature by 1.5 ℃, 3.0 ℃ and 4.5 ℃, and changing precipitation by 0, +20%, -20%, and -40%. The simulated results were compared with that of the present climate, to assess the sensitivity of maize to climatic change. The analysis indicated that soil moisture is sensitive to reduced precipitation, maize development is sensitive to the rise of temperature, and maize growth is affected greatly by temperature elevation and precipitation variation, which cancel out the positive effects of CO2 elevation. It was found that with the severe change of climate, the leaf biomass, the female fringe biomass, and the leaf area index would decline greatly, and the biomass of stem and root would increase greatly. The average yield of maize will decline between 5% and 30%.     

降水变化和种间竞争对红松和蒙古栎幼苗生长的影响

针对全球变暖导致的降水格局的变化,选择长白山红松针阔叶混交林主要树种蒙古栎和红松幼苗为研究对象,在野外自然条件下人工模拟增、减水30%对单种和混种的针阔叶树种形态、生长和生物量分配的影响. 结果表明：对于蒙古栎幼苗,与单种处理相比,混种显著增加了其冠幅和主根长,与对照处理相比,减水处理显著提高了其茎质比、降低了其主根长; 对于红松幼苗,与单种处理相比,混种显著减少了其基径、树高、叶片数和根、茎、叶质量及总干质量,与对照处理相比,减水处理显著降低了其主根长、叶片数、叶质量和总干质量以及叶质比,同时显著提高了茎质比. 增水处理对二者的影响均不显著. 在树木生长初期,种间竞争和降水格局变化对蒙古栎和红松幼苗形态和生长均产生显著影响,对红松幼苗的影响更大.     

小兴安岭蒙古栎和黄菠萝径向生长对气候变化的响应比较

蒙古栎和黄菠萝是东北温带森林中重要的阔叶树种,探究二者对气候变化的响应关系能够为未来气候变化情境下东北阔叶林的经营、保护及恢复提供科学依据.本文在小兴安岭地区沿经度梯度设置3个采样点--海伦、铁力和伊春,运用树轮年代学方法建立了3个采样点蒙古栎和黄菠萝的标准年表,分析了其与当地气候因子的关系,揭示了蒙古栎和黄菠萝生长-气候关系的时空变异规律.结果表明: 研究区黄菠萝径向生长对生长季温度变化敏感,而蒙古栎径向生长受生长季温度和降水的共同限制作用.蒙古栎和黄菠萝对温度的响应存在差异: 春季均温升高抑制蒙古栎径向生长,而促进黄菠萝径向生长;夏季高温对蒙古栎径向生长的限制作用明显高于黄菠萝.随经度(水分)增加,蒙古栎径向生长与水分因子的关系逐渐减弱,而黄菠萝没有明显变化.树种生理特性是影响树木生长-气候关系的关键因素.1976年升温后,黄菠萝生长随温度升高而升高,但蒙古栎生长却随温度升高而呈下降趋势.升温造成的干旱胁迫可能是两树种生长响应差异及蒙古栎出现响应分异现象的重要原因.如果未来增温趋势持续或者加重,蒙古栎的生长可能会因干旱胁迫加剧而衰退,黄菠萝则不受影响或生长略微加快.     

遮荫对水曲柳和蒙古栎光合、生长和生物量分配的影响

为探讨水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)苗期对光的适应性及其生长最适光强,设置4种光环境(全光(FL)、75%光(LS)、50%光(MS)、25%光(HS)),观测了2年生水曲柳和蒙古栎苗木气体交换参数、叶绿素含量(Chl)和比叶重(LMA)、生长及生物量的分配。结果表明:随着光强的减弱,2个树种的LMA、单位叶鲜质量(LFA)和根冠比均呈下降趋势;叶绿素含量(Chl)呈上升趋势,且差异显著(p<0.05);光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)呈"N"形变化,但差异均不显著(p>0.05);水曲柳的最大光合速率(Pmax)在HS处理下最大,Rd在HS处理下最小;蒙古栎的最大光合速率(Pmax)在LS处理下最大,Rd也较小;在全光处理下苗高增量均低于HS处理,地径增量均高于HS处理。研究结果进一步确定水曲柳苗期具有一定的耐荫性,在弱光强下生长较好;蒙古栎苗期对光照要求较高,在相对较强光照下生长较好。     

Establishment and growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus obliqua: Interactive effects of litter,water, and pathogens

We studied how leaf litter, water and fungal pathogens affect the establishment, survivorship, and growth of Eucalyptus obliqua using glasshouse and field experiments. In a glasshouse experiment, the presence of leaf litter of E. obliqua increased the establishment of seedlings when the seeds were placed beneath the litter, but dense litter layers reduced seedling emergence when seeds were placed on top. Results from a complementary experiment suggest that the effect of litter may be mediated by the high humidity microenvironment it creates, which may enhance imbibition of unburied seeds. In another glasshouse experiment, litter in combination with excessive water applications reduced seedling emergence and increased seedling mortality, but the addition of fungicide reverted these effects. Litter with lower water application or fungicide added increased seedling emergence. In all cases higher biomass in seedlings growing in litter treatments was associated with earlier emergence. In two recently burnt sites, the density of seedlings of E. obliqua was positively correlated to the presence of litter. Experimental addition of litter in the field reduced soil temperature during the summer, and together with watering, increased soil water content, and the water potential of established seedlings. However, neither treatment had any positive effect on their growth or survivorship. On the contrary, litter addition reduced the height and number of leaves, probably as a result of increased herbivory. We conclude that in Mediterranean-type systems litter may produce various effects on seedling establishment depending on their developmental stage, and the season.     

Climate change in forest ecosystems: A field experiment addressing the effects of raising temperature and reduced rainfall on early life cycle stages of oaks

Higher temperatures and reduced rainfalls that are expected with the advance of climate change can impair the emergence and establishment of tree seedlings in forest ecosystems. These climatic changes can also decrease the availability of soil resources and reduce the performance of seedlings. We evaluated these effects in a temperate forest from Mexico with two native oak species (Quercus crassifolia and Quercus eduardii). As recently emerged oak seedlings are highly sensitive to changing environmental conditions, our field experiment was conducted across the season in which seedling emergence occurs (October–February). In the field, we used open-top chambers to increase temperature and rainout shelters to reduce rainfall, while controls were exposed to the current climate. Experimental plots of both treatments were established beneath the forest canopy because most oaks recruit in understory habitats. In these plots, we sowed acorns of both species in October 2015 and recorded seedling emergence and survival until February 2016, also monitoring temperature, precipitation and contents of water and nitrogen in the soil. On seedlings that survived until the end of the experiment we measured their growth, photosynthetic efficiency and foliar contents of water, carbon and nitrogen. Both the emergence and survival of Q. crassifolia seedlings were lower in climate change plots than in controls, but no differences were found for Q. eduardii. However, seedlings of both species had lower growth rates, photosynthetic efficiencies and contents of water, nitrogen and carbon in climate change simulation plots. These results indicate that climate change can impair tree seedling establishment in oak forest, also suggesting that their development will be constrained by reduced water and nitrogen availability.     

Response of Betula glandulosa seedlings to simulated increases in nutrient availability,temperature and precipitation in a lichen woodland at the forest–tundra ecotone

Over the last few decades, shrub species have expanded rapidly in open tundra environments due to climate change. Previous experimental studies in this environment have shown that nutrient addition and, to a lesser extent, warming, had positive effects on shrub growth. However, the response of shrub species in open forested ecosystems such as lichen woodland is still largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Betula glandulosa (Michx., dwarf birch) seedlings subjected to direct (warmer temperature, increased precipitation) and indirect (increased nutrient availability) effects of climate change in a lichen woodland (25 % tree cover). The study took place 10 km south of the subarctic treeline in western Québec (Canada). At the end of the second growth season, seedling leaf, woody stem and root biomass along with leaf area had increased significantly in response to nutrient addition. Moreover, seedlings exposed to nutrient addition had greater nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in their leaves. Warming treatment also had a significant but weaker impact on leaf and woody stem biomass, while increase in precipitation had only a slight impact on seedling root biomass. Our results indicate that B. glandulosa response to simulated changes in the abiotic environment is similar to that observed in open tundra, suggesting that this species could also become more widespread in the forested ecosystems of the forest–tundra ecotone.     

鄂尔多斯高原沙柳幼苗对模拟降水量变化的响应

鄂尔多斯高原是中国干旱、半干旱沙区典型沙地。随着未来全球变化,尤其降水变化进一步激烈,将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响,选择鄂尔多斯高原优势灌木沙柳为研究对象,人为控制４种供水量水平来探讨沙柳幼苗对模拟降水量变化的响应,结果表明,幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导率和荧光效率随着供水的增加而增大,而供水对幼苗的水分利用效率影响不显著;不同供水量的沙柳幼苗树高、枝条数、叶数和叶面积生长动态存在明显差异,随着供水量的增加,沙柳幼苗树高、基径、枝条数、叶数、叶面积、生物量干重和冠根生物量干重比值均逐渐增大;供水显著增加了沙柳幼苗总分枝率、各级枝条数、枝条长度和叶面积。     

Intraspecific variation in seedling growth responses of a relict tree species Euptelea pleiospermum to precipitation manipulation along an elevation gradient

Improving the accuracy of predictions regarding how plants respond to climate change is crucial to protecting biodiversity. However, little is known about the effects of seed source and elevation on the response of mountain plant species to reductions in precipitation. Here, we collected seeds of a tree species (Euptelea pleiospermum) from three seed sources and carried out a two-growing-season reciprocal transplant experiment with precipitation manipulation at three sites along an elevation gradient in the Shennongjia Mountains, central China. Variations in whole-plant traits, leaf traits, and root traits were investigated. We found that most plant traits of E. pleiospermum seedlings were affected by reductions in precipitation, and responses varied among different elevations and seed sources. Whole-plant traits, root biomass, and leaf traits related to photosynthesis capacity decreased under reduced precipitation treatments at mid and high elevation sites. Thus, climate change induced drought will likely have a negative influence on seedling growth at mid and high elevation regions. In addition, a home-site advantage in whole-plant traits and root traits was observed. However, the responses of leaf traits in most cases were not affected by seed source because of higher phenotypic plasticity. Our results suggested that both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity were important in seedling growth responses to reduced precipitation. We also highlight the importance of taking intraspecific variation into account when studying the response of plants to changes in climate.

     

Climate warming delays and decreases seedling emergence in a Mediterranean ecosystem

Temperature and moisture impact strongly on the early stages of a plant's life cycle. Global climate change is altering the environmental cues that seeds receive resulting in compromised seedling emergence and changes to seedling performance. Here, we investigate how temperature and moisture affect these early stages of plant development in four Banksia species collected from a longitudinal climate gradient in southwest Western Australia. A common garden was used to examine the between‐species and among‐population variation in seedling emergence, growth and leaf traits under two soil temperature regimes and three levels of precipitation. We predicted that reduced moisture and increased temperature would delay and reduce total seedling emergence and negatively affect seedling performance. Furthermore, we expected that within species there would be geographically structured variation in response to the treatments. Species differed significantly in all measured traits. Soil warming resulted in strong impacts on regenerative traits, significantly slowing seedling emergence in two species and reducing total seedling emergence in three species. In addition, warming altered seedling performance with significant reductions to the above‐ground leaf biomass ratio of three species. In contrast, response to soil moisture manipulation was minimal across all species but possibly due to issues regarding implementation of an effective moisture treatment. The species that showed the greatest decline in emergence under warmed conditions (B. quercifolia) also showed the smallest vegetative shift; the species with the smallest decline in emergence (B. coccinea) showed a relatively large vegetative shift. Among‐population differences were significant for many traits, however, trait differentiation was inconsistent across species and, contrary to our hypothesis, the variation we observed was not clearly associated with the climate gradient. As these among‐population differences in traits are not easy to predict, we caution the use of simple rules for choosing seed populations for conservation and restoration.