论沙丘植被过程的基本生态关系

沙丘生态系统常常被认为是一种退化生态系统,自然植被恢复和稳定人工植被构建是沙丘生态系统恢复的基本手段。本文基于对沙丘生态系统长期研究结果,依从对立统一、动态变化哲学原理,结合相关生态学理论,从沙丘生态系统的独特性出发,提出了进行植被塑造过程研究需要注意的若干生态关系。论述了尺度-格局-过程的耦联关系和协同-权衡关系的转化在植被塑造过程研究中的必要性,阐释了区分沙丘流动与沙丘固定、干扰与胁迫、风蚀与沙埋在植被过程研究中的重要性,并探究了生态位法则或中性法则在沙丘植被过程研究中的应用价值,从适沙性与耐旱性、生理与繁殖过程、有性与无性繁殖等方面论述了沙丘植被塑造过程研究应关注的问题,旨在为沙丘生态系统植被自然恢复和稳定植被建设搭建理论构架。     

地中海沿岸沙丘种子大小对植物及其种子多度的影响

分析了地中海沿岸沙丘3种微生境(灌丛下、灌丛之间的开阔地、路径)以及整个沙丘生态系统的种子大小与土壤种子库中休眠种子的数量、土壤种子库中总种子的数量、地上植被中各个植物种的个体数量和幼苗数量、每种植物在小样方中的出现频率等方面之间的关系,也分析了种子尺寸(长、宽、高之和的平均值)与土壤种子的长久性、土壤种子库中休眠种子数量之间的关系;还分析了具有不同种子大小的植物在沙丘生态系统和各微生境的分布比率,验证了生活周期短的植物的种子在土壤中更长久和被干扰的微生境具有更多的休眠种子这种假说。结果发现,在地中海沿岸沙丘生态系统中,具有特别大的种子和特别小种子的植物种类都很少,不同植物种子的大小呈现近正态分布,但绝大多数植物的种子重量都不超过10 mg;微生境影响种子尺寸与种子长久性的关系,在灌丛下、开阔地区域等两个微生境以及整个的沙丘生态系统都呈现显著的正向关系(p<0 .0 5 ) ,而在路径这种关系不很明显;种子多度与植被物种出现频率呈现强烈的正相关(p<0 .0 5 ) ,没有发现种子大小与土壤种子库中休眠种子数量、种子库中总的种子数量、植被物种出现频率、植被的物种多度、幼苗植物多度等方面有显著的关系;具有中度大小种子(0 .1～10 mg)的植物在总的土壤种子库、休     

松嫩草地水淹干扰后的土壤种子库特征及其与植被关系

研究了松嫩平原羊草草地不同强度水淹干扰对土壤种子库种类组成、物种多样性及其与植被物种组成的相似性关系等的影响。结果表明：（1）随着水淹强度的加重或水淹持续时间的延长,相应地段的土壤种子库物种数目和种子存量都呈减小趋势;（2）土壤种子库的种类成分在干扰样带和对照样带间差异明显,而受水淹干扰的样带之间种子库的种类组成差异不大,表明洪水漂移行使了繁殖体传播和散布的功能;（3）随水淹干扰强度增加,种子库物种多样性指数减小;（4）种子库与地上植被物种组成相似性普遍较低,其原因是主要靠营养繁殖以更新种群的多年生根茎植物经常在植被中出现而不在种子库中出现;（5）种子库与地上植被物种组成相似性随水淹干扰强度增加而下降,表明了水淹干扰对种子库与地上植被物种组成相似性有一定程度的影响。     

贺兰山低山区土壤种子库空间分布特征北大核心CSCD

土壤种子库作为地上植被更新的潜在种源,在植被自然恢复和演替过程以及生态系统建设中起着重要作用。该研究对贺兰山低山区不同海拔高度植物群落土壤理化性质变化与其土壤种子库特征之间的关系进行分析,以揭示贺兰山低山区植物群落的土壤种子库空间分布特征和自然恢复潜力。研究结果表明:(1)海拔1200 m处种子主要来源于一年生草本,海拔1600 m土壤种子库主要来源于多年生草本,海拔2000 m土壤种子库主要来源于灌木和小灌木;随着海拔升高,隶属于禾本科的物种数呈下降趋势,菊科和藜科呈增加趋势,蒺藜科、大戟科、豆科和玄参科消失。(2)5个海拔高度土壤种子库物种数均显著低于地上植被;在物种生活型组成上,土壤种子库中物种数占比最大为一年生草本,地上植被为多年生草本。(3)土壤理化性质对种子库物种多样性影响中,土壤pH、电导率最为显著。贺兰山低山区5个海拔高度土壤种子库种子密度和物种多样性均较低,无法满足植被自然恢复需求,可通过飞播等生态恢复措施来弥补表层土壤种子的不足,从而满足地上植被恢复所需种源量。     

青藏高原多年冻土区不同草地生态系统恢复能力评价

草地生态系统恢复能力是评价人类工程活动对青藏高原多年冻土生态系统影响的重要组分.分析了不同草地生态系统干扰带和非干扰带群落特征、植物多样性、草地初级生产力和经济类群,综合评价了青藏高原多年冻土区地上植被在受工程活动干扰后的综合恢复能力.结果表明:经过近20多年的自然恢复,青藏苔草草原、紫花针茅草原、扇穗茅草原、高山嵩草草甸、矮蒿草草甸和藏蒿草沼泽化草甸6种草地的盖度和物种组成均有一定程度的恢复,且草原群落的恢复程度好于草甸群落,但干扰群落仍低于未干扰群落;紫花针茅草原分布区物种多样性恢复好于其他草地类型分布区;干扰带由最初的地上植物生物量全部为0恢复到148.8～489.6 g·m^-2,其中藏嵩草沼泽化草甸干扰带恢复最好,生物量达489.6 g·m^-2;除藏嵩草恢复群落的饲用植物类群组成相对稳定外,干扰后的其他5种草地类型饲用价值降低.高寒草原生态系统的植被综合恢复能力显著高于草甸生态系统.     

岷江干旱河谷灌丛土壤种子库及其自然更新潜力评估

为了解岷江干旱河谷区灌丛植被土壤种子库的特征及预测灌丛植被自然更新的潜力,利用土壤种子库"萌发法"(每个地段15个2m×2m样方内分土表层、0-5cm土层和5-10cm土层采集土样)及野外植被调查方法(每个地段15个1m×1m的调查样方),研究了岷江干旱河谷3个地段(河谷下游边缘汶川地段、核心茂县地段以及上游边缘松潘地段)阳坡灌丛植被土壤种子库及其与地上植物群落的关系。发现:土壤种子库发芽试验共观察到4274株幼苗,分属于113个物种。土壤种子库密度在102—103ind./m2,物种数在12—23种/0.06m2,边缘地段的土壤种子库平均种子密度(ind./m2)和平均物种数(种/0.06m2)均比中心地段(茂县)高。3个地段土壤种子库和地上植被的组成物种均多为多年生植物,地上灌丛与其土壤种子库的密度及物种数均呈不显著相关性;物种组成的Sorensen相似性指数较低,不足30%,但土壤种子库均比地上植被具有更高的物种丰富度。综合分析表明,岷江干旱河谷灌丛具有依靠土壤种子库实现自然更新的潜力,但由于物种组成相似性较低,现存灌丛植被一旦遭到破坏后,单依靠土壤种子库自然恢复到现存植被是困难的,需要在自然恢复潜力评估基础上积极充分采取人工促进自然恢复的策略,同时也应充分考虑干旱河谷植被及其自然更新潜力的空间异质性。探明岷江干旱河谷区灌丛植被的土壤种子库特征,是认识灌丛植被自然更新潜力的基础,是合理制订该区植被恢复与管理措施的重要依据。     

华南铅锌尾矿生态恢复的理论与实践

介绍了近年来有关华南地区5个铅锌尾矿生态恢复研究领域的主要研究成果。内容包括：铅锌尾矿的理化性质和影响植物定居的限制因子;尾矿酸化的预测与控制;尾矿的基质改良;尾矿自然定居植物的生态对策;重金属耐性植物的筛选与耐性机理;豆科植物在废弃地植被恢复中的作用;尾矿湿地系统的重建及其废水处理效率;土壤种子库在尾矿生态恢复中的作用;尾矿植被恢复的野外中试研究等。同时,也讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的未来研究方向。     

土壤种子库的研究进展及若干研究热点

 土壤种子库是指存在于表层土壤（包括凋落物）中的有生命的种子。土壤种子库的研究已是植物生态学研究不可缺少的一部分,现已成为植物种群生态学中比较活跃的领域。土壤种子库时期是植物种群生活史的一个重要阶段,有人称之为潜种群阶段。土壤种子库对一年生植物来说尤其重要。土壤种子库简单地可分为瞬时土壤种子库和长久土壤种子库,即使给予理想的萌发条件如季节、温度、湿度等,土壤种子库中也仍有部分种子保持休眠状态,休眠的种子组成了土壤长久种子库的成分。时空异质性是土壤种子库的基本特性之一,不仅不同植被类型的土壤种子库具有不同的组成、大小和多样性,而且微环境也影响土壤种子库的分布格局。由于萌发、捕食和衰老等原因,土壤种子库具有季节动态,一般在旧种子萌发之后,新种子散布之前达到最低点。在高等植物占据的大多数生境中,以休眠繁殖体形式存在的个体远远超过地上植株的数量;土壤种子库、幼苗库和成年植被相互联系相互影响。由于各种原因如群落类型的差异、群落的演替阶段、取样的时间等,地上植被和土壤种子库之间关系大体上可分为两种情况,即相似性和差异性;研究土壤种子库的方法通常有萌发法和物理分离法。土壤种子库能部分反应群落的历史,对退化生态系统的恢复起着重要的作用。目前土壤种子库的主要研究热点问题可分为以下几个方面：1）土壤种子库的研究方法,2）土壤种子库的分类问题,3）土壤种子库分布的时空格局,4）地上植被和土壤种子库的关系,5）土壤种子库的动态等。     

湖南茶陵湖里沼泽种子库与地表植被的关系

研究了湖南茶陵湖里沼泽中水毛花 (Scirpus triangulatus)、疏忽蓼 (Polygonum p raetermissum) ,普通野生稻 (Oryzarufipogon)和莼菜 (Brasenia schreberi) 4种植被类型的种子库和地上植被的物种组成及两者之间的关系。 4种类型中共萌发了2 9种植物 ,种子平均密度为 5672粒· m- 2。不同植被类型的种子库的物种数和平均密度存在显著差异 ,疏忽蓼斑块的种子库中萌发 2 2种 ,平均密度是 10 0 89粒· m- 2 ;而普通野生稻斑块种子库中只有 14种 ,平均密度仅 2 50 0粒· m- 2。在地表植被中共鉴定出 18种植物。 4种植被类型中 ,其地表植被的物种数和 Shannon多样性指数均低于种子库。地表植被与种子库的物种相似性系数的范围从 0 .43 75至 0 .692 3。每种植被类型中 ,均有一些物种只在种子库中出现 ,而另有一些物种只在植被中出现。表明种子库在湿地保护和受损湿地的恢复中具有不可替代的作用。采用移植法进行湿地植被恢复时 ,应综合考虑种子库与地表植被、以及不同植被类型之间的物种组成的特点 ,以最大限度地恢复湿地植被的物种多样性     

热带森林植被生态恢复研究进展

热带森林是地球上生物多样性最高和生态功能最为强大的植被类型之一,在维护全球生态平衡中起着至关重要的作用,同时也为人类社会提供着多种多样的物质资源和生态系统服务。然而热带森林是目前生物多样性消失最快和生态功能退化最为严重的生态系统之一,如何有效地保护现存的热带森林不再进一步退化,以及如何使已经退化的生态系统尽快得到恢复是生态学工作者面临的重要议题。不同方式、规模和强度的干扰对热带林的破坏程度及其以后的恢复过程产生的影响不同。除少数大型自然干扰事件外,采伐、刀耕火种、农业开发用地等人为干扰是造成当前热带森林植被大面积退化的主要原因。多种干扰交互作用、杂草与外来物种入侵、退化植被和土壤状况、残存植被组分及土壤种子库、退化植被周围的景观格局以及全球气候变化等因素都能够影响热带森林植被恢复的速度和方向。基于功能群的研究思想将可能为物种丰富的热带森林植被恢复的研究提供一个全新途径。     

A comparison of seed banks across a sand dune successional gradient at Lake Michigan dunes (Indiana,USA)

In habitats where disturbance is frequent, seed banks are important for the regeneration of vegetation. Sand dune systems are dynamic habitats in which sand movement provides intermittent disturbance. As succession proceeds from bare sand to forest, the disturbance decreases. At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, we examined the seed banks of three habitat types across a successional gradient: foredunes, secondary dunes, and oak savanna. There were differences among the types of species that germinated from each of the habitats. The mean seed bank density increased across the successional gradient by habitat, from 376 to 433 to 968 seeds m⁻², but with foredune and secondary dune seed bank densities being significantly lower than the savanna seed bank density. The number of seeds germinated was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon, demonstrating for this primary successional sequence that seed density increases with stage and age. The seed bank had much lower species richness than that of the aboveground vegetation across all habitats. Among sites within a habitat type, the similarity of species germinated from the seed banks was very low, illustrating the variability of the seed bank even in similar habitat types. These results suggest that restoration of these habitats cannot rely on seed banks alone.     

Habitat degradation,topography and rainfall variability interact to determine seed distribution and recruitment in a sand dune grassland

Question: Understanding the mechanisms underlying how habitat degradation, topography and rainfall variability interactively affect seed distribution and seedling recruitment is crucial for explaining plant community patterns and dynamics. Interactions between these major factors were studied together in a semiarid sand dune grassland. Location: Eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Methods: The study system used four sites of fixed, semifixed, semishifting and shifting sand dune grasslands, representing a gradient of habitat degradation. We investigated the density of germinable seeds deposited in the top 5 cm of soil and in situ seedling emergence (number of seedlings emerging early in the growing season) and establishment (number of plants recruited at the end of the growing season) at three topographic positions (dune top, windward and leeward sides) within each site over 2 years that differed in rainfall. Habitat characteristics (i.e. vegetation cover, plant species composition and diversity, soil moisture and nutrient availability and soil erodibility) of the four sites were also measured. Results: Habitat degradation (i.e. decreased vegetation cover and enhanced wind erosion rate) significantly reduced the size of the germinable soil seed bank. On average, germinable seed number from the high‐vegetation cover fixed dune was 36‐fold larger than the low‐vegetation cover shifting dune, and eight‐ and two‐fold larger, respectively, than the semishifting and semifixed dunes with intermediate vegetation cover. We observed within‐habitat variability in seed distribution, but among‐topographic position variation differed among habitats. Seedling recruitment showed large between‐year, and among‐ and within‐habitat variability, but these variations varied significantly depending on the response variables evaluated (i.e. initial seedling density, final plant density, emergence rate and recruitment rate). Path analysis revealed complex density‐dependent positive and negative, direct and indirect effects of germinable seed density and initial seedling density on recruitment, but the relative importance of these density‐dependent effects varied depending on habitat type and rainfall availability. Conclusion: Our results suggest that habitat degradation, microtopography and rainfall availability interact in shaping sand dune seed bank and plant community recruitment patterns and dynamics. Their effects were mainly mediated through changes in both the biotic and abiotic environment during the process of habitat deterioration.     

Spatiotemporal pattern of seed bank in the annual psammophyte Agriophyllum squarrosum Moq. (Chenopodiaceae) on the active sand dunes of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China

The seed banks of active sand dunes are critical for the adaptation of psammophytes to unstable habitats. However, existing reports have failed to effectively elucidate the spatiotemporal structure of these seed banks and the factors regulating them. The seed bank pattern of the annual psammophyte Agriophyllum squarrosum Moq. in active sand dunes was studied by taking into consideration the time, the depth of the soil profile, dune positions, and seed bank type (released seed bank, belowground and aboveground canopy seed banks). Most canopy-stored seeds were unburied before the following March of the maturation year; however, they were buried from March to May. The seed bank mainly comprised the aboveground canopy-stored seeds from September of the year of seed maturation to the following March. The seed bank was concentrated in the surface soil layers (0–10 cm) from March of the year following seed maturation to June and was concentrated in the deep soil layers (10–50 cm) after June. The seed bank in the lower leeward slope tended to be larger than those in the other dune positions. The canopy-stored seed:released seed ratio differed between dune positions. The findings of this study are: (1) sand burial and wind erosion play key roles in shaping the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed banks of active sand dunes, and (2) delayed seed release may be a major factor regulating the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed banks of certain psammophytes.     

石羊河中游沙漠化逆转过程土壤种子库的动态变化

在石羊河中游,应用空间代替时间的方法,选择流动沙丘以及封育恢复5a、15a和25a的沙漠化逆转过程序列,研究了沙漠化逆转过程土壤种子库的变化特征。结果表明:石羊河中游沙漠化土地土壤种子库由4科12种植物组成,种子库主要分布于表层0-5cm。在沙漠化逆转过程中,土壤种子库物种数趋于增加,物种组成以1年生草本植物占优势逐渐向多年生草本植物和半灌木植物转变;种子库密度、表层土壤种子比例、物种多样性指数、与地上植被的相似性呈现先增大后降低趋势;沙漠化土地生态恢复间隔的时间越长,土壤种子库间的相似性程度越低;沙漠化土地与地带性植被区种子库的相似性逐渐增大,但是恢复25a沙漠化土地也仅达到0.36。研究认为,沙漠化逆转过程也是沙漠化土地土壤种子库向地带性植被土壤种子库演变的过程,而且是一个十分缓慢的过程,该研究有助于丰富干旱区土壤种子库的理论和指导干旱内陆河流域沙漠化土地的生态恢复实践。     

Potential for seed bank formation in seven Great Lakes sand dune species

Seeds of seven dune species were collected from sand dunes of Lakes Erie and Huron and buried to various depths in a natural sand dune habitat along Lake Huron. The seed samples were then retrieved after varying lengths of time and examined for their germinability and dormancy. Results showed that buried seeds remained viable for at least 2.5 years and had the potential to form a persistent seed bank. Seed banks were larger and longer lasting at greater depths of burial than those at shallow burial depths. The results suggested that failure to verify the existence of effective seed banks in previous studies may be due to insufficient number of samples, shallow sample depth, local population variations, and fruiting events. Several species also possessed a temporary, aboveground seed reserve formed by retention of a small proportion of viable seeds on the previous year's inflorescences. In some species, seeds retained aboveground were dormant and thus capable of forming a persistent seed bank when they entered the soil.     

种子萌发和幼苗生长对沙丘环境的适应机制

综述了植物沙生适应机制的研究及其进展.一些植物的种子在刚成熟时具有休眠特性.种子需要适度沙埋促进萌发并实现幼苗定居,但过度沙埋则会抑制种子萌发和出苗.在沙层深处,没有萌发的种子会进入休眠状态,形成土壤种子库.幼苗通过增加节数和延长节间来适应沙埋.沙埋深度超过植物的忍耐限度会抑制幼苗生长,甚至导致幼苗死亡.沙生植物必须适应其他环境因子,如盐风与土壤盐分、昆虫采食、土壤养分亏缺等,才能在沙丘上成功生长.沙蚀可导致幼苗根系暴露并干燥脱水.一些沙漠植物的幼苗在萌发后可忍耐一段时期的干燥,水分条件得到满足之后,幼苗能够恢复生长.     

Structure, Pattern and Mechanisms of Formation of Seed Banks in Sand Dune Systems in Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China

A comparison of structure and pattern of the soil seed bank was made between active and stabilized sand dunes in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. The objective of this paper was to determine the significance of seed bank in vegetation restoration of sand dunes. The results showed that (1) average seed density decreased from stabilized sand dune to interdune lowland of stabilized sand dune, to interdune lowland of active sand dune, and to active sand dune; (2) horizontally, along the transect from interdune lowland to ecotone and to sand dune top, a ‘V’ shaped pattern was presented in the active dune system, and a reverse ‘V’ shaped pattern in the stabilized sand dune system; (3) vertically, the proportion (accounting for the total seeds) of seeds found in 0–20 mm soil profile decreased from stabilized sand dune to interdune lowland of stabilized sand dune, to interdune lowland of active sand dune, and to active sand dune. The same order was also found in 20–50 mm and 50–100 mm soil profiles; (4) the Sokal and Sneath similarity indices in the species-composition between soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation were ranked as: the stabilized sand dune (24%) > the interdune lowland of active sand dune (21%) > the interdune lowland of stabilized sand dune (18%) > the active sand dune (5%); and (5) vegetation restoration of active sand dunes depends on the dispersal of seeds from nearby plant communities on the interdune lowlands. Much effort must be made to preserve the lowlands, as lowlands are the most important seed reservoir in the active sand dune field.     

Soil Moisture Rather than Soil Nutrient Regulates the Belowground Bud Bank of Rhizomatous Species <i>Psammochloa villosa</i> in Arid Sand Dunes

In arid and semi-arid sand dune ecosystems, belowground bud bank plays an important role in population regeneration and vegetation restoration. However, the responses of belowground bud bank size and composition to sand burial and its induced changes in soil environmental factors have been rarely studied. In arid sand dunes of Northwestern China, we investigated belowground bud bank size and composition of the typical rhizomatous psammophyte Psammochloa villosa as well as three key soil environmental factors (soil moisture, total carbon and total nitrogen) under different depths of sand burial. Total buds and rhizome buds increased significantly with increasing burial depth, whereas tiller buds first increased and then decreased, with a peak value at the depth of 20–30 cm. Soil moisture increased significantly with sand burial depth, and was positively correlated with the number of all buds and rhizome buds. Soil total carbon concentration first increased and then decreased with sand burial depth, and total nitrogen concentration was significantly lower under deep sand burial than those at shallow depths, and only the number of tiller buds was positively correlated with soil total nitrogen concentration. These results indicate that soil moisture rather than soil nutrient might regulate the belowground bud bank of P. villosa, and that clonal psammophytes could regulate their belowground bud bank in response to sand burial and the most important environmental stress (i.e., soil moisture). These responses, as the key adaptive strategy, may ensure clonal plant population regeneration and vegetation restoration in arid sand dunes.     

红壤侵蚀区植被恢复过程中土壤种子库变化特征

土壤侵蚀作为一种自然营力和自然干扰形式对土壤种子库的次分布与物种组成具有一定的影响。本研究对典型红壤侵蚀区裸地(Ⅰ号)、马尾松林地(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ号)和次生林(Ⅴ号)等5处不同植被恢复区的土壤种子库物种组成、储量及分布格局进行研究,探究在植被恢复过程中土壤侵蚀对土壤种子库的影响。结果表明: 研究区土壤种子库共统计到21种物种,物种丰富度低,以草本种类为主。各样地土壤种子库密度为56.7～793.3粒·m^-2,样地间差异显著,土壤种子库密度随着土壤侵蚀强度加重而明显下降。各样地浅层0～2 cm土壤种子库密度随着上坡-中坡-下坡的变化均呈增加趋势;剧烈侵蚀地和强烈侵蚀地土壤种子库主要分布在5～10 cm深层土壤内,且中上坡0～2 cm土层几乎没有种子。土壤侵蚀使得土壤种子库在土层中的分布呈现深层化,植被恢复后深层种子库积累仍需要较长的时间。