主要农作物转基因研究现状和展望

近15年来,大豆、水稻、玉米、小麦等主要农作物转基因研究取得了较大进展,几乎各种遗传转化方法在这些作物上都取得了成功,尤其是农杆菌介导法,不仅在难转化的双子叶作物大豆上取得了成功,而且在单子叶作物水稻、玉米、小麦上先后取得了突破。同时,将一些与重要性状改良有关的外源基因转入了主要农作物,包括抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆、品质改良、发育调控、营养吸收等。转基因大豆、玉米、棉花、油菜在生产上得到了大面积种植,产生了极大的经济效益,2004年全球转基因作物的种植面积达到了8100万公顷。本文对大豆、玉米、水稻和小麦等主要农作物转基因研究历史和产业化现状进行了综述,并对主要农作物转基因研究中存在的问题进行了分析。     

我国蓝藻水华的发生机理、危害及防控利用研究进展

近些年蓝藻水华的大规模爆发不仅危害了水产养殖业,而且严重影响了人类日常生活、供水、旅游业等。主要介绍了蓝藻水华爆发的内在因素（假空泡、类胡萝卜素、厚壁孢子、细胞壁等）及外在因素（营养物质、温度、微量元素、滤食性鱼类等）。阐述了蓝藻水华对生产、生态和生活造成的危害,归纳总结了蓝藻水华防控的化学、物理、生物等方法。最后描述了蓝藻水华的有效利用并提出其研究中存在的问题。     

抚育间伐对人工林土壤肥力的影响

研究了杉木、马尾松、建柏、柳杉和木荷人工林的抚育间伐对林分土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,杉木、马尾松、建柏、柳杉、木荷间伐后降低了林分的郁闭度.改变了林内的生境条件,促进了林下乡土植被的生长和繁衍,林下植被覆盖度、植被生物量和物种丰富度有了较大幅度的增加,间伐的强度越大.增加的幅度也越大.与不间伐林分相比,各间伐林分两年后土壤微生物数量增加、酶活性增强、土壤容重降低、总孔隙度和速效养分提高,土壤肥力得到了改善和提高.间伐后林分土壤肥力得到提高的实质在于:间伐后林下植被生物多样性的提高诱发了土壤微生物多样性和数量的提高,并由此而增强了土壤的生物活性,加速了土壤养分的循环.     

改良型抗菌肽的研究进展

长期滥用抗生素导致了耐药菌株“超级细菌”的出现,增加了动物、人类健康和环境污染风险．寻找抗生素替代品正成为全球研究热点,抗菌肽因其高效抗菌效果和不同于抗生素的独特作用机制引起了各国研究者的关注,并进行了相关研究．然而抗菌肽的安全性、稳定性、生产成本等问题限制了其生产与应用．为了克服这些不利因素,研究者们对抗菌肽进行了多种方式的改造,产生了模拟型、同源型、杂合型、轭合型、稳定型和固位型等改良型抗菌肽,并有望在畜牧业、食品业、医药业等领域得到广泛的应用．本文主要综述了这些改良型抗菌肽近年来的研究进展．     

景观可视化及其应用

介绍了景观可视化的概念,回顾了景观可视化的发展历程,然后介绍了景观要素,包括地形、植被、水、人工构件(建筑物、基础设施等)、动物(包括人)、大气和光的可视化表达方法,阐述了景观可视化在景观规划、景观变化、气候变化、城市景观、景观视觉影响评价和森林管理等方面的应用,最后提出了景观可视化的未来发展趋势.     

中科院水生所开发名优水产健康高效养殖技术

近日,由中国科学院水生生物研究所、华中农业大学、长江大学等单位承担的湖北省“十五”科技攻关计划重大项目“名优水产品健康高效养殖技术研究及产业化开发”通过了湖北省科技厅组织的专家组验收。科研人员系统地研究了黄鳝、长吻能、黄颡鱼、鳜鱼和青虾的繁殖、营养、养殖等关键技术;合理评估了鳜鱼、河蟹和青虾的养殖容量和生态效应,提出了鳜鱼的湖泊放养措施和管理模式;完成了中华鳖的快速培育技术和大水面的无公害养殖生产技术。建立了健康、     

加工工艺因素对黑蒜营养素与功效成分的影响

综述了黑蒜中的水分、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类、5-羟甲基糠醛、酚类、黄酮类、生物碱、阿霍烯等营养成分和功效,介绍了时间、预处理、温度等工艺因素对上述成分的影响,为黑蒜的生产工艺优化与品质研究提供了参考。     

龙眼树形对生长结果及机理影响初探

为了解决龙眼园的郁闭问题,提高龙眼的产量和品质,该文以桂香龙眼品种为材料,研究了扁开心形、开心形、自然圆头形三种不同树体结构对树体光照强度、叶片、根系、果实的影响。结果表明:扁开心形显著改善了树冠和果园通风透光环境,提高了叶绿素含量,增大了叶面积,提高了PSⅡ系统活性和开放程度,调节了光合机构的自我保护机制,改善了荧光参数,从而提高了果实品质;扁开心形、开心形、对照的单株产量分别是19.90、17.00、15.60 kg,单果重分别是10.24、10.07、7.64 g;扁开心形和开心形可食率比对照分别提高了4.20%、4.40%,可溶性固形物含量分别提高了12.16%、12.55%;扁开心形比开心形以及对照的表层根有所上浮,促进了果树的生殖生长,显著扩大了根系的分布深度,扩大了根系对营养物质以及水分的吸收。扁开心形是一种高光效的树形,应在生产上加以推广。     

山西省干旱地区农作物种质资源普查与分析

本研究对山西省干旱地区右玉县、阳曲县、隰县、临县、石楼县、繁峙县、灵丘县、五台县、浑源县、武乡县、五寨县和兴县12个县的农作物种质资源进行了普查和数据分析。通过查阅文献和实地调查相结合的方法,完成了12个县农作物种质资源普查表的编制,分析了1981年到2010年30年来普查县气候及植被变化趋势,并阐述了普查县大宗农作物种植面积、产量和大面积种植品种的变化情况,在此基础上提出了农作物种质资源保护面临的问题及对策建议。研究结果为干旱地区农作物种质资源的保护、研究和利用提供了参考。     

猴头菌属药用真菌活性次级代谢产物研究概况

对猴头菌属药用真菌的次级代谢产物化学、生物活性研究进行了综述。目前已经从猴头菌属真菌中发现了83个不同类型的活性次级代谢产物,主要包含二萜类、酚类、脂肪酸类、甾体、生物碱类化合物;这些化学成分显示了抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗糖尿病、促进神经生长因子合成等多种活性。文中讨论了目前研究的主要问题并对其前景进行了展望。     

An Improved Computational Prediction Model for Lysine Succinylation Sites Mapping on Homo sapiens by Fusing Three Sequence Encoding Schemes with the Random Forest Classifier

Background Lysine succinylation is one of the reversible protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which regulate the structure and function of proteins. It plays a significant role in various cellular physiologies including some diseases of human as well as many other organisms. The accurate identification of succinylation site is essential to understand the various biological functions and drug development.Methods In this study, we developed an improved method to predict lysine succinylation sites mapping on Homo sapiens by the fusion of three encoding schemes such as binary, the composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs (CKSAAP) and amino acid composition (AAC) with the random forest (RF) classifier. The prediction performance of the proposed random forest (RF) based on the fusion model in a comparison of other candidates was investigated by using 20-fold cross-validation (CV) and two independent test datasets were collected from two different sources.Results The CV results showed that the proposed predictor achieves the highest scores of sensitivity (SN) as 0.800, specificity (SP) as 0.902, accuracy (ACC) as 0.919, Mathew correlation coefficient (MCC) as 0.766 and partial AUC (pAUC) as 0.163 at a false-positive rate (FPR) = 0.10 and area under the ROC curve (AUC) as 0.958. It achieved the highest performance scores of SN as 0.811, SP as 0.902, ACC as 0.891, MCC as 0.629 and pAUC as 0.139 and AUC as 0.921 for the independent test protein set-1 and SN as 0.772, SP as 0.901, ACC as 0.836, MCC as 0.677 and pAUC as 0.141 at FPR = 0.10 and AUC as 0.923 for the independent test protein set-2. It also outperformed all the other existing prediction models.Conclusion The prediction performances as discussed in this article recommend that the proposed method might be a useful and encouraging computational resource for lysine succinylation site prediction in the case of human population.     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay, District Swat, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty-seven species （45.2%） were classifted as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood （37.3 % ）, forty-five as forage （35.7 % ）, twenty-eight as honey bee species （22.2%）, twenty-seven as vegetable species （21.4%）, 25 as edible fruits （14 wild and llcultivated）, thirteen as timberwood （10.3%）, twelve as ornamental （9.5%）, eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers （7.9%）, ten as fencing （7.9%）, five as poisonous （4%）, four as religious/superstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools （2.4%）, three as utensil cleaner species （2.4%）, three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay,District Swat,Pakistan*

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty- seven species ( 4512%) were classified as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood ( 3713%) , forty- five as forage ( 3517%) , twenty- eight as honey bee species ( 2212%) , twenty- seven as vegetable species ( 2114%) , 25 as edible fruits ( 14 wild and 11cultivated) , thirteen as timber wood ( 1013%) , twelve as ornamental ( 91 5%) , eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers ( 719%) , ten as fencing ( 719%) , five as poisonous ( 4%) , four as religiousPsuperstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools ( 21 4%) , three as utensil cleaner species ( 214%) , three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

Get a grip: Podosomes as potential players in phagocytosis

Podosomes have been known for several decades as micron-sized, F-actin-rich structures that play a pivotal role in cell migration and invasion, as they are able to mediate both cell-matrix attachment as well as extracellular matrix degradation. Particularly in monocytic cells, podosomes have been shown to fulfill a variety of additional functions such as sensing of substrate rigidity and topography, or cell-cell fusion. Increasing evidence now points to the involvement of podosome-like structures also during phagocytosis by immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Here, we compare the different cell models and experimental set ups where “phagocytic podosomes” have been described. We also discuss the composition and architecture of these structures, their potential involvement in mechanosensing and particle disruption, as well as the pros and cons for addressing them as bona fide podosomes.     

中国小腹茧蜂属二新种记述(膜翅目,茧蜂科,小腹茧蜂亚科)

记述了采自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和湖北省小腹茧蜂属M.icrogaster Latreille,18042新种,短管小腹茧蜂M.breviterebrae sp．nov．和长距小腹茧蜂M．longicalcar sp．nov．。短管小腹茧蜂M.breviterebrae sp．nov．(♀)与M．grandis相似,但以下特征可以区别：1)翅痣下方具暗斑(后者无);2)触角端前节长为宽的1．2倍(后者为2倍);3)头顶光滑(后者具皱纹);4)腹部第3背板光滑(后者具皱状刻点);5)后足胫节黑色(后者红黄色)。采自黑龙江镜泊湖、吉林长春、辽宁(阜新、大连、沈阳)。长距小腹茧蜂M．longicalcar sp．nov．(♀)与短管小腹茧蜂M.breviterebrae sp．nov．相似,但以下特征可以区别：1)1—RS脉长为1—M脉1／2(后者为1／3);2)r脉与翅痣宽等长(后者明显短于翅痣宽);3)后足胫节内距长为基跗节6／7(后者为1／2);4)产卵管鞘长为后足胫节1／2(后者为1／3);5)前后单眼间距与单眼直径等长(后者短于单眼直径)。采自湖北房县。本文附中国小腹茧蜂属分种检索表。模式标本均保存在浙江大学植保系寄生蜂标本室。     

Tissue microarrays as a platform for proteomic investigation

Tissue microarrays have become an essential tool in translational pathology. They are used to confirm results from other experimental platforms, such as expression microarrays, as well as a primary tool to explore the expression profile of proteins by immunohistochemical analysis. Tissue microarrays are routinely used molecular epidemiology, drug development and determining the diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value of new biomarkers. By applying traditional protein based assays, as well as novel assays to the platform, tissue microarrays have gained a new utility as a proteomic tool for both basic science as well as clinical investigation. This article will explore the new approaches that are being applied to tissue microarrays to, characterize the human proteome, and new technologies that allow tissue microarrays to function as a protein array. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged     

孕烷X受体的研究进展

核受体是一类高度保守的配体依赖性转录因子家族,在哺乳动物发育、繁殖、免疫应答、心血管功能、组织生长、肿瘤形成、外源物清除及糖类和脂质代谢等生理过程中发挥重要作用。机体对外源物质的清除主要是由孕烷X受体等核受雄介导的。孕烷X受体最早是作为外源物感受器而被研究的,可以被大多数亲脂性药物等外源性化合物及一些内源性化合物如胆汁酸等结构差异很大的配体激活,进而与视黄醇类X受体等形成异源二聚体,结合在ER6、XREM等DNA元件上,调控下游靶基因（包括一相代谢酶、二相结合酶及药物转运体等基因）的表达。此外,孕烷X受体在能量代谢和免疫反应中也有重要作用,参与某些代谢疾病的发生发展,且已在动物模型中被证明是Ⅱ型糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖症和动脉粥样硬化等代谢疾病治疗的有效靶标。我们主要就其发现、结构、组织分布、作用方式、自身表达的调节等方面的最新研究进行综述。     

健康仔猪肠道乳杆菌黑龙江地方株的鉴定与种属分析

为了从健康仔猪肠道中分离筛选用于研制微生态制剂的乳酸杆菌菌株,选择黑龙江省大庆、哈尔滨及宝泉岭地区部分猪场,采集12-60日龄健康仔猪肠道粪样64份。选用MRS乳酸杆菌专用培养基分离培养乳酸杆菌,通过分离株的形态特征和培养特性筛选出革兰阳性,厌氧,无芽胞杆菌48株。再通过生化试验鉴定和PCR种属分析,确定18株为乳酸杆菌。其中,罗伊乳杆菌7株,嗜酸乳杆菌5株,约氏乳杆菌2株,短乳杆菌1株,干酪乳杆菌假植物亚种1株,植物乳杆菌1株,詹氏乳杆菌1株。     

Variability in Race Tests with Heterodera glycines

Tests of Heterodera glycines on differential host plants to determine races were run in Arkansas, Illinois, and North Carolina to check the uniformity of results of the test. Methods used at the three locations varied somewhat. Results indicate that the race test is highly variable. Isolates previously identified as race 1 were identified as race 1 or race 3; those identified as race 2 were identified in these tests as race 2, 4, 9, or 14; those previously identified as race 3 were identified as race 1 or race 3; those identified as race 4 were identified in these tests as race 4 or race 14; those previously identified as race 5 were identified as race 2; and those previously identified as race 6 were identified as race 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6. Part of the variability resulted from the use of differential host plants from different sources and part from nonstandard differential host plants. Other variations may be due to inability to obtain completely uniform inoculum or to recover all nematodes that penetrated.     

Genetic networks regulated by ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and AS2 in leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana: KNOX genes control five morphological events

The asymmetric leaves 1 ( as1 ) and as2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes. Expression of a number of genes, including three class-1 KNOTTED -like homeobox ( KNOX ) genes ( BP , KNAT2 and KNAT6 ) and ETTIN / ARF3 , is enhanced in these mutants. In the present study, we attempted to identify the phenotypic features of as1 and as2 mutants that were generated by ectopic expression of KNOX genes, using multiple loss-of-function mutations of KNOX genes as well as as1 and as2 . Our results revealed that the ectopic expression of class-1 KNOX genes resulted in reductions in the sizes of leaves, reductions in the size of sepals and petals, the formation of a less prominent midvein, the repression of adventitious root formation and late flowering. Our results also revealed that the reduction in leaf size and late flowering were caused by the repression, by KNOX genes, of a gibberellin (GA) pathway in as1 and as2 plants. The formation of a less prominent midvein and the repression of adventitious root formation were not, however, related to the GA pathway. The asymmetric formation of leaf lobes, the lower complexity of higher-ordered veins, and the elevated frequency of adventitious shoot formation on leaves of as1 and as2 plants were not rescued by multiple mutations in KNOX genes. These features must, therefore, be controlled by other genes in which expression is enhanced in the as1 and as2 mutants.