煎炸油脂质变预防及其危害控制研究进展

经反复高温加热的煎炸油会发生氧化水解等反应,生成对人体健康不利的极性组分等物质。本文将对三种不同品种植物油在煎炸过程中酸价、过氧化值、羰基价、极性组分等理化指标的变化及其原理进行综述,分析延缓煎炸油理化指标变化的措施,提出了通过摄入益生菌进行膳食干预以降低煎炸油对人体健康影响的方法建议。     

TBHQ对三种食用油保质期内品质变化的影响

研究一级大豆油、一级菜籽油和花生香食用调和油等3种食用油18个月保质期内的主要理化指标的变化（酸价、过氧化值、色泽、水分）,以及添加叔丁基对苯二酚（tert butylhydroquinone,TBHQ）后的影响。结果表明：在保质期中,油品的酸价和过氧化值均随时间的延长而增加。一级大豆油、一级菜籽油过氧化值分别在第18、12个月超过国家标准（≤5mmol/kg）,而花生香食用调和油的过氧化值在18个月内均符合相关标准。TBHQ的加入能显著延缓3种油品过氧化值的增加,使一级大豆油、一级菜籽油在18个月内符合标准,但TBHQ无法控制食用油酸价的升高速度。TBHQ对3种食用油的的水分变化没有明显影响。添加TBHQ后的一级大豆油、花生香食用调和油色泽升高速度明显加快。     

现代分析仪器用于油脂检验进展

油脂酸价、过氧化值和碘价指标的检验常用国标方法,费时费力,随着经济技术的发展,研究现代分析仪器,如光谱分析法、色谱分析法、电化学分析法等方法用于油脂检验,以适应快速、灵敏、准确的检测要求。     

黑龙江省1995～1998年大豆植物油检测结果分析

黑龙江省作为全国食用油脂标准修订协作组成员单位 ,对 1 995～ 1 998年地产大豆植物油的检测结果做了较全面、系统的分析。1　材料与方法1 1　材料来源 :随机采取黑龙江省浸出法生产大豆油厂成品库产品 1 49件。1 2　检验项目 :按ＧＢ2 71 6 - 88《食用植物油卫生标准》规定的检验项目 :酸价、过氧化值、羰基价、浸出油溶剂残留。1 3　检验方法 :按ＧＢ/Ｔ5 0 0 9《食用植物油卫生标准的检验方法》操作。2　结果与分析2 1　 1 995～ 1 998年大豆植物油检测结果 (见表 1 )表 11995～ 1998年 149件食用植物油检测结果项　目 酸　价ｍ…     

高温煎炸对于牡丹籽油品质变化的影响

摘 要：对牡丹籽油在煎炸过程中过氧化值、酸值、色泽、脂肪酸组成等4项评价指标的变化进行了试验研究,目的在于探讨反复煎炸对牡丹籽油质量变化的影响。结果表明,牡丹籽油煎炸12次后（每次温度220℃,时间20min）,感官指标变化明显,卫生指标酸值过氧化值符合食品安全国家标准,油脂中的α 亚麻酸相对百分比含量前4次变化不明显,第5~12次逐渐呈下降趋势。     

煎炸大豆油和云南牛干巴的品质变化与丙烯酰胺生成的关系及HPLC测定方法的建立

目的：探讨油炸云南牛干巴中丙烯酰胺含量与煎炸大豆油品质以及与牛干巴品质的动态关系,探索出一种适合检测油炸肉类食品中丙烯酰胺含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：用C18小柱结合活性炭小柱处理云南牛干巴样品,以甲醇为溶剂、甲醇和水（10：90）为流动相,流速为0.6mL/min,紫外检测波长为198nm的液相色谱条件下检测云南牛干巴中丙烯酰胺含量。结果：云南牛干巴中丙烯酰胺含量与煎炸大豆油的酸价相关性最大（相关系数为0.971）,与羰基价的相关性次之（相关系数为0.949）,与过氧化值的相关性最小（相关系数为0.928）;牛干巴中丙烯酰胺含量与牛干巴的a*相关性最大（相关系数为0.952）,与褐变度的相关性次之（相关系数为0.941）,而与TBARS值的相关性最小（相关系数为0.929）;C18小柱结合活性炭小柱处理样品可以使样品中的丙烯酰胺与杂质在保留时间（5.2min）完全分离,该方法的RSD为1.556%、平均回收率为96.61%、检出限为14.7μg /kg。结论：建立了一种适合检测油炸肉类食品中丙烯酰胺含量的快速、准确、高效的方法。     

特医食品中油脂的设计及氧化稳定性研究

目的与方法：根据GB29922对特殊医学用途全营养配方食品的营养素要求,对5种油脂（低芥酸菜籽油、葵花籽油、玉米油、大豆油、椰子油）进行多种组合,以氧化诱导时间为评价指标,比较不同油脂组合的氧化稳定性,并以过氧化值、α-亚麻酸含量等为评价指标,探讨天然抗氧化剂（迷迭香提取物、维生素E）对油脂组合氧化稳定性的影响。结果与结论：油脂组合（低芥酸菜籽油：玉米油：椰子油=7∶2∶1）的氧化稳定性最高;与维生素E相比,迷迭香提取物对油脂组合的抗氧化效果更佳;迷迭香提取物和维生素E组成的复合抗氧化剂可进一步提高油脂组合的氧化稳定性,最佳复配抗氧化剂为0.07%迷迭香提取物+0.03%维生素E。     

鱼油氧化稳定性研究-感官及理化参数评价

目的：研究鱼油样品在储藏过程中氧化指标（游离脂肪酸含量、过氧化值、挥发性二级氧化产物含量）和感官属性之间的关系,以更好地监控鱼油的质量。方法：通过加速储藏实验,将2种鱼油样品（花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸）于40℃避光储藏30d,每天监控检测其感官属性（香气）、游离脂肪酸含量、过氧化值及挥发性二级氧化产物（己醛及丙醛）的含量。以感官评价结果为判定依据,研究各理化指标与鱼油氧化程度的关系。结果：2种油脂样品中的游离脂肪酸含量在储藏过程中无明显变化,不是一个可以评价油脂货架期内氧化程度的有效指标。过氧化值的测定结果显示,此指标可以反映油脂初期氧化的趋势,但不能很好地反映油脂感官属性的变化。挥发性二级氧化产物的测定结果与油脂感官属性的变化显示了高度的一致性,能够很好地反映油脂氧化状态。结论：在不具备感官评价条件的情况下,建议同时监测鱼油中挥发性二级氧化产物 （ω-6脂肪酸监测己醛;ω-3脂肪酸监测丙醛）及过氧化值的含量,以更全面有效地评价鱼油的氧化状态,更好地控制鱼油的质量。     

酶法破碎裂殖壶菌提取胞内油脂

采用酶法破碎裂殖壶菌提取胞内油脂,进行单因素实验和正交实验优化酶解反应条件,酶解反应的影响因素主次顺序依次为酶用量、温度、时间、pH,最佳酶解工艺参数:55 ℃、pH 9.5、搅拌反应2.5 h、酶用量为菌体生物量的2%.在该条件下,胞内油脂的提取量高达(81.53±0.33) g/L,过氧化值仅为0.15,酸价为0.24.     

原料豆粉对儿童营养配方粉储藏期品质劣变的影响

以传统湿法工艺技术制备的豆粉为研究目标,通过抽提不同储藏期内的油脂、蛋白质组分,确定引起儿童营养配方粉品质劣变的可能原因,重点分析油脂氧化、蛋白氧化及美拉德反应产物等对配方粉品质劣变的影响规律。通过过氧化值、酸价、丙二醛含量分析不同储藏期油脂氧化程度,采用分光光度法对脂肪氧化酶活性进行测定,以分析儿童营养配方粉品质劣变原因;通过羰基含量的测定,确定不同储藏期内样品的蛋白氧化程度;采用OPA法豆粉追踪美拉德产物,确定美拉德反应产物对配方粉风味劣变的影响。     

Effect of frying time on free fatty acid generation and esterification rate in Aspergillus sp.-catalyzed transesterification of cottonseed oil

Abstract

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of different frying times of edible oil on the extent of transesterification catalyzed by the whole-cell biocatalyst, Aspergillus (RBD01). Cottonseed oil was chosen as a conventional and cost-effective edible oil used commercially in India. The results showed that increased frying time of the oil decreased the extent of the transesterification reaction and hence alkyl ester production. Nearly complete (>98%) transesterification to ethyl alcohol was observed with used oil containing a free fatty acid (FFA) content of 3.7%, whereas beyond an FFA content of 4.0% the yield was reduced. Biocatalyzed hydrolysis (in the absence of the ethyl alcohol acceptor) of used frying oil resulted in decreasing yield of FFA from 84.0% to 27.6% with increasing frying time. With fried oil capable of a hydrolysis yield of 82–41% FFA, transesterification reactions were nearly complete. With the lower hydrolysis yields of 38–27% FFA, the transesterified ethyl ester yield decreased to 61–51%. These observations indicate that factors other than the presence of FFA and moisture influence the biocatalytic transesterification of used cooking oils.     

Chemical alterations taken place during deep-fat frying based on certain reaction products: A review

Deep-fat frying at 180°C or above is one of the most common food processing methods used for preparing of human kind foods worldwide. However, a serial of complex reactions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization, and polymerization take place during the deep-fat frying course and influence quality attributes of the final product such as flavor, texture, shelf life and nutrient composition. The influence of these reactions results from a number of their products including volatile compounds, hydrolysis products, oxidized triacylglycerol monomers, cyclic compounds, trans configuration compounds, polymers, sterol derivatives, nitrogen- and sulphur-containing heterocyclic compounds, acrylamide, etc. which are present in both frying oil and the fried food. In addition, these reactions are interacted and influenced by various impact factors such as frying oil type, frying conditions (time, temperature, fryer, etc.) and fried material type. Based on the published literatures, three main organic chemical reaction mechanisms namely hemolytic, heterolytic and concerted reaction were identified and supposed to elucidate the complex chemical alterations during deep-fat frying. However, well understanding the mechanisms of these reactions and their products under different conditions helps to control the deep-fat frying processing; therefore, producing healthy fried foods. By means of comprehensively consulting the papers which previously studied on the chemical changes occurred during deep-fat frying process, the major reaction products and corresponding chemical alterations were reviewed in this work.     

Energy valorization of industrial biomass: Using a batch frying process for sewage sludge

This paper studies the energy valorization of sewage sludge using a batch fry–drying process. Drying processes was carried out by emerging the cylindrical samples of the sewage sludge in the preheated recycled cooking oil. Experimental frying curves for different conditions were determined. Calorific values for the fried sewage sludge were hence determined to be around 24 MJ kg⁻¹, showing the auto-combustion potential of the fried sludge. A one-dimensional model allowing for the prediction of the water removal during frying was developed. Another water replacement model for oil intake in the fried sewage sludge was also developed. Typical frying curves were obtained and validated against the experimental data.     

Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Rice Flour on Oil Uptake of Tempura Frying Batter

The physicochemical properties of rice flour and wheat flour influenced the oil uptake of tempura frying batter. Rice flour was better than wheat flour in the overall quality and crispness of the fried tempura batter. Rice flour resisted oil absorption more than wheat flour, and a higher level of apparent starch amylose and higher consistency/breakdown ratio of the pasting properties led to a lower oil uptake of the batter. Super hard EM10 rice showed the highest apparent amylose content and higher consistency/breakdown ratio than the other flour samples, the batter from EM10 revealing the lowest oil content after frying among all the batters examined. The apparent amylose content, consistency/breakdown ratio and oil absorption index are proposed as useful guides for oil absorption when frying from among the physicochemical properties that influence the oil content of fried batter. Our proposal for the “oil absorption index” could be a simple, although not perfect method for estimating the oil content of batter flour.     

Influence of physicochemical properties of rice flour on oil uptake of tempura frying batter

The physicochemical properties of rice flour and wheat flour influenced the oil uptake of tempura frying batter. Rice flour was better than wheat flour in the overall quality and crispness of the fried tempura batter. Rice flour resisted oil absorption more than wheat flour, and a higher level of apparent starch amylose and higher consistency/breakdown ratio of the pasting properties led to a lower oil uptake of the batter. Super hard EM10 rice showed the highest apparent amylose content and higher consistency/breakdown ratio than the other flour samples, the batter from EM10 revealing the lowest oil content after frying among all the batters examined. The apparent amylose content, consistency/breakdown ratio and oil absorption index are proposed as useful guides for oil absorption when frying from among the physicochemical properties that influence the oil content of fried batter. Our proposal for the "oil absorption index" could be a simple, although not perfect method for estimating the oil content of batter flour.     

香榧与油茶籽中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

用石油醚提取香榧与油茶籽油,经过皂化、甲酯化处理,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其脂肪酸组成进行了检测。研究结果表明:香榧籽油共检测出6种脂肪酸,油茶籽油中共检测出5种.均以油酸和亚油酸为主。其中,香榧籽油中二者占总量的67.91%.油茶籽油中二者占总量的51.38%.本文对比分析了香榧籽油和油茶籽油中脂肪酸的主要成分及含量,为这两种木本食用油的开发利用提供理论基础。     

Triacylglycerols composition, oxidation and oxidation compounds in camellia oil using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Camellia seed oil is one of most important edible oil, rich in oleic acid and contains many natural antioxidants with various biological activities. During preparation of foods or storage camellia oil oxidizes by the auto-oxidation and produce oxidized compounds. Traditional analytical techniques like FFA, POV are used for the determination of oxidation and adulteration of oils and fats. These methods were rarely able to detect the oxidized compounds produced and extent of oxidation. This paper presents the uses of liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for the analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) composition and evaluation of auto-oxidation and oxidation products of camellia seed oil. The camellia oil was auto-oxidized for 12 months at room temperature. The TAGs were identified from their characteristics fragmentations such as protonated molecular ion, ammonium and sodium adducts, diacylglycerols, epoxy-diacylglycerols fragments and mono-acylglycerol fragments in ESI-MS mass spectra. HPLC-ESI-MS data revealed the separation and identification of 15 TAGs. The major TAGs separated and identified in camellia seed oil were POO, OOO, OLO, PLO/POL, OLL, SOO, ALO and OLLn. The auto-oxidation studies revealed a total loss of LnLLn, LnOLn, LLLn and OLLn amounting about 13.5% total oxidation. The auto-oxidation products were epoxy hydroperoxides, epoxy epidioxides, and mono-epoxides. It was observed that these were characteristic compounds produced in high oleic oils.     

76株薄壳山核桃实生单株的果实品质差异及综合评价

对南京地区种植的76株薄壳山核桃〔Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch〕实生单株的8项果实性状和种仁中5种脂肪酸含量的差异以及各指标的相关性进行分析,并筛选出单项性状优良的单株;在此基础上,结合主成分分析结果,对供试76株单株的果实品质进行综合评价.结果显示:8项果实性状(包括坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度、坚果纵径、坚果横径、果形指数、出仁率和含油率)以及种仁中5种脂肪酸(包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸)的含量均有较大变异,变异系数为663%~2899%,其中,出仁率的变异系数最小,亚麻酸含量的变异系数最大,8项果实性状的变异系数总体上小于5种脂肪酸含量的变异系数.部分果实性状间极显著或显著正相关,少数果实性状间极显著或显著负相关,而5种脂肪酸含量间均极显著正相关,但脂肪酸含量与果实性状间总体上无显著相关性.主成分分析结果表明:在8项果实性状中,与坚果大小有关的性状较为重要;而5种脂肪酸含量均同等重要.对果实性状和脂肪酸含量的主成分分析结果显示:第1主成分的决定指标包括含油率以及棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量,第2主成分的决定指标包括坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度和坚果横径,说明薄壳山核桃果实评价的首要指标为种仁中脂肪酸含量,其次为果实大小.在利用坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度、出仁率、含油率、果形指数、油酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量8个单项指标优选单株的基础上,结合主成分分析结果,71号单株的综合得分较高,其种仁鲜质量、含油率以及油酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量均较高,可作为优良品种选育的首选候选单株.根据上述研究结果,建议在薄壳山核桃不同育种目标的优良品种选育工作中,将主成分分析法作为单项性状筛选法的有效补充方法.