丛枝菌根真菌和磷水平对番茄幼苗侧根形成的影响

为了探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和磷水平对植物根系构型的影响,在两个磷水平下对番茄幼苗接种AMF菌株Rhizophagus irregularis BGC JX04B,研究AMF和磷水平对番茄幼苗侧根形成的影响.结果表明: AMF对植株生物量的促进效应不明显,但显著降低了植株的根冠比;显著增加了主根长而减少了1级侧根长,并与侵染时期存在互作;显著降低了2～3级侧根数量及2级侧根数与1级侧根数的比值,对1~2级侧根密度无显著影响.高磷(50 mg·kg^-1P)显著促进了植株生长,降低了植株的根冠比;对主根长和1级侧根长无显著影响,显著增加了1~3级侧根数量及2级侧根数与1级侧根数的比值,提高了1~2级侧根密度.表明AMF和磷水平对番茄侧根形成的影响机制不同,高磷的影响可能基于对养分吸收和生长的促进效应,而AMF的影响则更为复杂,且AMF与侵染时期的互作效应预示着碳素分配(糖信号)可能参与了AMF对根系构型的调控.     

丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长影响的研究

菌根是自然界中一种极为普遍和重要的共生现象,其中分布最为广泛的菌根类型就是丛枝菌根,可以增强植物从土壤中获取水分的能力,改善植物根系对磷、镉等矿质元素及养分的吸收,从而促进植物的生长。本文综述了丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长影响的概况。有关丛枝菌根真菌对植物水分和矿质营养的利用,尤其是磷素营养的研究较为深入,而对植物光合特性的研究较少,这些研究工作为深入理解菌根真菌与植物的相互关系提供基础资料。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对柑橘生长与次生代谢的影响

为了解丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对根、根系分泌物中次生代谢物和植物生长的影响,以AM真菌(Glomusepigaeum)接种柑橘(Citrusreticulata),对柑橘的酚类物质、抗氧化酶和生长情况进行研究。结果表明,温室盆栽6个月后,接种AM真菌显著提高柑橘酚酸类物质的积累,但是酚酸组分在根和根分泌物中存在差异,根中原儿茶酸和丁香酸含量为29.98和18.32μg/g,分别是未接种的4.58和2.26倍。而根系分泌物中香豆酸、苯甲酸和根皮苷含量为0.36、6.04和12.32μg/g,分别是未接种的1.71、1.94和1.25倍,而香草醛仅在未接种柑橘根中检测到。接种AM真菌的柑橘苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性为38.36、0.51和28.62 U/(g·min),分别是未接种AM真菌的1.99、2.83和3.10倍。同时菌根定殖也显著提高柑橘的株高、茎粗和叶片数。因此,AM真菌定殖能促进植物生长,改变柑橘次生代谢产物的积累。     

不同磷水平土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长和养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同磷水平土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae对三叶草(Clover)和黑麦草(Ryegrass)生长、P浓度及N ∶ P比的影响.试验结果表明,Glomus mosseae显著提高了三叶草中P浓度和生物量,降低了植株N ∶ P比,对黑麦草植株P含量、生物量及N ∶ P比没有显著影响;在不同磷水平土壤中,接种处理对单种时三叶草中P含量的影响程度不同,以中磷和高磷水平下的影响较显著,这表明Glomus mosseae对三叶草的菌根效应在不同磷水平下并不相同;另外,两种植物混合种植情况下,黑麦草的竞争能力高于三叶草,使得其P浓度和生物量都显著高于三叶草,而接种Glomus mosseae增加了混种中三叶草的生物量和P浓度,降低了黑麦草的生物量,表明Glomus mosseae能提高混种中三叶草的竞争能力,从而改变群落中物种的竞争关系.此外,在一定磷水平下,菌根真菌的存在降低了三叶草中N ∶ P比, 这会改变三叶草的受限制方式,由受P元素限制变为受N元素限制.     

丛枝菌根真菌侵染Bt玉米及对其生长的影响

以2个不同转化事件的Bt玉米5422Bt1(Bt11)和5422CBCL(Mon810)及其同源常规玉米5422为对象,研究接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对Bt玉米与常规玉米生长的影响.结果表明:3个品系玉米接菌处理的菌根侵染率明显不同,菌根侵染各参数值总体呈现5422Bt1>5422CBCL>5422趋势;接种处理均促进了玉米的生长,其效应随玉米品系和生育期的不同而呈现差异,喇叭口期5422的地上部干重和总干重显著增加,拔节期5422Bt1的叶片数、茎粗以及喇叭口期的叶片数、茎粗、地上部干重、总干重显著高于对照,5422CBCL拔节期的叶片数和喇叭口期地下部干重增加显著;3个玉米品系菌根真菌依赖性与接菌效应为5422Bt1>5422CBCL>5422,2个Bt玉米品系与Glomus mosseae间的兼容性更好,接种处理对Bt玉米的生长促进作用强于常规玉米.     

丛枝菌根真菌对小麦生长的影响

为了促进经济作物小麦的生长,提高土壤氮磷循环与转化效率,选择两种优良丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)——摩西球囊霉(GM,Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(GI,Glomus intraradices),研究AMF在小麦整个营养生长阶段中对其生长以及对土壤中植物生长需求的大量元素——氮、磷的作用及影响。结果表明:人工施加菌剂可显著提高AMF对小麦的侵染率,施加GM菌剂时,小麦侵染率提高24.54%,同时,株高提高14.08%,小麦地上生物量提高24.05%。GM效果优于GI。施加菌剂后,小麦侵染率与土壤中水解性氮呈显著正相关;植物地上生物量与土壤中总氮,水解性氮呈显著负相关。表明AMF可活化土壤中的氮元素,同时促进作物生长,强化对土壤中氮元素的利用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰生长与繁殖的影响

【目的】紫茎泽兰是一种世界性的恶性入侵杂草,侵入我国后迅速扩散至多个省市,严重阻碍了当地农、林、牧业的发展。研究丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰生长和繁殖的影响,解析土壤中丛枝菌根真菌在紫茎泽兰入侵、传播和扩散过程中的作用,能为开展紫茎泽兰防控工作提供参考。【方法】通过盆栽实验,测定接种丛枝菌根真菌的紫茎泽兰株高、叶片数、总叶面积、节间距、地径,并统计单株花序数、单花序种子量、种子量、种子千粒重、含水率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等。【结果】丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰的株高、地径有极显著影响(P0.01),接种丛枝菌根真菌后,紫茎泽兰的单株花序数、单花序种子数、总种子量分别增加了5.03、1.51、7.64倍;种子的长度、宽度、含水率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数分别增加了15.24%、23.08%、19.46%、29.22%、391.01%、183.56%(P0.05)。【结论】丛枝菌根真菌可显著促进紫茎泽兰生长,控制丛枝菌根真菌的数量可有效抑制紫茎泽兰生长,并抑制紫茎泽兰花序数、种子量及种子的生命力,降低其扩散蔓延速度。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

利用菌根真菌摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉,对喀斯特地区造林树种青冈栎进行接种试验,测定菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长、生物量和光合作用的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能显著促进青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、叶面积和幼苗生物量的增长,并且能提高幼苗成活率和改善幼苗的光合能力。摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理的青冈栎幼苗生物量分别是未接种处理的2.1和1.9倍;摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理下的水分利用效率分别比对照处理提高了33.6%和8.8%;摩西球囊霉对青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、生物量的促进作用好于根内球囊霉,而根内球囊霉处理的幼苗叶面积、主根长、根冠比大于摩西球囊霉处理。总体而言,接种丛枝菌根真菌特别是摩西球囊霉能促进青冈栎幼苗的生长和生物量增长,在石漠化植被恢复中具有潜在应用价值。     

丛枝菌根真菌、磷和生长素对枳侧根形成的调控效应

为探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、磷水平和生长素对植物侧根形成的影响,在两种磷水平下接种AMF(Rhizophagus irregularis BGC JX04B),施用IBA、生长素运输抑制剂(TIBA),观察AMF、磷水平和生长素对枳Poncirus trifoliata幼苗侧根形成的调控效应。结果表明,AMF对植株生物量及各级侧根数量无显著影响,但显著降低一级侧根长度;磷水平对植株生物量、侧根数量及长度无显著影响;TIBA显著降低植株生物量、侧根数量和侧根长度,而IBA对各项指标无显著影响。AMF和生长素对主根长度的影响存在显著互作;AMF、磷水平和生长素对二级和三级侧根数量的影响存在显著互作。因此,AMF对枳侧根形成的调控可能涉及生长素信号途径,而生长素运输是枳侧根形成的关键因素。     

西南桦幼苗接种丛枝菌根真菌的生长与光合生理响应

为了解丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AMF)对西南桦幼苗生长和光合生理的影响,对西南桦(Betula alnoides)优良无性系接种AMF菌株后的生长、光合参数、叶绿素含量和荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明,6个AMF菌株均能与西南桦无性系幼苗形成共生体,接种根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)菌株(AMF5)和摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)HUN03B菌株(AMF3)显著提高了幼苗生长量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和荧光参数(P0.05),显示出AMF5、AMF3与幼苗的亲和力明显优于其他菌株。西南桦4个无性系间的菌根侵染率差异不显著(P0.05),但AMF对无性系FB4、BY1的促生效应显著优于FB4+和A5。因此,适合与西南桦共生的优良菌株为AMF5和AMF3,这为西南桦菌根化育苗提供理论依据。     

柑橘丛枝菌根真菌生长与根际有效磷和磷酸酶活性的相关性

通过观测田间国庆1号温州密柑/枳和国庆4号温州密柑/枳根系菌根侵染率、孢子密度、根际有效磷和磷酸酶活性的年变化,探讨丛枝菌根真菌生长与根际有效磷和磷酸酶活性的相关性.结果表明,2种柑橘菌根侵染率和孢子密度的年变化均呈 “Λ”形,2月和12月较低,4月和10月居中,6月和8月较高;有效磷和中性磷酸酶年变化呈“V”形.2种柑橘的菌根侵染率都与孢子密度呈极显著正相关,与有效磷呈极显著负相关,说明较高的孢子密度和较低的有效磷对菌根侵染率有促进作用;2种柑橘的孢子密度均与有效磷呈极显著负相关,与中性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明中性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶对孢子密度有刺激作用,而有效磷对其有抑制作用.柑橘树下有机磷矿化主要以中性磷酸酶为主.     

Comparison of two test systems for measuring plant phosphorus uptake via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

 Plant phosphorus uptake via external hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been measured using compartmented systems where a hyphal compartment is separated from a rooting compartment by a fine mesh. By labelling the soil within the hyphal compartment with a radioactive phosphorus (P) isotope, hyphal uptake of P into the plant can be traced. The objective of this growth chamber study was to test two hyphal compartments of different design with respect to their suitabilities for measurement of hyphal P uptake. One hyphal compartment was simply a nylon mesh bag filled with ³²P-labelled soil. The labelled soil in the other hyphal compartment was completely surrounded by an 8–10 mm layer of unlabelled soil that served as a buffer zone. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal subterranean clover plants were grown in pots with a centrally positioned hyphal compartment. Uptake of radioactive P by non-mycorrhizal control plants was 25% of that by mycorrhizal plants with the mesh bag but only 3% when including the buffer zone. Based on this good control of non-mycorrhizal P uptake from within the hyphal compartment and its greater ease of handling once produced, we judged the hyphal compartment including a buffer zone to be superior to the mesh bag. Accepted: 15 September 1998     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal propagules in a salt marsh

The tolerance of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to stressful soil conditions and the relative contribution of spores of these fungi to plant colonization were examined in a Portuguese salt marsh. Glomus geosporum is dominant in this salt marsh. Using tetrazolium as a vital stain, a high proportion of field-collected spores were found to be metabolically active at all sampling dates. Spore germination tests showed that salt marsh spores were not affected by increasing levels of salinity, in contrast to two non-marsh spore isolates, and had a significantly higher ability to germinate under increased levels of salinity (20) than in the absence of or at low salinity (10). Germination of salt marsh spores was not affected by soil water levels above field capacity, in contrast to one of the two non-marsh spore isolates. For the evaluation of infectivity, a bioassay was established with undisturbed soil cores (containing all types of AM fungal propagules) and soil cores containing only spores as AM fungal propagules. Different types of propagules were able to initiate and to expand the root colonization of a native plant species, but spores were slower than mycelium and/or root fragments in colonizing host roots. The AM fungal adaptation shown by this study may explain the maintenance of AMF in salt marshes.     

The influence of Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation by Vicia faba

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the interactions between the microbial symbionts, Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on N and P accumulation by broad bean (Vicia faba) and how increased N and P content influence biomass production, leaf area and net photosynthetic rate. METHODS: A multi-factorial experiment consisting of four different legume-microbial symbiotic associations and two nitrogen treatments was used to investigate the influence of the different microbial symbiotic associations on P accumulation, total N accumulation, biomass, leaf area and net photosynthesis in broad bean grown under low P conditions. KEY RESULTS: AMF promoted biomass production and photosynthetic rates by increasing the ratio of P to N accumulation. An increase in P was consistently associated with an increase in N accumulation and N productivity, expressed in terms of biomass and leaf area. Photosynthetic N use efficiency, irrespective of the inorganic source of N (e.g. NO3- or N2), was enhanced by increased P supply due to AMF. The presence of Rhizobium resulted in a significant decline in AMF colonization levels irrespective of N supply. Without Rhizobium, AMF colonization levels were higher in low N treatments. Presence or absence of AMF did not have a significant effect on nodule mass but high N with or without AMF led to a significant decline in nodule biomass. Plants with the Rhizobium and AMF symbiotic associations had higher photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that the synergistic or additive interactions among the components of the tripartite symbiotic association (Rhizobium-AMF-broad bean) increased plant productivity.     

丛枝菌根真菌群落对白三叶草生长的影响

不同施肥处理影响AMF(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)群体结构,然而不同AMF群体结构对植物的生长以及养分吸收的影响尚未见报道,试验利用盆栽实验研究了7种不同来源的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落对白三叶草生长和N、P、K以及微量元素Cu、Zn、Mn的吸收的影响。7种AMF群落分离自长期定位施肥试验地,分别为NPK、OM、CK、1/2OM、NP、NK和PK。每年施肥量是300kg N/hm2,135kg P2O5/hm2,300kg K2O/hm2。有机肥处理的N、P、K养分量与试验地NPK处理含量相同,原料以粉碎的麦秆为主,加上适量的大豆饼和棉仁饼,有机肥经堆制发酵后施用。试验土壤采用封丘试验地土壤,经灭菌处理。试验结果表明,接种不同AMF群落均能促进三叶草的生长,对养分吸收则表现不同。分离自CK试验地的AMF群落对三叶草侵染率显著低于其它6种AMF群落。分离自1/2OM和OM试验地的AMF群落较分离自NPK、CK、NP和NK的AMF群落显著促进了三叶草对P的吸收;各种AMF群落都促进了对N和K的吸收;分离自OM、CK、1/2OM、NP、NK试验地的降低了三叶草植株N含量;分离自NPK试验地的AMF群落提高了三叶草植物K含量;对于Cu、Zn、Mn元素的吸收,不同处理存在较大的差异。AMF群落对三叶草生长以及养分吸收贡献不同,这与不同施肥管理下不同AMF群落的优势种属的侵染率、养分转化以及菌丝发育及分布有关。     

丛枝菌根真菌对入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊生长及竞争力的影响

【背景】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能促进植物的养分吸收及生长发育。入侵中国华南地区的外来入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)常分布于养分匮乏的荒地,却能迅速生长并排挤本地植物而快速扩张领地。【目的】探究丛枝菌根真菌是否促进南美蟛蜞菊的生长与竞争能力。【方法】采用南美蟛蜞菊及其同属本地植物蟛蜞菊(Wedelia chinensis)的盆栽对比控制试验,并设置接种及不接种AMF变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、不同磷营养水平以及单种或混种的种植方式3种处理对两种植物的生长及竞争能力进行比较。【结果】AMF均能侵染上述两种植物,并且AMF对南美蟛蜞菊根系的侵染率显著高于其对蟛蜞菊根系的侵染,尤其是在低磷水平下南美蟛蜞菊的菌根侵染率更高,而且AMF的侵染显著促进了低磷水平下南美蟛蜞菊的生长及其对蟛蜞菊的竞争能力。【结论】丛枝菌根真菌能够促进南美蟛蜞菊的生长,增强其对本地植物的竞争优势,该效应很可能对外来植物南美蟛蜞菊的成功入侵产生一定的作用。     

Mn2+对甜玉米种子萌发生理效应的研究

以甜玉米绿色超人和华甜01种子为试验材料,探讨Mn2+对种子萌发生理的影响。结果表明:经Mn2+处理后的两个品种甜玉米种子萌发生理指标存在明显的差异;Mn2+处理后,两品种的种子发芽率没有显著变化;绿色超人种子的发芽势和活力指数显著升高,但以1.00mmol/LMn2+处理的效果最佳;随处理浓度的升高,绿色超人和华甜01萌发种子脱氢酶的活性均呈上升的趋势;在适量的Mn2+作用下,两品种的POD、CAT活性均显著升高,萌发种子的MDA含量显著下降,1.00mmol/L的Mn2+处理对降低绿色超人种子MDA含量效果最佳;而处理后甜玉米种子的可溶性糖含量与对照差异均不显著,但不同甜玉米品种间具有较大的差异,这进一步说明锰的作用具有明显的基因型差异。     

Response of strawberry to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under very high soil phosphorus conditions

A field study was done to assess the potential benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation of elite strawberry plants on plant multiplication, under typical strawberry nursery conditions and, in particular, high soil P fertility (Mehlich-3 extractible P=498 mg kg⁻¹). Commercially in vitro propagated elite plants of five cultivars (‘Chambly,’ ‘Glooscap,’ ‘Joliette,’ ‘Kent,’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’) were transplanted in noninoculated growth substrate or in substrate inoculated with Glomus intraradices or with a mixture of species (G. intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus etunicatum) at the acclimation stage and were grown for 6 weeks before transplantation in the field. We found that AM fungi can impact on plant productivity in a soil classified as excessively rich in P. Inoculated mother plants produced about 25% fewer daughter plants than the control in Chambly (P=0.03), and Glooscap produced about 50% more (P=0.008) daughter plants when inoculated with G. intraradices, while the productivity of other cultivars was not significantly decreased. Daughter plant shoot mass was not affected by treatments, but their roots had lower, higher, or similar mass, depending on the cultivar–inoculum combination. Root mass was unrelated to plant number. The average level of AM colonization of daughter plants produced by noninoculated mother plants did not exceed 2%, whereas plants produced from inoculated mothers had over 10% of their root length colonized 7 weeks after transplantation of mother plants and ∼6% after 14 weeks (harvest), suggesting that the AM fungi brought into the field by inoculated mother plants had established and spread up to the daughter plants. The host or nonhost nature of the crop species preceding strawberry plant production (barley or buckwheat) had no effect on soil mycorrhizal potential, on mother plant productivity, or on daughter plant mycorrhizal development. Thus, in soil excessively rich in P, inoculation may be the only option for management of the symbiosis.