利用胱氨酸母液制双效灵及饲料添加剂

在Ｌ胱氨酸生产制作过程中产生一定量的废液,本文主要介绍综合利用其废液生产双效灵杀菌剂和复合氨基酸饲料添加剂的工艺过程。变废为宝,减少环境污染,并就其生产的产品前景和价值作一介绍。     

家兔肠系膜铺片制作间皮改良

利用肠系膜铺片制作间皮,传统的方法取材于大白鼠或蛙的肠系膜,用硝酸银染色后显示出细胞界线,但由于肠系膜为双层结构,细胞界线出现重影,影响观察。曾有人改用蟾蜍腹膜壁层制作间皮铺片,均由于间皮不典型,并有大量色素细胞沉着,其结果不理想。我们对犬、猫、兔几种动物的肠系膜制作间皮进行比较,发现兔的肠系膜结构为单层,染色出现的细胞界线清晰,无色素沉着的影响,为较理想的制作间皮的组织材料     

一色齿毛菌对百菌清的生物降解研究

为了验证白腐真菌对杀菌剂——百菌清的降解能力,并初步探讨其降解机制,以平皿培养方式对70株白腐真菌菌株降解百菌清的能力进行验证和筛选,并选择降解作用突出的一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941进行液体培养条件下对百菌清的降解。结果表明:卵菌杀菌剂没有对测试的白腐真菌产生抑制或杀灭作用,在所筛选的70株菌株中,一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941、硬毛粗盖孔菌Funalia trogii W4289、桦褶孔菌Lenzites betulina Y4962、藏红硬孔菌Rigidoporus crocatus D10146、裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune D9466和云芝栓孔菌Trametes versicolor W4614等菌株都对百菌清显示出较强的降解能力;对一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941在液体培养条件下降解百菌清研究的实验结果表明,活菌(living culture,LC)降解率粗酶液(crude enzyme liquor,CEL)降解率灭活菌丝体(devitalized mycelia,DM)降解率,经过活菌降解3d的样品中百菌清的残留率仅为1.92%;对培养液中漆酶活性测定结果显示,漆酶活性最高可达2 195.55U/L。上述证明,杀菌剂百菌清不对白腐真菌产生抑制或杀灭作用,相反,一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941等菌株对其有很强的降解能力,在杀菌剂生物降解领域有潜在的应用前景。     

不同柑桔品种上桔全爪螨的生长和种群动态差异

通过田间调查、室内盆栽苗接螨、离体叶片饲养等方法,考察了14个柑桔品种上桔全爪螨种群动态,组建了其实验种群生命表,结果表明：该螨在各柑桔品种上的种群密度有明显差异,平均密度以北碚447、台湾晚白柚和垫江白柚上较高,柑新生系最低。雌成螨寿命在台湾晚白柚上最长,垫江白柚次之,柑新生系最短;产卵量以取食台湾晚白柚时最多,垫江白柚、五步红心柚次之,以柑新生系最少;在垫江白柚上的内禀增长率（r_m）最大,沙田柚、台湾晚白柚次之,金弹最小。根据桔全爪螨实验种群的参数判断,金弹和柑新生系属抗螨品种,台湾晚白柚、垫江白柚和北碚447是感螨品种。从品种归类上来看,柚类品种和甜橙中的北碚447感螨程度较高,金柑属的金弹和宽皮柑桔类的柑新生系感螨程度较低。甜橙类与宽皮柑桔类比较,前者感螨程度较高,后者相对较低,但宽皮柑桔类的早津感螨程度相对较高。     

筛选选择性降解玉米秸皮的菌株

目的:筛选能选择性降解玉米秸皮的菌株,用于玉米秸皮生物机械法制浆的研究。方法:采用Bavendamm-PDA平板对玉米种植地土壤内的真菌进行初筛选,之后采用玉米秸皮降解实验对产生棕色变色圈的菌株和实验室现有白腐菌进行复筛选。结果:筛选到4株能在Bavendamm-PDA平板上产生棕色变色圈的菌株;降解实验显示杂色云芝引起了最大31.76%的重量损失,重量损失最小的菌株为粗毛栓菌lg-9;除杂色云芝和白耙齿菌降低了玉米秸皮苯醇抽出物外,其他处理样均增加;碳水化合物测定结果表明白耙齿菌处理样综纤维素的损失最大,且各种菌株所引起的综纤维素损失中,纤维素和聚戊糖损失所占的比例有很大差别。结论:粗毛栓菌lg-9对玉米秸皮木素降解的选择性最强,之后为Sd、黄袍原毛平革菌-14和黄袍原毛平革菌-25。     

江苏大丰麋鹿自然保护区内獐在冬季各种生境中分布的初步研究

２００１年２月至３月,用样方法并结合访问当地群众对獐在江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区各种生境中的分布进行了调查。结果显示獐在当地主要的小麦和油菜田、棉花田、白茅草地、湿滩涂等四种生境中都有分布,但它们涉足四种生境的目的不同。具体情况为：在白茅草地中休息,到夜间穿过棉花田到小麦或油菜田中取食,白天有时为了避开过多的人类活动而跑到湿滩涂上的大米草滩中躲避。     

斑痣盘菌科一新种及一新组合

报道斑痣盘菌科的两个寄生种,即生于茶树Camelliasinensis(L.)Kuntze枝梢上的硬湿皮盘菌新种HypoheliondurumY.R.Lin,C.L.Hou&S.J.Wangsp.nov.和生于青杄PiceawilsoniiMast.针叶上的线孢小沟盘菌新组合Lirulafiliformis(Darker)Y.R.Lin&S.J.Wangcomb.nov.。湿皮盘菌属HypohelionJohnston同时为中国新记录属。对此二种进行了汉文描述、图解和讨论,新种附有拉丁文特征简介。供研究标本保藏于安徽农业大学森林保护教研室(AAUFP)。     

中型兽类头部标本的剥制技术

简要介绍了欧美国家的中型兽类头部标本剥制技术,包括制作前的构思和记录、头部测量部位、头部皮层剥制、皮张处理、头模的制作、安装义眼、制作假耳、头部模型和角的连接、披皮操作和整形等技术。     

鸵鸟蛋皮串珠装饰品的发现与研究

鸵鸟蛋皮串珠从旧石器时代开始成为人类主要的装饰品类型之一,提供人类行为和认知发展方面的重要线索,至今仍广泛流行于非洲的狩猎采集者社会中,充当个人和群体间信息通讯的媒介。本文将从鸵鸟蛋皮的结构和种属鉴定入手,系统介绍旧石器时代鸵鸟蛋皮串珠的发现,及民族学记录中鸵鸟蛋皮串珠的制作与使用,并对20世纪以来有关鸵鸟蛋皮串珠的考古学研究作以概述,以期对我国考古学的相关研究提供有价值的信息与帮助。     

新型水稻黄单胞菌噬菌体资源的发掘与功能鉴定

由水稻黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,简称Xoo)引起的白叶枯病是水稻种植过程中毁灭性的细菌病害,对我国经济和食品安全造成巨大威胁.施用抗生素和化学生物防治手段的防控效果并不稳定,且易污染环境,还存在食品安全问题.为了应对该病害不可预知的爆发,利用噬菌体防控水稻白叶枯病可以作为一种备选方案,以减少化学杀菌剂和抗生素的使用.本研究利用中国不同水稻产区的9株水稻黄单胞菌和模式菌株PXO99A为靶标,从32份土壤样品中分离到了15个高效的Xoo噬菌体单株,说明黄单胞菌噬菌体广泛存在于中国各地的土壤中.选取其中Xoo_sp8和Xoo_sp9,电镜观察确定其具有二十面体的头部和细长的尾部,为典型的有尾噬菌体.宿主谱检测分析发现Xoo_sp8和Xoo_sp9都可以感染除PXO99A以外的9株不同生理小种的水稻黄单胞菌,且在培养基条件下能有效抑制其生长.测定其基因组序列后,根据末端酶大亚基(large terminase subunit,terL)相似性建立其与已报道的不同细菌噬菌体间的系统发育树,发现这两株噬菌体都与已报道的Xoo噬菌体亲缘关系很远,为新型的Xoo噬菌体.本研究分离发掘了15个对Xoo高效感染的噬菌体,为利用噬菌体防控水稻白叶枯病相关杀菌剂产品开发提供了宝贵的种质资源,同时也提出了土壤环境是分离Xoo噬菌体的重要来源的观点.     

由铬革屑制备可溶性蛋白及氨基酸的研究

成品铬革屑中蛋白质含量在 70 %以上 ,处理成小颗粒后与水、Ca(OH) 2 按 1∶4 0∶0 .4的比例混合 ,90℃反应 5h ,可溶性蛋白转化率近 6 0 % ,且在升温后加入Ca(OH) 2 有利于退鞣。以 6mol/L盐酸水解皮革蛋白粉制备复合氨基酸 ,水解 14h ,水解液以HD -I树脂脱色 ,氨基酸损失较少 ,且动态脱色效率明显高于静态脱色 ,采用 717树脂脱酸可获得pH4 .5 - 5的复合氨基酸溶液 ,总得率为 6 0 .1%。     

The effects of treating bovine hide with steam at subatmospheric pressure on bacterial numbers and leather quality

AIMS: To examine the effect of subatmospheric steam treatment on total viable counts (TVCs) on bovine hide and on the quality of derived leather. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pieces of bovine hide were heated to 75 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C) (n = 3) or 80 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C) (n = 3) for periods of 1, 10 or 20 s by the application of steam at subatmospheric pressure in a laboratory scale apparatus. Treated hide pieces and untreated controls were tanned and the quality of leather was assessed. Treatment at 80 degrees C (T80) reduced the TVC on hide pieces by 2.95 (1 s), 3.33 (10 s) and 3.99 (20 s) log10 CFU cm-2 (P > 0.05). Treatment at 75 degrees C (T75) reduced the TVC on hide pieces by 1.87 (1 s), 2.51 (10 s) and 2.56 (20 s) log10 CFU cm-2 (P > 0.05). The grain on all treated hides was damaged resulting in sueding on derived leather. Sueding was observed on 100% of surfaces from T80-treated samples and on 18 (1 s) to 84% (20 s) of the surfaces of T75 samples. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of TVC reductions achieved using T75 and T80 could limit the impact and scale of contamination transfer to the carcass during dehiding. However, because of the sueding observed on derived leather, it is unlikely that either T75 or T80 would be a commercially valid operation during routine slaughter operations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Hide decontamination would provide an important critical control point for beef processing, however there are currently no commercially available treatments.     

Measuring the Environmental Footprint of Leather Processing Technologies

The selection of materials and manufacturing processes often determines most of the environmental impact that a product will have during its life cycle. In directing consumption toward products with the least impact on the environment, measuring and comparing material alternatives with site‐specific data is a fundamental prerequisite. Within the apparel and footwear industry, some famous brands have recently been basing their advertising on the claim that vegetable‐tanned leather is more environmentally friendly than chromium‐tanned leather. However, there is a lack of scientific research assessing and comparing vegetable‐ and chromium‐tanned leather in a wider context than the toxicity of chromium. To fill this gap, this study measured and compared the carbon, water, and energy footprint of vegetable and chromium leather processing technology and intermediate processing stages in 12 selected tanneries in seven different countries worldwide. Each tannery proved to be very individual, and therefore attempting to perform this type of analysis without simply producing meaningless generalities is a challenge for companies, researchers, and regulators. The variability in results demonstrates that secondary data for the tanning phase should be utilized with caution in a decision‐making context. The use of primary data would be advisable for life cycle assessment studies of leather goods. No significant differences were found in the footprint of vegetable and chromium leather processes, but these are only indicative findings and need confirmation in further studies. An important area needing investigation is then how a fair comparison can be made between renewable natural materials and nonrenewable materials used in both leather‐processing technologies.     

中温碱性脂肪酶的研究——Ⅴ.扩展青霉PF868碱性脂肪酶在皮革及皮毛脱脂工艺上的应用

本文报导扩展青霉PF868产生的碱性脂肪酶在动物皮革及皮毛脱脂工艺上的应用。试验结果表明:碱性脂肪酶20～30u/mL的浓度在pH9.0和温度 30～35℃条件下对猪皮、绵羊皮、兔皮及旱獭、狐狸和水貂皮毛具有良好的脱脂效果,脱脂率在80％以上,高于传统碱法(Na_2CO_3)和表面活性剂法(JFC)。碱性脂肪酶不仅可脱尽皮板深层油脂,而且可以软化皮板。酶法脱脂的成革其抗张强度、伸长率、撕裂强度以及崩裂高度均优于碱法和表面活性剂法脱脂革,提高了成革的等级率。     

Survival of Bacillus anthracis spores in baths using modern technologic tannery processes

The influence of skin tannery baths, according as wet-blue, wet-white and plant technology, on B. anthracis spores survival was investigated. As a result of this study there was explained that lime bath do not inactivated of all spores that are present in infected bath. As a result of these experiments the spores were inactivated completely not before pickle bath.     

Puncture-Resistance of Gloves for Handling Bats

ABSTRACT We quantified protection given by a variety of gloves against bat bites by using steel indenters to simulate teeth and measuring forces needed to puncture the gloves. Level of protection given by gloves was compared to expected bite forces and tooth sharpness of bats. Cotton, plastic-coated synthetic fabric, and proprietary materials advertised as puncture- and cut-resistant were easy to penetrate compared to leather gloves. Split leather gives the highest level of protection, but with reduced dexterity. These are best for handling larger bats (>40 g) or if higher safety is preferred. Deerskin gives reasonable protection without much loss in dexterity for handling bats <40 g.     

Enzymatic degreasing of a solid waste from the leather industry by lipases

The lipolytic activity of cutinase produced by a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was compared with Defat 50, a commercial lipase solution, for their degreasing abilities on a lipidic concentrate of sheep fleshing, a solid by-product of the leather industry. The specific activities obtained were 2749 and 938 U mg^–1 of lipase for cutinase and Defat 50, respectively.     

Plant proteases from Carica papaya and Vasconcellea quercifolia with potential application for a cleaner processing in tanneries

Abstract

In the leather industry, proteases can be used as tools to achieve cleaner technology. In the present study, proteolytic preparations obtained from the latex of Carica papaya (Cp) and Vasconcellea quercifolia (Vq) were assayed as dehairing agents for leather processing. Both Cp and Vq showed activity against substrates representative of collagen, keratin, elastin, and epidermis in a range of moderate temperatures (25 to 55?°C). When comparing with a commercial dehairing enzyme, the activity of Cp and Vq on the substrates representative of epidermis and collagen was of around 70% and 100% of the commercial one, respectively, with that of Cp being more keratinolytic. Both Cp and Vq were able to dehair cowhides at 25?°C for 24?h without adding Ca(OH)₂ or Na₂S, two harmful pollutants used in conventional dehairing, Cp being more effective than Vq. Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs showed epidermis and hair-free hides with clean pores and without significant damage on the grain surface. Further, no damage was detected in collagen fibres and both Cp and Vq showed a slight opening of collagen fibres. We concluded that both Cp and Vq could be used as tools for a cleaner technology in tanneries, either for lime- and sulphide-free dehairing or for the treatment and valorisation of protein waste.     

Production of alkaline protease by a new Bacillus subtilis isolate for use as a bating enzyme in leather treatment

Bacillus subtilis, isolated from tannery waste, produced an alkaline protease at optimal activity when grown in a casein/gelatine medium in a stirred tank fermenter at 37°C with the dissolved oxygen tension at 40% air saturation. Optimum protease activity (223 U ml^-1) was at pH 8.5 and was stable for 1 h up to 45°C but at 60°C lost 80% activity. Use of the crude protease as a bating agent for producing high quality leather is indicated. Tensile strength, bursting strength, tear strength and elongation at break of prepared leather were increased with increasing amounts of protease used for bating.A. Hameed and M.A. Natt are with the Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Pakistan. C.S. Evans is with the School of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Westminster, London. UK.     

A Life Cycle Assessment on the Dehairing of Rawhides: Chemical Treatment versus Enzymatic Recovery through Solid State Fermentation

The leather industry needs to switch from the traditional chemically based dehairing process to an environmentally friendly one so that the overall burdens to the environment are reduced. The primary goal of the work was thus to compare the chemical leather dehairing process to an enzymatically based one using the enzymes that are extracted after the application of solid state fermentation (SSF) on hair wastes generated after dehairing. The environmental burdens of the dehairing stage were determined using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach by comparing the two aforementioned management scenarios. The first scenario was the commonly used technology in which hair is removed via a chemical process and then composted in open piles. This scenario included two subscenarios where hair waste is either incinerated or landfilled. In the second scenario, the proteolytic enzymes extracted during the SSF of the residual hair are used to dehair the new rawhides instead of chemicals. Industrial and laboratory data were combined with international databases using the SimaPro 8.0 LCA software to make comparisons. The environmental impacts associated with the enzymatic dehairing were significantly lower than the ones associated to the conventional chemical dehairing process. This difference is attributed to the impacts associated with the original production of the chemicals and to the electricity consumed in the conventional method. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the results are affected by the amounts of chemicals used during dehairing.