河北省苹果园根际土壤中疑似致病镰孢菌种类

为了解引起河北省苹果再植病害的病原菌,在河北省10个地区苹果园中采集土壤样品,在实验室进行病原菌的诱集分离培养,根据形态和分子特征对主要病原菌进行种类鉴定。结果表明,在分离得到的293株真菌中,有116株镰孢菌,为分离频率最高的真菌。在形态学鉴定的基础上,对供试镰孢菌进行了分子鉴定。在基于核糖体基因内转录间隔区（rDNA-ITS）序列与翻译延长因子1α（EF-1α）序列片段构建的系统发育树中,代表菌株分别与GenBank登记的所属菌株聚于同一群。研究结果明确了河北省苹果再植病害的疑似致病镰孢菌,包括：尖孢镰孢Fusarium oxysporum、木贼镰孢F. equiseti、锐顶镰孢F. acuminatum、层出镰孢F. proliferatum和茄腐镰孢F. solani。     

草莓拟盘多毛孢叶斑病的病原菌

于2013年在北京市房山区发现了一种新的草莓叶部病害,为明确引起该病害的病原菌种类,采用组织分离法对病叶进行了病原菌的分离,经纯化得到一株病原菌CMF4。通过室内人工接种对该菌株的致病性和寄主范围进行测定,发现该菌株可以导致草莓叶片坏死和果实腐烂,可引起有伤供试植物牡丹、海棠、芍药、杏、樱桃、桃和月季发病,但不能无伤侵入,对人工接种发病的植株进行病原菌再分离可得到原接种病原菌。采用rDNA-ITS序列分析方法并结合该病原菌的形态特征进行鉴定,发现引起该病害的病原菌为棒孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。这是棒孢拟盘多毛孢所致草莓叶斑病在国内的首次报道。     

麻风树叶枯病菌的鉴定

作者于2009年在贵州麻风树栽培基地栽培的麻风树上发现一种叶部新病害,定名为麻风树叶枯病。该病主要危害植株叶片,叶片受害后初期产生椭圆形或不规则病斑,后期病斑连成片,常引起叶片过早脱落。从贵州罗甸麻风树栽培基地采集了16个叶枯病标样,经分离培养获得13个真菌分离物。通过致病性测定,证明菌株PE06为麻风树叶枯病的病原菌。通过形态学观察及其rDNA-ITS序列分析,将贵州麻风树叶枯病的病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢菌Pestalotiopsis microspora,这也是首次在麻风树叶片上发现由该病菌引起的病害。     

变质甘蔗中毒病原菌节菱孢的分类鉴定

对163株从中毒甘蔗和变质甘蔗样品中分离的产毒节菱孢进行了分类鉴定,其中98株定名为甘蔗节菱孢(Arthrinium sacchari M.B.Ellis),占60.1％;43株定名为蔗生节菱孢(A.saccharicola Stevenson),占26.4％;22株为暗孢节菱孢[A.phaeospermum(Corda)M.B.Ellis],占13.5％。前两个种为国内新记录。并用小培养法及扫描电镜观察了分生孢子的形态及着生特点。     

盆栽榕树炭疽病的病原菌

福建漳州是我国出口创汇植物盆栽榕树Ficus microcarpa的重要生产基地,近些年来炭疽病发生严重。为明确该病的病原菌种类,本文从福建漳州盆栽榕树栽培基地采集炭疽病病叶,通过对病原菌的分离、纯化和培养,致病性测定及rDNA-ITS和actin（肌动蛋白）基因序列分析,证明该病菌为盘长孢状刺盘孢菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。这是盘长孢状刺盘孢菌所致盆栽榕树炭疽病在国内的首次报道。     

菜豆红粉病菌的鉴定及其碳氮源利用能力测定

【目的】为菜豆红粉病菌的诊断和综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】按照常规组织分离法和柯赫氏法则从菜豆上分离出致病菌并进行致病性测定。结合形态学特征和ITS序列分析鉴定致病菌,确定其分类地位。采用生长速率法对病原菌碳氮源的利用能力进行测定。【结果】该病菌主要为害菜豆豆荚,在豆荚表面形成圆形或近圆形褐色、凹陷的病斑,且病斑表面后期出现粉红色霉层;病原菌分生孢子倒梨形,单孢,无色,成熟孢子中间有一隔膜,大小(6.23?12.42) μm×(12.07?24.67) μm,经rDNA-ITS序列相似性分析,该病原菌与已报道的粉红单端孢菌Trichothecium roseum (KC816070)相似性达99%以上,结合形态特征,将其鉴定为粉红单端孢菌Trichothecium roseum。该病原菌对不同碳氮源的利用程度有差异,其菌落在麦芽糖培养基上生长速度最快,且在各种碳源培养基上的生长速度均显著高于对照(P<0.05);在不同氮源培养基上,含L-亮氨酸培养基上菌落生长速度最快,含L-精氨酸和尿素上的生长速度显著小于对照(P<0.05)。【结论】研究结果对粉红单端孢菌引起的其他植物病害的研究有一定的参考价值。     

黄瓜枯萎病病原菌拮抗菌的筛选及其生物防治效应

分离筛选到一株对黄瓜枯萎病病原菌——尖孢镰刀菌具有显著拮抗作用的菌株YHJ15,并根据其生理生化特征和16SrRNA基因序列将其初步鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌;研究了其最适的生长条件。为黄瓜枯萎病的生物防治提供了种质资源。     

柠檬醛熏蒸对互隔交链孢生长及其产毒的抑制作用

互隔交链孢是一种重要的能产生交链孢酚（AOH）等真菌毒素的植物病原菌。精油是重要的抑制病原菌侵染的挥发性植物提取物,其活性组分包括柠檬醛等。本研究表明柠檬醛可高效地抑制互隔交链孢的生长和AOH毒素的产生。柠檬醛熏蒸能够引起互隔交链孢菌丝断裂影响其延伸,而对其分生孢子结构的影响不明显。柠檬醛能够引起互隔交链孢活性氧生成的紊乱,这可能是导致AOH显著下降的原因之一。由于柠檬醛能高效抑制互隔交链孢生长和产毒,因此其可作为传统熏蒸剂的潜在替代品,以防控互隔交链孢引起的病害以及毒素污染。柠檬醛抑制互隔交链孢生长产毒的研究为其开发与应用奠定了良好的基础。     

木耳线虫的初步研究

木耳不仅是我国重要的食用菌,而且也是我国的传统出口商品之一。然而,在木耳栽培中,每逢高温高湿的夏季,特别是梅雨季节,常常发生严重的烂耳现象,亦称流耳病,即耳片腐烂流失,不堪食用。不管段木栽培或袋料栽培的毛木耳(Auricularia polytyicha)和黑木耳(A.aulicula)均可被害。严重影响了木耳生产。据广西融水县土产公司统计,1983年,该县因感染流耳病烂掉的毛木耳约有5000公斤     

龙牙百合软腐病的病原菌

龙牙百合Lilium brownii var. viridulum是药食同源百合,为江西省主产百合。以采自江西省宜春市万载县龙牙百合生产基地的腐烂组培苗为研究对象,因发病时茎叶甚至整株组培苗腐烂,故定义该病为“软腐病”。本研究对其病原菌进行分离纯化、菌落生长状态、菌丝、分生孢子、产孢结构等形态学观察、致病性检测和多基因位点序列鉴定。根据形态学观察初步鉴定病原菌为Acremonium sclerotigenum。进一步对病原菌的rDNA-ITS、LSU、SSU和β-tubulin多基因位点进行序列分析,发现其与A. sclerotigenum同源性最高并聚为一支。综上所述,确定引起龙牙百合软腐病的病原菌为产核枝顶孢A. sclerotigenum。     

毛木耳白色突变体的遗传规律及分子标记开发

2016年秋季,漳州一农户种植的褐色毛木耳Auricularia cornea品种“43012H”发生白色突变,有的菌袋同时长出褐色、白色、褐色与白色交杂的颜色嵌合体耳片,有的菌袋长出白色耳片,而有的菌袋出菇颜色正常。采集白色耳片、褐色耳片和嵌合体耳片进行组织分离,得到的菌种进行栽培试验,从褐色耳片（正常）分离获得的菌种（AC_B）,种植得到正常的毛木耳子实体;从白色耳片（突变）分离获得的菌种（AC_W）,种植得到纯白色子实体;从颜色嵌合体耳片分离获得的菌种（AC_R）,栽培后也只长白色子实体,没有出现嵌合体子实体。AC_B分别与AC_W、AC_R的菌种混合接种栽培,菌袋中同时长出白色、褐色和嵌合体耳片。再次进行组织分离与栽培试验,性状稳定。对AC_B和AC_W进行基因组测序,获得2个与本研究中所用菌株的耳片颜色相关的SNP位点,即SNP1和SNP2。上述组织分离得到的菌株中,褐色菌株的基因型为SNP1 A/G（杂合）、SNP2 A（纯合）,白色菌株的基因型为SNP1 G（纯合）、SNP2 A/C（杂合）。     

Fruiting body and soil rDNA sampling detects complementary assemblage of Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota, Fungi) in a hemlock-dominated forest plot in southern Ontario

This is the first study to assess the diversity and community structure of the Agaricomycotina in an ectotrophic forest using above-ground fruiting body surveys as well as soil rDNA sampling. We recovered 132 molecular operational taxonomic units, or 'species', from fruiting bodies and 66 from soil, with little overlap. Fruiting body sampling primarily recovered fungi from the Agaricales, Russulales, Boletales and Cantharellales. Many of these species are ectomycorrhizal and form large fruiting bodies. Soil rDNA sampling recovered fungi from these groups in addition to taxa overlooked during the fruiting body survey from the Atheliales, Trechisporales and Sebacinales. Species from these groups form inconspicuous, resupinate and corticioid fruiting bodies. Soil sampling also detected fungi from the Hysterangiales that form fruiting bodies underground. Generally, fruiting body and soil rDNA samples recover a largely different assemblage of fungi at the species level; however, both methods identify the same dominant fungi at the genus-order level and ectomycorrhizal fungi as the prevailing type. Richness, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity (PD) identify the Agaricales as the dominant fungal group above- and below-ground; however, we find that molecularly highly divergent lineages may account for a greater proportion of total diversity using the PD measure compared with richness and abundance. Unless an exhaustive inventory is required, the rapidity and versatility of DNA-based sampling may be sufficient for a first assessment of the dominant taxonomic and ecological groups of fungi in forest soil.     

Activity in vitro and in vivo against plant pathogenic fungi of grifolin isolated from the basidiomycete Albatrellus dispansus

In the course of screening for novel naturally occurring fungicides from mushrooms in Yunnan province, China, the ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Albatrellus dispansus was found to show antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi. The active compound was isolated from the fruiting bodies of A. dispansus by bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract and identified as grifolin by IR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis. Its antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro against 9 plant pathogenic fungi and in vivo against the plant disease of Erysiphe graminis. In vitro, Sclerotinina sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum were the most sensitive fungi to grifolin, and their mycelial growth inhibition were 86.4 and 80.9% at 304.9 microM, respectively. Spore germination of F. graminearum, Gloeosporium fructigenum and Pyricularia oryzae was almost completely inhibited by 38.1microM grifolin. In vivo, the curative effect of grifolin against E. graminis was 65.5% at 304.9 microM after 8 days.     

Influences of environmental factors on fruiting body induction,development and maturation in mushroom-forming fungi

Mushroom-forming fungi (restricted to basidiomycetous fungi in this review) differentiate by sensing several environmental factors for fruiting body formation. For fruiting body induction, nutrient, temperature and light conditions are critical environmental factors. Higher nitrogen and carbon sources in the media will suppress fruiting body induction in many mushroom-forming fungi, with induction being triggered by lower nitrogen and carbon concentrations. Low temperature or temperature downshift is another critical influencing factor for fruiting body induction in many cultivated mushrooms, such as Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, and Volvariella volvacea. Fungal response toward starvation and cold involves the production of sexual spores as the next generation. Species like F. velutipes and Coprinopsis cinerea can form fruiting bodies in the dark; however, light accelerates fruiting body induction in some mushroom-forming fungi. Remarkably, fruiting bodies formed in the dark have tiny or no pileus on heads (called dark stipe, pinhead fruiting body, or etiolated stipe). Light is essential for pileus differentiation in many, but not all mushroom species; one exception is Agaricus bisporus. Mushrooms have positive phototropism and negative gravitropism for effective dispersal of spores. Carbon dioxide concentrations also affect fruiting body development; pileus differentiation is suppressed at a high concentration of carbon dioxide. Thus, the pileus differentiation system of mushrooms may allow the most effective diffusion of spores. Full expansion of the pileus is followed by pileus autolysis or senescence. In C. cinerea, pileus autolysis occurs during spore diffusion. Fruiting body senescence, browning of gill, and softening occur after harvesting in several mushroom species. Fruiting body induction, development, and maturation in mushroom-forming fungi are discussed in this review.     

木耳栽培种质资源的数量分类研究

在木耳栽培种质资源农艺性状调查的基础上,应用数量分类学中的Q型聚类分析法对20个木耳菌株进行分类研究,并对14个农艺性状进行R型聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明：Q型聚类将20个木耳菌株在欧氏距离6.29处依据子实体朵型性状分为簇生型菌株和菊花型菌株两大类群,菊花型类群在欧式距离4.79处依据生育期性状的原基发生类型划分为分散型和集中型两个亚群;R型聚类表明菌丝体性状（1个）、生育期性状（2个）、子实体性状（8个）等11个农艺性状间相关性较强;主成分分析中,发现子实体背面皱褶、耳片数、原基发生时间、子实体朵型、干耳背面颜色等5个性状是14个农艺性状的第1主成分,贡献率高达62.26%,把第1主成分命名为朵型-生育期构成因子,作为种质评价的指标。     

香栓菌的驯化栽培及生物学发育特征

为了筛选香栓菌Trametes suaveolens的最佳出菇配方,同时对子实体不同生长阶段的生物学发育特征进行研究。本文用杨树、柳树、秸秆木屑作为培养料设置了8种配比,每种分为对照A、测试组B共计16个配方进行筛选,对不同时期的菌丝发育状况进行显微观察。结果柳树木屑、杨树木屑的配方均能成功栽培出香栓菌子实体,开袋后在90%-95%空气湿度、一定散射光、13-18℃的低温刺激下28d原基发育为菇蕾,继续培养28d后子实体成熟。其中配料为柳树木屑97%、蔗糖1%、石灰1%、石膏1%、含水量65%左右的配方出菇率最高,配料为柳树木屑的配方开袋后子实体长势最佳,采用边缘开袋方式最佳。子实体发育过程中,先分化出白色蜂窝状原基,原基依靠孔状结构吸收营养后,在其上层包被形成黑色菇蕾,同时基部开始形成子实层;菇蕾内部生殖菌丝不断分化和发育,体积逐渐膨大,颜色由深变浅,菌丝分化出担子并产生担孢子,最终形成子实体。     

Prescribed burning in a Eucalyptus woodland suppresses fruiting of hypogeous fungi, an important food source for mammals

Fruit bodies of hypogeous fungi are an important food source for many small mammals and are consumed by larger mammals as well. A controversial hypothesis that prescribed burning increases fruiting of certain hypogeous fungi based on observations in Tasmania was tested in the Australian Capital Territory to determine if it applied in a quite different habitat. Ten pairs of plots, burnt and nonburnt, were established at each of two sites prescribe-burnt in May 1999. When sampled in early July, after autumn rains had initiated the fungal fruiting season, species richness and numbers of fruit bodies on the burnt plots were extremely low: most plots produced none at all. Both species richness and fruit body numbers were simultaneously high on nonburnt plots. One of the sites was resampled a year after the initial sampling. At that time species richness and fruit body abundance were still significantly less on burnt plots than on nonburnt, but a strong trend towards fungal recovery on the burnt plots was evident. This was particularly so when numbers of fruit bodies of one species, the hypogeous agaric Dermocybe globuliformis, were removed from the analysis. This species strongly dominated the nonburnt plots but was absent from burnt plots in both years. The trend towards recovery of fruit body abundance in the burnt plots one year after the burn was much more pronounced with exclusion of the Dermocybe data. The Tasmanian-based hypothesis was based mostly on the fruiting of two fire-adapted species in the Mesophelliaceae. Neither species occurred on our plots. Accordingly, the results and conclusions of the Tasmanian study cannot be extrapolated to other habitats without extensive additional study. Implications for management of habitat for fungi and the animals that rely on the fungi as a food source are discussed.     

Fine‐scale spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal fruiting: prevalence,amplitude, range and continuity

Despite the critical importance of fungi as symbionts with plants, resources for animals, and drivers of ecosystem function, the spatiotemporal distributions of fungi remain poorly understood. The belowground life cycle of fungi makes it difficult to assess spatial patterns and dynamic processes even with recent molecular techniques. Here we offer an explicit spatiotemporal Bayesian inference of the drivers behind spatial distributions from investigation of a Swiss inventory of fungal fruit bodies. The unique inventory includes three temperate forest sites in which a total of 73 952 fungal fruit bodies were recorded systematically in a spatially explicit design between 1992 and 2006. Our motivation is to understand how broad‐scale climate factors may influence spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal fruiting within forests, and if any such effects vary between two functional groups, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprotrophic fungi. For both groups we asked: 1) how consistent are the locations of fruiting patches, the sizes of patches, the quantities of fruit bodies, and of prevalence (occupancy)? 2) Do the annual spatial characteristics of fungal fruiting change systematically over time? 3) Are spatial characteristics of fungal fruiting driven by climatic variation? We found high inter‐annual continuity in fruiting for both functional groups. The saprotrophic species were characterised by small patches with variable fruit body counts. In contrast, ECM species were present in larger, but more distinctly delimited patches. The spatial characteristics of the fungal community were only indirectly influenced by climate. However, climate variability influenced overall yields and prevalence, which again links to spatial structure of fruit bodies. Both yield and prevalence were correlated with the amplitudes of occurrence and of fruit body counts, but only prevalence influenced the spatial range. Summarizing, climatic variability affects forest‐stand fungal distributions via its influence on yield (amount) and prevalence (occupancy), whereas fungal life‐history strategies dictate fine‐scale spatial characteristics.     

布莱克韦尔虫草的生物活性评价及其子实体的人工培育

虫草在世界范围内广泛分布,具有多种生物活性及较高的食药用价值。为进一步丰富虫草真菌资源,本研究对从广东韶关丹霞山采集到的一份野生虫草样品进行了菌株的分离鉴定、生物活性评价和子实体的诱导培养。通过形态学和系统发育分析,将菌株ZYJ0835鉴定为布莱克韦尔虫草Cordyceps blackwelliae。利用5种不同的培养基进行液体发酵培养,发现该菌株的发酵上清液和菌丝体均具有抗氧化和纤溶活性。此外,该菌株还具有一定的抑菌活性。利用大米、小麦、柞蚕蛹3种培养基质,均成功诱导出子实体,并且人工培养的子实体也具有抗氧化和纤溶活性。本研究首次在中国境内报道布莱克韦尔虫草的分布,为进一步开发利用该虫草资源提供了理论依据。     

食用菌子实体分化发育研究进展

概述了温度、光照、CO2浓度以及湿度等环境因子对食用菌子实体分化、发育的影响和外源添加物、有益微生物与食用菌子实体分化、发育的关系,并对食用菌子实体发育相关酶学研究进展以及食用菌子实体发育的分子生物学研究进展进行了阐述。