VIRUSES OF COWPEA, VIGNA UNGUICULATA L. (WALP.), IN NIGERIA

The cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus was isolated from a range of leguminous hosts at Ibadan, but was rare in cultivated crops. Systemic symptoms in species infected experimentally are described.
A new virus of cowpea was also found in Nigeria. The physical properties (thermal inactivation point 56° C., dilution end-point 1/50,000 and longevity in vitro 4 days at 25° C.) differ from those for cowpea viruses reported elsewhere and the name cowpea yellow mosaic virus is proposed. This virus produces local lesions in French bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and local and systemic lesions in Bengal bean ( Mucuna aterrima Holland), but does not infect other leguminous hosts. The virus was purified and an antiserum prepared against it.
Both viruses are transmitted by a beetle ( Ootheca mutabilis Sahlb.) which loses infectivity within 48 hr. of leaving plants infected with either or both viruses.     

RELATIONSHIP OF WOODY PARTHENIUM ARGENTATUM AND HERBACEOUS P. HISPIDUM VAR. AURICULATUM (ASTERACEAE)

Interspecific hybrids between woody Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule), native to Mexico and Southwest Texas, and herbaceous perennial P. hispidum var. auriculatum (Britton) Rollins, native to the United States, were obtained successfully. The F₁ hybrids were intermediate for most morphological characters with the exception of the short woody stem, yellow pollen color, and the trichome morphology. Chromosome counts revealed the presence of 2n = 36 A-chromosomes in P. argentatum. The same number of A-chromosomes and four B-chromosomes were found in P. hispidum var. auriculatum. Observations of pollen mother cells showed regular meiosis in both parental species. At diakinesis, chiasmata averaged 1.12 and 1.24 per bivalent for P. argentatum and P. hispidum var. auriculatum, respectively. Meiotic behavior of the F₁ hybrids was irregular. F₁ hybrids averaged 4.43 univalents at metaphase I, 1.95 laggards at anaphase I, and 1.62 micronuclei at the tetrad stage. The low pollen stainability (5.1%) in the F₁ hybrids and the limited number of viable BC₁ seeds (4.07%) may be reflections of the irregular meiosis. Although these primary hybrids are partially fertile, they can be used to introduce desirable characteristics of P. hispidum var. auriculatum, such as herbaceous perennial habit, regrowth ability, and cold tolerance into guayule.     

养殖密度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长、生理和免疫指标的影响

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CHLOROPLAST DNA POLYMORPHISM SUGGESTS NIGERIAN CENTER OF DOMESTICATION FOR THE COWPEA,VIGNA UNGUICULATA (LEGUMINOSAE)

Twenty-one independent chloroplast DNA polymorphisms were identified in Vigna unguiculata defining 19 different chloroplast DNA molecules (plastome types). Two plastome types, differing by a single character, were found among 32 accessions of cultivated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata). Eighteen different plastome types were found among 26 accessions of wild cowpea (V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana). The very low level of chloroplast DNA diversity found in cultivated accessions relative to wild cowpea suggests that 1) the domesticated form was derived from a narrow selection of the wild germplasm and 2) chloroplast gene flow between wild and cultivated types has been very limited. Cladistic analysis of the cpDNA data generated a robust tree completely lacking homoplasy. Three wild accessions from Nigeria possessed a plastome type indistinguishable from one present in cultivated accessions, suggesting that Nigeria represents one center of domestication of the cowpea. The other plastome type within the cultivated germplasm was not found among wild accessions.     

饲料中钾对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长及其生理指标的影响

在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制基础饲料中,添加不同浓度梯度的钾(0、2、4、8、16、32 g钾/kg饲料),钾源为KCl,配制成6种实验饲料(实测钾含量分别为:0.10、2.12、4.39、9.79、20.08和27.26 g/kg),探讨皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)幼鲍对饲料中钾的需求量及其在长期适应不同含量钾的过程中的生理反应。幼鲍初始体重为(0.24±0.00)g,初始壳长为(12.24±0.04)mm,实验在流水系统中进行,养殖周期为15周。实验期间水温12—23℃,海水钾含量为(472.94±3.59)mg/L。结果表明,饲料中不同含量的钾对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR,%)、贝壳日增长(DISL,μm/d)及存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗脂肪和贝壳的灰分含量受饲料中钾含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。当饲料中钾含量大于等于4.39 g/kg时,与0.10 g/kg饲料组相比,软体部粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05)。软体部钾的含量和贝壳中钾、钠的含量受饲料中钾含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。幼鲍软体部钠含量在饲料钾含量为20.08、27.26 g/kg时显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。鳃Na+-K+ATP酶活力随着饲料中钾含量的增加逐渐下降,当饲料中钾含量为20.08、27.26g/kg时,与0.10 g/kg组相比显著降低(P<0.05),但与其他组相比差异不显著。因此研究认为:以生长指标为判据,不需要在饲料中补充钾,海水中钾和饲料原料中的钾能够维持皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的正常生长;但以生理指标(软体部粗蛋白质和钠含量,鳃Na+-K+ATP酶活力)评判,饲料中钾的适宜含量为2.12 g/kg。     

EFFECTS OF FIRE ON CLONAL GROWTH AND DYNAMICS OF PITYOPSIS GRAMINIFOLIA (ASTERACEAE)

The rhizomatous perennial Pityopsis graminifolia was studied in a Florida sandhill community in an annually burned site, a periodically burned site, and a site that has been protected from fire since 1965. These different fire regimes significantly affected the demography and life histories of both plants and plant parts in this clonal species. Fires resulted in reductions in ramet biomass and height, and an increase in the (root + rhizome)/shoot biomass ratio. Burning also decreased the total number of flower heads and new rhizomes produced per ramet. However, the survivorship of initiated rhizomes was greater in burned sites and resulted in a larger number of established daughter ramets per clone. As a result, in burned sites there was a shift in clone structure toward larger numbers of smaller ramets, but there were no significant reductions in seed or rhizome production on a per genet basis. The results showed that the responses to fire in P. graminifolia are different when measured at the genet vs. ramet level and that the effects of fire on clones can be explained by demographic responses of plant parts. Population regeneration in the study sites was dependent on successful clonal ramet production because no seedling recruitment was observed. This suggests that disturbances other than fire are important for new genet recruitment in these clonal populations.     

饲料糖对彭泽鲫生长和生理机能的影响

用分别含20%(低)、40%(高)葡萄糖和糊精的等氮(粗蛋白为35%风干物质)等能(16.4kJ/g)饲料饲养平均尾重为(2.40±0.16)g澎泽鲫Carassius auratus var. Pengze 16周,研究饲料糖种类和水平对鲫鱼生长、抗氧化力、非特异性免疫力和镉耐受性的影响,探讨鲫鱼对糖的利用能力及糖的生理功效。另用相同的饲料在相似的条件下饲养初重为(7.14±0.85)g的鲫鱼8周后胸腔注射12.5mg/kg体重的氯化镉溶液,观察其24h的存活率。实验结果表明饲料糖种类和水平都没有对鲫鱼的生长、脾指数和肝指数造成显著影响。高糖组糖化血红蛋白GHb值较高(P<0.05)。肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性、血浆SOD活性和总抗氧化力T-AOC各组差异不显著,肝胰脏的T-AOC为葡萄糖组显著高于糊精组(P<0.05)。补体溶血活性、血浆溶菌酶活性各组差异不显著。红细胞脆性高糖组显著低于低糖组(P<0.05)。镉染毒存活率各组差异不显著。上述结果提示40%饲料糖对鲫鱼生理功能没有不良影响,一定量的饲料糖有利于提高鲫鱼的抗氧化力。       

EFFECTS OF FIRE IN TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF PRAIRIE CONEFLOWER (RATIBIDA COLUMNIFERA: ASTERACEAE)

Effects of fire on growth and reproduction of the perennial forb Ratibida columnifera were studied on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in northeastern Kansas, USA. Populations were sampled in seven different tallgrass prairie watersheds that varied in fire frequency and in the number of years elapsed since the last fire. Plants from sites not burned for many years were 2.6 times larger and produced 50% more stems than plants from recently burned sites. Number of seeds per plant was also higher in long-unburned sites due to greater numbers of flower heads per plant and greater numbers of achenes produced per head. Reproductive effort (ratio of inflorescence biomass to total vegetative biomass) was 33% lower in annually burned prairie than in any of the other sites. Significant differences in the relationships of inflorescence biomass to vegetative plant biomass in burned vs. unburned sites indicated that burning causes direct changes in plant reproductive effort independent from its effects on plant size. There was no clear relationship between patterns of seed production among sites and patterns of R. columnifera abundance. Ratibida columnifera responses to fire are most likely a result of changes in the relative competitive abilities of forbs and the dominant perennial grasses due to post-fire changes in abiotic conditions rather than a result of direct effects of fire on the fate of buds and subsequent vegetative and floral development.     

THE ROLES OF AUXIN,ETHYLENE, AND ACID GROWTH IN FILAMENT ELONGATION IN GAILLARDIA GRANDIFLORA (ASTERACEAE)

Filament elongation and the role of auxin in this process in Gaillardia grandiflora was investigated. Filament elongation in vivo occurred just prior to anthesis and was accompanied by cell elongation and fresh weight increase. Filaments isolated and exposed to auxin in vitro grew more rapidly than controls and their growth was comparable to that of filaments in vivo. Furthermore, the natural auxin content of disc flowers (determined by double-standard isotope dilution analyses) increased just prior to anthesis and filament elongation. These results imply that auxin controls filament elongation. Applied ethylene slightly promoted filament elongation in vitro, and ethylene production of the flowers (determined by gas chromatography) slightly increased prior to filament growth. Fusicoccin and acidic buffers also stimulated elongation of isolated filaments. Thus, the role of auxin in controlling filament elongation in Gaillardia may involve stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis and acid growth.     

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OF SYNECHOCYSTIS AQUATILIS F. AQUATILIS (CYANOPHYCEAE) TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF ZINC1

Physiological and structural changes in cells of Synechocystis aquatilis f. aquatilis acclimated to grow in the presence of high zinc levels (2.20–3.30 mg·L^?1) were investigated. Growth of these cells showed a decreased specific growth rate and final yield of about 60% and 50%, respectively, of the values found for cells grown in the presence of 0.21 mg zinc·L^?1 (control culture). The higher the zinc concentration in the culture medium, the more pronounced the reduction in the chl a content. Regardless of zinc concentration, S. aquatilis possessed three distinct carotenoids. A decrease in carotenoid content accompanied the decrease of chl a, and the proportions of the pigments to each other were not affected by zinc. The photosynthetic performance of cells cultured in the presence of high zinc levels showed a decline in both the apparent photosynthetic efficiency and the photosynthetic maximal rate. In these cells the PSII reaction centers became partially closed, and the electron transport activity around PSII and PSI was reduced to 61% and 38% of the control values, respectively, which may indicate an altered PSII/PSI stoichiometry. In addition, electron micrographs revealed a reduced amount of thylakoid membranes, indicating that acclimation to high zinc levels led to a decrease in the overall number of photosynthetic units. On the other hand, light microscopic observation of negative‐stained cells revealed the presence of a thick mucilaginous layer surrounding the high zinc‐acclimated cells. This extracellular material could retain high amounts of metal ions from the medium, thus providing the Synechocystis cells a mechanism to circumvent toxic levels of zinc.     

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL RESPONSES OF CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA (BACILLARIOPHYTA) TO LIGHT INTENSITY AND NUTRIENT LIMITATION1

Photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. were quantified while the organism was simultaneously adjusting to light and nutrient stress. Cells were grown in batch culture at either low or high light intensity on medium with a nitrogen/phosphorus molar ratio of 2:1 as a control, or with nitrogen or phosphorus deleted from the medium to create nutrient deficiencies. Analysis of variance indicated that light intensity, nutrient deficiency and duration of nutrient deficiency all had significant effects on cell growth, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration/cell, cellular fluorescence capacity (CFC), chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface density. Because interactions existed among nutrient deficiency, extent of nutrient deficiency, and light intensity, all three must be considered together in order to describe accurately the physiology and chloroplast ultrastructure of the diatom. Significant correlations were found between the Chl/cell or CFC/cell and chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface density. Through an increase in Chi concentration, chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface density, the cells successfully adapted to the conditions of low light intensity even while under nutrient stress. In contrast, less Chl/cell, smaller chloroplast volume and less thylakoid surface density were found at high light intensity.     

THE ROLES OF PLANT HORMONES IN STYLE AND STIGMA GROWTH IN GAILLARDIA GRANDIFLORA (ASTERACEAE)

Style and stigma elongation and stigma unfolding, and the roles of plant hormones in these processes in Gaillardia grandiflora Van Houtte were investigated. Style and stigma elongation in vivo began just after anthesis, and style elongation was accompanied by epidermal cell elongation (greatest near the stigma) and a fresh weight increase, but not by cell division or a dry weight increase. The stigma unfolded after the style and stigma elongated. Style-stigma units excised from young disc flowers of this composite were measured as they responded to plant growth regulators applied singly, as well as in sequential and simultaneous combinations, in vitro. Style elongation was promoted by auxin, was inhibited by gibberellins and ethylene, and was unaffected by other growth regulators. Stigma elongation followed a similar pattern of response. Endogenous auxin levels and ethylene production showed parallel variation and endogenous gibberellin levels showed inverse variation with style and stigma elongation. Stigma unfolding was more sensitive to auxin applications and was promoted by applied ethylene. Ethylene production showed parallel variation and endogenous auxin levels showed inverse variation with stigma unfolding. AVG and Co²⁺ applications decreased auxin-induced style elongation and fusicoccin promoted all of the growth responses of style-stigma units in vitro. A gibberellin-auxin-ethylene-acid growth interaction mode of control is proposed for these three growth processes.     

款冬属的核形态(菊科:千里光族)

研究了款冬属的核形态。染色体间期为简单型与复杂型的过渡型;前期染色体为近基型与中间型的过渡型。染色体较小,核型不对称,具明显的二型性;数目与核型公式为2n=60=42m+10sm+6st+2t。比较发现款冬的核型明显不同于千里光族中已有的核型记载,其核型特征似乎与它独特的形态特征相联系,具有重要的系统学意义。     

PHOTOACCLIMATION AND GROWTH RATE RESPONSES OF ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA) TO INTRADAY VARIATIONS IN GROWTH IRRADIANCE1

A vegetative clone of the chlorophyte macroalga Ulva rotundata was maintained in an outdoor continuous flow system under nutrient sufficient conditions and various light regimes. Step changes between 9 and 100% incident irradiance (I^o) were employed to simulate cloud passage. Temporary (1–4 h) midday (I^o)perturbations evoked net changes in growth rate (μ) and chlorophyll (chl) content. Under I_o alternating at various periodicities from 15 min to 7 h, net μ was the average of the μ under steady state 9 and 100% I^o, regardless of periodicity. However, the μ in alternating light was considerably less than μ under steady state 55% I^o(? 9%+ 100%/2), as expected based on the nonlinear shape of the μ-I relationship. Unlike μ, chl content depended primarily on the total daily irradiance, probably clue to the slower response of chl compared to photosynthetic rate. On time scales ≥ one day, chl was linearly correlated with light-regulated daily μ under both steady state and intraday fluctuating irradiance, consistent with photosynthetic feedback regulation of chl concentration.     

GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATION IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) AND THE POTENTIAL USE OF ITS PIGMENT RATIOS AS A QUANTITATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL MARKER

Genetic variation of pigment composition was studied in 16 different strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay et Mohler in batch culture. Distinct strain-dependent differences were found in the ratios of fucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, and 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, hampering the use of these individual pigments as a taxonomic marker at the species level. The molar ratio of total carotenoids to chl a , however, was constant for all strains tested. In addition, the pigment composition of one axenic strain (L) of E. huxleyi at different growth rates in light-, nitrate-, and phosphate-limited continuous cultures was analyzed quantitatively. The pigments fucoxanthin and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin correlated closely under all conditions. From steady-state rate calculations, it is hypothesized that 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin is synthesized from fucoxanthin, with light as a modulating factor. The net rate of synthesis of diatoxanthin depended both on the concentration of diadinoxanthin (its partner in the xanthophyll cycle) and on light, illustrating its photoprotective function in the xanthophyll cycle. In axenic strain L, the ratio of total fucoxanthins to chl a correlated strongly with photon flux density and can potentially be used to assess the physiological status with respect to irradiance in field populations. In multispecific bloom situations, the ratio of diadinoxanthin plus diatoxanthin to total fucoxanthins could be used as an alternative indicator for the light-dependent physiological state of E. huxleyi , provided that no other chromophytes are present. Application of these correlations to mesocosm data from the literature has so far provided no evidence that E. huxleyi blooms form only at inhibiting light levels, as previously suggested.