不同群落中川鄂连蕊茶的生殖分配与个体大小之间关系的探讨

研究了缙云山川鄂连蕊茶 (Camelliarosthorniana) 在 3个群落类型中的生殖分配、生殖分配与个体大小之间的关系和座果率。结果表明 :1) 在地径 1.0~ 3.5cm范围内, 种群间生殖分配差异显著, 即毛竹林 >针阔混交林 >常绿阔叶林 ;在地径 1.0~ 5.0cm范围内, 针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林之间差异不显著 ;在地径 1.0~ 6.0cm范围内, 毛竹林显著高于针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林, 而针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林之间差异不显著 ;因此种群间生殖分配比较时, 应考虑种群间的大小分布。运用生殖分配的有关学说对川鄂连蕊茶生殖分配格局进行了解释, 生境稳定性学说和生活史理论假说相结合可以解释川鄂连蕊茶生殖分配格局。 2 ) 川鄂连蕊茶个体生殖分配与个体大小之间存在抛物线关系。 3) 种群密度对川鄂连蕊茶座果率没有影响。     

西双版纳热带雨林蚂蚁群落生物量和生态功能研究

采用样地调查法对西双版纳自然保护区和整个西双版纳地区的蚂蚁数量,生物量,每天和每年搬运土壤和有机质的数量进行了测定和推算,在勐腊县橡胶园内,黄ｊｉｎ蚁Ｏｅｃｏｐｈｙｌｌａｓｍａｒａｇｄｉｎａ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）在４５．５％的树冠上做巢,并很好地保护了这些橡胶树。西双版纳地区总面积１９６９０ｋｍ＾２,其中保护区占１２．７％蚂蚁的数量相当可观,经测定,西双版纳自然保护区的蚂蚁数量为５．２×１０＾１２     

西双版纳片断山地雨林蚁科昆虫群落研究

西双版纳是中国具有热带雨林的３个地区之一。采用样地调查法对西双版纳自然保护区山地雨林和３块山地雨林片断的蚂蚁群落作了比较研究。目的是揭示保护区与各片断间距离对蚂各落的影响。在４种样地中共计采集蚂蚁６亚科３５属７４种。与保护区距离不等的片断各有自己的特有种（１０－１１种）,各片断的特圾种少于自然保护区（１５种）。随着片断与自然保护区的距离增加,片断与保护区共有物种数减少（从５种、３种至２种）;最重要     

PHENOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE ALLOCATION IN ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS (GRAMINEAE) POPULATIONS IN COMMUNITIES OF DIFFERENT SUCCESSIONAL STAGES

Successional populations of Andropogon scoparius in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, were compared as to their phenology and reproductive allocation. Field data from six populations in old-fields ranging in age from 2 to 40 years indicated significant differences in both phenology and reproductive effort (ratio of reproductive to total shoot biomass). Mean date of first anthesis was consistently later with increasing age of the old-field, and the later the first anthesis date for a population, the lower was the reproductive effort. Population data on mean maximum height and seed weight showed no relation to successional age. Greenhouse experiments on three of the populations revealed that most of the field differences were attributable to local habitat effects on phenotypic expression. The possibility of some genetic differentiation paralleling successional age was raised by the consistent (though sometimes statistically not significant) differences between the early (3-yr) and late (40-yr) successional populations in date of first anthesis and in reproductive effort under two light intensities and uniform greenhouse conditions.     

光照对两种热带雨林树种幼苗光合能力、热耗散和抗氧化系统的影响

 研究了生长于不同光照条件下（100%、25%和8%光强）热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼（Pometia tomentosa）和中层树种滇南风吹楠（Horsfieldia tetratepala）幼苗的光合能力、热耗散、活性氧和保护性酶的活性。结果表明,绒毛番龙眼的最大光合速率随着生长光强的增加而提高,而滇南风吹楠在全光条件下的最大光合速率反比25%光照条件下的低。全光条件下两个树种光系统II的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）都显著降低,表明发生了长期光抑制。当把生长于遮荫条件下的幼苗移到全光下,从凌晨到中午随着光强的增加光抑制加剧,日落时生长于8%光照条件下的绒毛番龙眼及生长于8%和25%光照条件下的滇南风吹楠的光抑制不能完全恢复。非光化学猝灭对光强的响应曲线表明,随着生长光强的增加滇南风吹楠的热耗散能力增强,而生长在全光和25%光照条件下的绒毛番龙眼的热耗散能力都比滇南风吹楠的弱。两个树种叶片中O-[]·2、H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性均随着生长光强的增加而提高;在同一光照条件下,绒毛番龙眼叶片中O-[]·2、H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性显著高于滇南风吹楠。上述结果表明,在光抑制条件下,冠层树种绒毛番龙眼较大程度通过提高保护性酶的活性来保护光合机构免受损伤,而中层树种滇南风吹楠却较大程度通过增强非光化学猝灭来耗散过量光能;滇南风吹楠对强光的适应性差。     

广东南澳岛不同森林群落的林窗环境对3种移植树苗生长的影响

 先锋种和非先锋种可能对林窗产生不同的反应。在广东南澳岛4个不同的森林群落样地里移植了大叶相思（Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn.）、尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake）和荷木（Schima superba Gardn. et Champ）3种树苗,其中大叶相思和尾叶桉是先锋种,而荷木是非先锋种,测定了林窗和非林窗生境中的透光率和幼苗生长高度。结果表明,林窗的透光率大于非林窗的;各群落的透光率有季节性的变化,变化幅度各不同。3种幼苗在林窗内比     

WIND STRESS AND ELFIN STATURE IN A MONTANE RAIN FOREST TREE: AN ADAPTIVE EXPLANATION

Physiognomic trends in a population of Didymopanux pittieri Marchal (Araliaceae), a dominant shade-intolerant tree of the elfin forests of Costa Rica, are related to a gradient of wind stress. Wind stress in this forest increases with proximity to ridgecrests. For a given tree height, trunk girth increases with proximity to the ridgecrest. At the same time twig slenderness decreases. These responses are produced in part by slower elongation of twigs which are exposed to stronger winds. These trends suggest that elfin stature is an adaptive response to greater wind stress along exposed ridges.     

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SEVERAL BROMEGRASSES (BROMUS): BREEDING SYSTEM,PATTERN OF FRUIT MATURATION,AND SEED SET

Five species of Bromus were tested for self-fertility when bagged. Bromus inermis was self-incompatible. Bromus tectorum, B. kalmii, B. ciliatus, and B. latiglumis were capable of self-fertilization. Further evidence from flowering behavior suggested that B. tectorum almost always self-pollinated and that the remaining self-fertile species sometimes outcrossed. Florets in different positions on a spikelet varied in the proportion that set seed. Open-pollinated B. inermis plants had lower seed set than the self-fertile species, in agreement with the pattern in a variety of hermaphroditic plants.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林优势树种树干呼吸特征

 采用红外气体分析法（IRGA）原位监测了西双版纳热带季节雨林11种优势树种树干呼吸速率、1 cm深树干温度以及林内空气变化情况。研究发 现,11种优势树种的树干呼吸具有相同的季节规律,并且雨季均大于干季时的树干呼吸。树种间树干呼吸速率差异显著,在0. 823～2.727 μmol&;#8226;m^-2&;#8226;s^-1。树干1.3 m处所测南北方向树干呼吸无显著性差异。树干呼吸与树干温度显著相关(0.552<0.92),呈良好的自然指数回归关 系,Q₁₀值为1.90～3.03。20 ℃时各树种的RT（总树干呼吸）速率为0.771～2.570μmol&;#8226;m^-2&;#8226;s^-1。     

FLOWER,FRUIT AND SEED ABORTION IN TROPICAL FOREST TREES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF PATERNAL AND MATERNAL REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS

Flower, fruit and immature seed abortion was studied in seven self-incompatible species of trees in a tropical lowland semideciduous forest. The species showed considerable variability in fruit and seed set and the rate at which flowers and fruits were aborted. The amount of flower and fruit abortion also varied over time within species. Small samples of open-pollinated flowers in three species showed adequate amounts of pollen on the stigma, but it could not be determined whether the pollen was compatible or incompatible. In a species with multiseeded fruits, the aborted fruits contained significantly fewer seeds than those retained on the plant. Position of fruit within the inflorescence and of seed within the ovary also had a marked effect on abortion: fruits and seeds at certain positions had a higher probability of abortion than those at other positions. Experiments to test the effect of pollen source on abortion were inconclusive. The factors underlying abortions were evaluated in the context of three mutually non-exclusive hypotheses. It is concluded that selection for increased pollen dispersal and uncertainty in paternity of the zygotes are major factors underlying abortions.     

REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF CARYA (JUGLANDACEAE): PHENOLOGY,POLLINATION, AND BREEDING SYSTEM OF TWO SYMPATRIC TREE SPECIES

Observations and experiments on both shagbark (Carya ovata; 2n = 32) and mockernut (C. tomentosa; 2n = 64) hickories in a New Jersey forest were performed over a 2-year period to determine the mechanisms operating both to maintain reproductive fidelity and to regulate fruit initiation. Phenological observations indicated significant differences between the species for almost all vegetative and reproductive characters examined; however, a large amount of overlap was also observed. Pollination experiments indicated that pollen limitation is not a significant factor in reducing fruit set in these anemophilous species. Pollen-ovule ratios ranged from 1 to 25 × 10⁶. Pollen was 80–90% viable at time of shedding. The large surface area of vegetative structures (e.g., leaves) at the time of pollination may retard the flow of pollen into and out of the canopy and thus increase self-pollination. A full diallel cross, replicated 5 times, was made among 8 trees (4 trees of each species) to characterize combining ability and compatibility relationships. All trees were found to be both geitonogamous and xenogamous to varying degrees. A high frequency of putative interploidal cross-compatibility was also observed. Fruits from these interspecific crosses were found to be germinable. Observations on individual trees suggested that dichogamy may help to reduce selfing and promote outcrossing in this breeding system. While most trees exhibited a temporal separation of genders, the trait was found to be quite plastic (i.e., trees switched between protogyny and protandry between years). Pistillate flowers were receptive for all trees within a species during the same general time period; however, pollen shedding varied considerably among trees and between years. Both species appear to be utilizing a broad array of mechanisms in order to maintain reproductive fidelity and adequate fruit set.     

西双版纳热带雨林不同生长时期昆虫群落结构的初步比较

１９９７年９月和１９８８年４月,采用样地调查法对西双版纳热带季节雨林林窗期、建群期、成熟期森林昆虫进行调查,共获得昆虫２４５５头,分属１５目。对昆虫群落类群组成、数量结构及群落多样性和相似性研究结果表明：双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目成为３种生境昆虫群落的主要优势类群,鳞翅目为常见类群。在雨林循环生长最旺盛阶段的建群期次生林昆虫群落物种丰富度和优势度指数最高;林窗期先锋次生林最低,均匀性指数较高;成熟期原     

VARIATION IN AVERAGE SEED SIZE AND FRUIT SEEDINESS IN A FRUIT CROP OF A GUANACASTE TREE (LEGUMINOSAE: ENTEROLOBIUM CYCLOCARPUM)

A detailed examination of the ordinary 1980 fruit crop of an ordinary large adult guanacaste tree (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (1980) shows that for fruits with about 6-16 seeds (range, 1-18 seeds per fruit) there is about ***1 g dry weight fruit tissue per seed (seeds averaging about 820 m each). Fruits that have about 1-5 seeds on average have 1.5-3 times as much dry fruit tissue per seed as do the seed-rich fruits, and also contain seeds that weigh about 8% more on average than the seeds in the seed-rich fruits. The average seed weight per fruit was found to decrease slightly if all sizes of fruits are considered, but to remain essentially constant over the range of 7-16-seeded fruits. This category contained 78% of the fruits. These findings suggest that different parts of the seed crop may end up in different dispersers and dispersers with different preferences for fruit seediness and tolerances for seed size may remove different portions of the seed crop.     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林群落结构及树种多样性特征的研究

 以海南岛霸王岭自然保护区1 hm2老龄原始林样地的调查材料为基础,分析了热带山地雨林群落的组成、高度结构、径级结构及有关的树种多样性特征。结果表明：霸王岭热带山地雨林树种较丰富,物种多样性指数较高。树种数和树木的密度都随高度级、径级的增加而呈负指数或负幂函数递减;热带山地雨林不同高度级、不同径级和不同小样方斑块内的树种数都与树木密度呈显著的正相关关系。热带山地雨林经过自然的演替达到老龄顶极群落后,最后进入主林层的只是少部分树种的少数个体。     

LOSS OF SEX IN CLONAL POPULATIONS OF A FLOWERING PLANT,DECODON VERTICILLATUS (LYTHRACEAE)

The loss of traits that no longer increase fitness is a pervasive feature of evolution, although detailed studies of the genetic, developmental, and evolutionary factors involved are few. Most perennial plants practice both sexual and clonal reproduction, and it has been hypothesized that populations with little sexual recruitment may lose the capacity for sexual reproduction by fixing mutations that disable one or more of the many processes involved in sex. The clonal, tristylous aquatic plant, Decodon verticillatus, exhibits marked geographical variation in sexual recruitment. Populations at the northern limit of the range are usually monomorphic for style length consist of single genotypes, and produce almost no seed, due, in part, to environmental conditions that inhibit pollination, fertilization, and seed maturation. Controlled crosses in a greenhouse provided evidence for greatly reduced sexual capacity in an exclusively clonal, monomorphic population. Plants from this infertile population produced only 3–18% as many seeds per pollination as fertile populations. Observations of pollen tube growth indicated that infertility is due to severe reductions in pollen tube numbers both early after pollination and later when pollen tubes were traversing the ovary, due primarily to the inability of pistils to support normal tube growth. A three-year greenhouse experiment comparing fertility, survival, and growth of F1 progenies produced from reciprocal crosses between plants from the infertile population and those from nearby fertile populations suggested that the genetic basis for infertility is simple and may involve a single recessive mutation. In addition, the results did not reveal any association between infertility and other aspects of survival and vegetative vigor. The infertile genotype was likely fixed in the population through founder effect rather than indirect selection resulting from antagonistic pleiotropy or direct selection of advantages associated with reduced investment in sexual reproduction. A broader comparison of sexual fertility in 15 clonal, monomorphic populations and five genotypically diverse, trimorphic populations under greenhouse conditions revealed substantial infertility in all but one monomorphic population. Populations varied somewhat in the stage at which infertility was expressed, however, pollen tube growth was impaired in all populations. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that complex traits like sex are degraded by mutation when they no longer increase fitness.     

REPRODUCTIVE COST,AGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL AND A COMPARISON OF THE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY IN TWO EUROPEAN TITS (GENUS PARUS)

Theoretical analyses of optimal reproductive rates usually assume a trade-off between offspring production and parental survival. This study verified a survival cost for willow tit males; nonbreeding males survived better than males attending a brood. Theory also predicts a smaller clutch size in birds that are less successful in transforming reproductive investments into mature offspring. As predicted, we found that crested tits, suffering a higher nest predation rate, laid smaller clutches than willow tits. The generally lower survival rate of willow tit adults may largely be attributed to their higher reproductive commitment (larger willow tit clutch size), because no significant interspecific survival difference remained between nonbreeding males. Finally, in willow tits we found a positive correlation between average clutch size and juvenile survival rate (density-dependent) the ensuing year, suggesting that willow tits may adjust clutch size in response to changing survival prospects for their young by using the breeding density as a cue.     

THE EFFECTS OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT THE TIME OF FLOWERING ON FRUIT SET IN BEAR OAK (QUERCUS ILICIFOLIA)

Fifty-six randomly selected bear oak trees were moved into growth chambers to determine the influence of relative humidity at the time of flowering on fruit set. The effect of humidity greater than 61 % was to greatly reduce fruit set. Trees which were kept in a chamber where relative humidity was less than 50 % had significantly higher fruit set.