钩叶藤属和省藤属导管分子的比较研究

本文描述３种钩叶藤属（Ｐｌｅｃｔｏｃｏｍｉａ）植物茎的后生木质部导管分子,并与省藤属（Ｃａｌａｍｕｓ）比较分析。钩叶藤属的导管分子大部分具单穿孔板．类似省藤属,但具复穿孔板导管分子的比量和横隔数目以及导管分子长度均比省藤属大．讨论了导管分子特化同两属天然分布植被区的关系。     

八属木兰科植物木材导管分子的比较解剖

本文比较描述了我国木兰科木莲属、华盖木属,长蕊木兰属,拟单性木兰属,合果木属,观光木属,香木兰属和鹅掌楸属等8属22种植物次生质部的导管分子,这些导管分子的长度和宽度都有差异,木莲属的所有种中都有具梯状穿孔板的导管分子,但在少数种中偶然可见到单穿孔,在其它属中,也都有具梯状穿孔板的导管分子,仅在观光木属中偶见的单穿孔,木莲属大多数种均无螺纹加厚,仅桂南木莲一种除外,另外,除了合果木属和鹅掌楸无螺纹加厚外,其余均有此种加厚,各属的导管分子还存在其它一些差异。     

血浆层对血管壁剪应力和剪应力梯度的影响

在细小血管中,由于血细胞明显的趋轴效应,管中的血液分为两个不同的区域,即具有血细胞的核心区和邻近管壁和血浆层。应用两相分层流模型,研究在相同的流量和管径下,当核心区中的血液分别为牛顿流体和Casson流体时,不同的血浆层厚度对细小血管壁剪应力和剪应力梯度的影响。结果表明,血浆层的存在对壁剪应力和壁剪应力梯度有较大影响,当血浆层厚度仅为血管半径的1％和3％时,壁剪应力梯度分别下降约10％和20％。     

壳斗科次生木质部水分输导分子间连接通道结构的研究

壳斗科次生木质部水分运输聚合体及其连接通道结构,根据水分运输方向可分纵向和横向两大系统。水分纵向运输通道有导管分子间的穿孔,导管分子侧壁间的管间纹孔,导管分子与无穿孔管状分子间的侧壁纹孔,无穿孔管状分子与无穿孔管状分子间的侧壁纹孔。     

DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SECONDARY VESSEL SYSTEM IN POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA

The apical 22 cm of a dormant, first-year sprout of Populus grandidentata was sectioned serially, and the primary and secondary xylem systems were studied microscopically and graphically reconstructed. A total of 15 nodes was present on the mature stem and 14 foliar primordia in the dormant bud. The vascular traces in the lower portion of the mature stem conformed to a 2/5 phyllotaxy while those of the upper portion and within the dormant bud conformed to a 3/8 phyllotaxy. The 2/5 to 3/8 phyllotactic transition occurred in an extremely precise and systematic two-step pattern: (1) The lateral traces shifted to a new point of origin on the parent central trace, and (2) three new central traces were initiated in sequence by divergences from left-traces. Metaxylem, when followed downward, conformed to the arrangement of the procambial trace system only within one orthostichy. Below this point, the metaxylem components of lateral traces physically separated from those of the protoxylem and continued downward on a new course. Metaxylem vessels produced by the trace cambium originated from a postulated vessel-generating center at the stem-petiole junction. Each metaxylem vessel developing basipetally through the primary body was continuous with a secondary vessel developing basipetally in the secondary body. Because secondary development closed the vascular cylinder, vessels originating from developing leaves or primordia situated at higher levels in the shoot were displaced radially outward when they entered the secondary xyelm. The distribution of vessels in the secondary xylem can therefore be accounted for by a knowledge of the production and distribution of metaxylem vessels in the primary body.     

中国木兰属和含笑属导管分子的比较解剖

本文对我国木兰科的39种木兰属和含笑属植物次生木质部的导管分子进行了初步分析。两属导管分子的长度和宽度略有差异。木兰属中多数种的导管分于有单穿孔板,但有的可见到梯状穿孔板。含笑属植物的导管分子大多具有梯状穿孔板,仅有一种可看到单穿孔板。在具有梯状穿孔板的木兰属植物中,穿孔板的横隔数目较含笑属的多。木兰属的导管壁上一般无螺纹加厚;含笑属则相反。此外,在两属之间,导管尚存在一些其它差异。     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY ON SPORE WALL MORPHOGENESIS IN LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM (LYCOPODIACEAE)

Spore wall morphogenesis of Lycopodium clavatum was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The spore plasma membrane indicates the reticulate spore sculpture shortly after meiosis. The mature spore wall of this species consists of two layers, inner endospore and outer exospore. There is no perispore in the sporoderm of this species. The exospore formation begins during the tetrad stage; and this layer is divided into two distinct sublayers, an outer lamellar layer and an inner granular layer. The lamellar layer is formed on the sculptured spore plasma membrane. Additional lamellae attach to this layer in a centripetal direction. For that reason, this layer may be derived from spore cytoplasm. The granular layer is formed only in the proximal region following lamellar layer formation, and it also may be derived from spore cytoplasm. The endospore is formed lastly and seems to be derived from spore cytoplasm as well. Accordingly, the spore sculpture of this species may be under the genetic control of the spore nucleus.     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY ON MICROSPORE WALL MORPHOGENESIS IN ISOETES JAPONICA (ISOETACEAE)

Spore wall morphogenesis of the microspore of Isoetes japonica was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The microspore wall consists of four layers: the perispore, outer exospore, inner exospore, and endospore. The perispore consists of electron-dense materials. The exospore is divided into outer and inner sections, with a large gap between the two. The outer exospore appears as an undulating plate consisting of tripartite lamellae with homogeneous sporopollenin. The inner exospore consists of an accumulation of tripartite lamellae on the microspore cell membrane. Immediately after meiosis, the tripartite lamellae of the outer exospore forms around the microspore. The lamellated inner exospore forms next, which adheres to the cell membrane of the microspore. The deposition of homogeneous sporopollenin material on the tripartite lamellae causes the plates of the outer exospore to thicken. Some homogeneous material may also be deposited on the inner exospore. Lastly, the electron-dense perispore is deposited on the outer exospore, and the electron-lucent endospore forms beneath the inner exospore. We conclude that the lamellae of the outer exospore, inner exospore, and endospore are formed and derived, in that order, from the gametophytic microspore cytoplasm. The homogeneous sporopollenin material of the outer exospore and perispore may be derived from the sporophytic tapetal cytoplasm.     

ZYGOSPORE GERMINATION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYTA): TIMING AND PATTERN OF SECONDARY ZYGOSPORE WALL DEGRADATION IN RELATION TO CYTOPLASMIC EVENTS

The Chlamydomonas monoica Strehlow zygospore is a dormant heavily walled spore adapted to survive extreme environmental conditions. The zygospore wall is multilayered and includes an acetolysis-resistant component related to the general class of compounds referred to as sporopollenin. Germination of the zygospore requires induction and completion of nuclear meiotic divisions, cytokineses to produce the four vegetative progeny cells, and breakdown of the zygospore wall to allow progeny release. Analysis of zygospore wall breakdown by transmission electron microscopy of synchronously germinating zygospores revealed differences in the timing and nature of disintegration of the various wall layers. Breakdown of the outer trilamellar sheath occurred within 6 h after light induction, concomitant with the onset of prophase I. At the same time, stored lipid bodies were consumed and replaced by large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Degradation of the inner more massive wall layer was initiated several hours later at about the time of the second meiotic division. In areas beneath breaks in the trilamellar sheath, a fibrous electron opaque bridge of wall material was retained whereas degradation of the remainder of the inner layer progressed. Finally, disintegration of this bridge material, after the completion of the meiotic divisions and synthesis of progeny cell walls, resulted in the opening of large slits in the trilamellar sheath, allowing escape of the flagellated vegetative progeny. The chloroform resistance typical of mature zygospores was lost at approximately the same time that the initial breaks in the trilamellar sheath were detected but before disintegration of the inner wall layer(s).     

LIGNIFICATION DURING SECONDARY WALL FORMATION IN COLEUS: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY

The fine structure of lignin deposition was examined in developing secondary walls of wound vessel members in Coleus. KMnO₄, which was used as the fixative, selectively reacts with the lignin component of the cell wall and thus can be used as a highly sensitive electron stain to follow the course of lignification during secondary wall deposition. Lignin was first detected as conspicuuos electron-opaque granules in the primary wall in the region where the secondary wall thickening arises and as fine granular striations extending into the very young secondary wall. As the secondary wall develops lignification becomes progressively more extensive. In cross sections the lignified secondary wall appears as concentric, fine granular striations; in tangent al or oblique sections it is seen as delicate, beaded fibrils paralleling the long axis of the thickening. High magnification of tangential or oblique sections shows that the fibrillar appearance is due to the presence of alternating light and dark layers each approximately 25-35 A wide. It is assumed that the light layers are the cellulose microfibrils and the dark regions contain lignin which fills the space between the microfibrils. KMnO₄, by selectively reacting with lignin, thus negatively stains the cellulose microfibrils revealing their orientation and dimensions.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECONDARY WALL OF THE XYLEM IN ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS

The development of the spirally thickened xylem element from a cambium initial of sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus has been traced by means of electron microscopy. The narrow elongated cambial initial undergoes considerable expansion in all dimensions. The cytoplasm at this stage is distributed in a thin skin between the cell wall and a large vacuole. No correlation has been observed between the distribution of any organelle and the pattern of the eventual thickenings. After the sites of thickening deposition have become apparent, the most conspicuous feature of the cell is the proliferation of Golgi bodies and vesicles. It is suggested that the material of the developing thickenings stems from direct apposition of the material in the Golgi vesicles. After glutaraldehyde fixation, microtubules (200 to 220 A in diameter) are seen to be sited in specific relation to the thickenings, the orientation of the tubules mirroring that of the fibrils seen in the thickenings. Possible reasons for absence of an observable pattern in the expanded but relatively undifferentiated cell are given, and the possible roles of the Golgi apparatus and microtubules in the thickening production are discussed     

基质盐度对木榄叶柄导管分子形态特征的影响

对温室中培养在不同盐度下一年生木榄[Bruginera gyninorrhiza(L.)Poil]植株上成熟叶的叶柄离析研究的结果表明:1)木榄叶柄导管分子以梯纹导管为主,其次为螺纹导管及它们之间的过渡类型;随着盐度的升高,螺纹导管及它们之间的过渡类型有增多的趋势;2)而叶柄长度,梯纹导管分子的直径、长度及两端梯状穿孔板的横隔条数都与盐度呈抛物线关系,而它们的最大位出现在20‰-30‰,范围内;3)培养于盐度10‰的海水中的木榄叶柄中导管分子一端有出现两个朝向不同的梯状穿孔板现象;4)在低盐条件下,随着基质盐度的提高,导管分子的形态朝着有利于加快水分运输的方向发展,而在高盐环境下,导管分子的形态朝着增加水分运输的安全性方向发展。讨论了叶柄导管分子解剖学特征的适应意义。     

中国蛇菰属（蛇菰科）植物的修订

本文修订了中国蛇菰属植物,新改级红烛蛇菰[Balanophoraharlandii Hook.f.var.mutinoides(Hayata)Xing,stat.nov.];杯茎蛇菰(Balanophora subcupularis Tam)为短穗蛇菰的异名;旋生蛇菰(Bala-nophora harlandii Hook.f.var.spiralis Tam)为鸟(黍离)蛇菰的异名;中国植物志中所载的日本蛇菰Balaophora Japonica Makino)和海南植物志记载的多蕊蛇菰(Balanophora polyandra Griff.)系原作者鉴定错误。     

POLLEN WALL AND TAPETAL ORBICULAR WALL DEVELOPMENT IN SORGHUM BICOLOR (GRAMINEAE)

Pollen wall development in Sorghum bicolor is morphologically and temporally paralleled by the formation of a prominent orbicular wall on the inner tangential surface of the tapetum. In the late tetrad stage, a thin, nearly uniform primexine forms around each microspore (except at the pore site) beneath the intact callose; concurrently, small spherical bodies (pro-orbicules) appear between the undulate tapetal plasmalemma and the disappearing tapetal primary wall. Within the primexine, differentially staining loci appear, which only develop into young bacula as the callose disappears. Thus, microspore walls are devoid of a visible exine pattern when released from tetrads. Afterwards, sporopollenin accumulates simultaneously on the primexine and bacula, forming the exine, and on the pro-orbicules, forming orbicules. Channels develop in the tectum and nexine, and both layers thicken to complete the microspore exine. Channeled sporopollenin also accumulates on the orbicules. A prominent sporopollenin reticulum interconnects the individual orbicules to produce an orbicular wall; this wall persists even after the tapetal protoplasts degenerate and after anthesis. While the pollen grains become engorged with reserves, a thick intine, containing conspicuous cytoplasmic channels, forms beneath the exine. Fibrous material collects beneath the orbicular wall. The parallel development and morphological similarities between the tapetal and pollen walls are discussed.