THE ONTOGENY OF THE INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER OF LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. (HAMAMELIDACEAE)

A developmental study of the inflorescence of Liquidambar styraciflua L. was conducted to clarify morphological discrepancies reported in the literature. Salient features of development are: 1) the inflorescence apex results from the conversion of a terminal, vegetative apex; 2) partial inflorescence apices arise as ellipsoid structures in axils of leaves, bracts, or transitional phyllomes; 3) development of male heads is acropetal whereas female heads differentiate basipetally; 4) the partial inflorescence apex becomes segmented into several distinct subunits indicating an axillary branch system of the third order; 5) distinct individual floral primordia are initiated on the subunits; 6) a complete absence of perianth development; 7) inception of carpel primordia in flowers of lower male heads as well as female heads, but a failure of the gynoecium to develop beyond an incipient stage in male heads; and 8) development of sterile structures around the base of the styles of only female flowers near the time of anthesis. Carpellary characteristics of the sterile structures are described, their morphological nature is discussed, and the phylogenetic position of Liquidambar is evaluated.     

ONTOGENY AND ANATOMY OF THE FLOWER OF LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA (BUTOMACEAE)

The flowers of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. are borne in an indeterminate umbel and each consists of three sepals, three yellow petals, and about 18 carpels surrounded by numerous stamens and staminodia. The androecium is centrifugally developed, and the last-formed members are staminodial; it is supplied by branching vascular systems. Carpels arise almost simultaneously, and a prominent residual floral apex remains. The carpels are partially conduplicately closed and are also primitive in possessing laminar placentation and in lacking differentiation of a style. The gynoecium is essentially apocarpous, but there are slight fusions of adjacent carpels near their ventral margins where they are attached to the receptacle. It is suggested that the Limnocharis flower is the most primitive in the family.     

ONTOGENY OF THE INFLORESCENCE IN CHENOPODIUM ALBUM

Gifford , Ernest M., Jr ., and Herbert B. Tepper . (U. California, Davis.) Ontogeny of the inflorescence in Chenopodium album. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(8): 657–667. Illus. 1961.—Chenopodium album, a short-day plant, was induced to flower by subjecting it to successive cycles of 7 hr light and 17 hr darkness. After 4 inductive days, the first macroscopic change is evident in the appearance of precocious axillary bud primordia. After 5–6 days, a primordial inflorescence is visible, and after 7–8 days a terminal flower appears on the main inflorescence axis. The vegetative apex has a biseriate tunica, the cells of which are larger than those of the corpus. The cells of the tunica stain lighter, possess larger nucleoli, and are more vacuolate than cells of the subjacent corpus. After photoinduction, the tunica-corpus organization is maintained, and after 4 short-days, the shoot apex possesses a mantle of 3–4 layers of cells because there are few periclinal divisions in the cells of the outer corpus. The cells of the mantle stain uniformly and are more chromatic than those of the underlying tissue. Mitotic activity was recorded in the upper 40-μ segment of the apex. In the vegetative apex, mitotic activity is greater in the lower portion of the segment. Following photoinduction, mitoses increase throughout the apex until a maximum is reached on the 4th day. Also, the plastochronic interval decreases after photoinduction. Nucleoli of cells of the corpus enlarge following induction until all nucleoli of the apex are nearly equal. Included in the paper are discussions of the general morphological differences between vegetative and flowering shoots.     

INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE PIPERACEAE. II. INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT OF PIPER

The inflorescence development of three species of Piper (P. aduncum, P. amalago, and P. marginatum), representing Sections Artanthe and Ottonia, was studied. The spicate inflorescences contain hundreds or even thousands of flowers, depending on the species. Each flower has a tricarpellate syncarpous gynoecium and 4 to 6 free stamens, in the species studied. No sepals or petals are present. In P. marginatum the apical meristem of the inflorescence is zonate in configuration and is unusually elongate: up to 1,170 μm high and up to 480 μm wide during the most active period of organogenesis. Toward the time of apical cessation both height and diameter gradually diminish, leaving an apical residuum which may become an attenuate spine or may be cut off by an abscission zone just below the meristem. The active apex produces bract primordia; when each is 40–55 μm high, a floral apex is initiated in its axil. Both bract and floral apex are initiated by periclinal divisions in cells of the subsurface layer. The bracts undergo differentiation rather early, while the floral apices are still developing. The last-produced bracts near the tip of the inflorescence tend to be sterile.     

INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER IN ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA (SAURURACEAE)

All flowers of Anemopsis californica, the most specialized taxon of the family Saururaceae, are initiated as individual primordia subtended by previously initiated bracts, in contrast to the common-primordium initiation of all flowers of Saururus cernuus and of most flowers of Houttuynia cordata. Floral symmetry is bilateral and zygomorphic, and the sequence of initiation among floral parts is paired or whorled. In A. californica, the six stamens arise as three common primordia, each of which later bifurcates to form a pair. The three common primordia occupy sites corresponding to the positions of the three stamens in H. cordata flowers. In Anemopsis, the filaments of each pair are connate. Each stamen pair is vascularized by a single bifurcating vascular bundle. The three carpels per flower are usually initiated simultaneously although there may be some variation. Adnation between stamens and carpels results from zonal growth. Downward extension of the locule, and proliferation and expansion of receptacular tissue and inflorescence cortical tissue around the locule below the bases of the carpels produce the inferior ovary. The inflorescence terminates its activity as a flattened apical residuum, surrounded by bracts subtending reduced flowers most of which have stamens only.     

花叶中的新没食子酰黄酮甙和没食子丹宁

从花叶(Loropetalum chinense Oliv.)的70％Me_2CO提取物中经Toyopearl HW-40凝胶反复柱层析,得到3种没食子酰黄酮甙(LC-3,LC-13和LC-16),3种没食子丹宁(LC-20,LC-21和LC-22)和一种黄酮甙元(LC-14)。经化学和波谱分析,确定它们分别为黄芪甙-2’’-0-没食子酸酯(astragalin-2’’-0-gallate,LC-3,1)、黄芪甙-6’’-0-没食子酸酯(astragalin-6’’-0-gallate,LC-13,2)、黄芪甙-2’’,6’’-二-0-没食子酸酯(astragalin-2’’,6’’-di-0-gallate,LC-16,3)、八没食子酰葡萄糖(octagalloyl-glucose,8GG,LC-20)、六没食子酰葡萄糖(hexagalloyl-glucose,6GG,LC-21)、七没食子酰葡萄糖(heptagalloyl-glucose,7GG,LC-22)和木犀草素(luteolin,LC-14)。其中LC-16为一同时具有可水解丹宁和黄酮甙双重性质的新化合物,命名为花丁素(Loropetalin D,3)。上述成分均为首次从该植物中得到。     

PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF INFLORESCENCE AND FLORAL ONTOGENY OF MIMOSA STRIGILLOSA

Ontogeny of the inflorescence and flower of Mimosa strigillosa has been studied in order to explore the developmental basis for variation in number of parts, patterns of organ arrangement, and inflorescence architecture. Each racemose inflorescence of M. strigillosa has an acropetal order of initiation of bracts and flowers. Although flowers are initiated in acropetal order, they develop synchronously except for the basal flowers, which are retarded. The ring meristem in the calyx may be considered an expression of precocious fusion, a specialized condition within the genus. Two patterns of organ arrangement (nonsagittal and median sagittal) are distributed among 4- and 5-merous flowers along the inflorescences. Variability in number of parts probably has evolved through reduction of a basic, pentamerous structure, through fusion or suppression. It is proposed that the number of parts and pattern of organ arrangement are correlated features.     

COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE ONTOGENY OF TASTE

Pigs are proposed as a useful laboratory model for the investigationof taste preferences and other controls of ingestive behaviorin the newborn. Suckling pigs can be easily trained to feedthemselves from an artificial feeding apparatus so that intakecan be measured directly. In this manner preferences for glucose,sucrose, fructose and lactose were found in pigs 3 wk of age.The preference threshold for glucose is considerably higherthan that reported for more mature pigs. Taste aversion wasdemonstrated in suckling pigs 2 wk of age. After the taste ofglucose had been paired with LiCl injection, poisoned pigs didnot show the strong glucose preference shown by control pigs.In addition to oropharyngeal controls of intake, gastrointestinalcontrols of intake in the newborn pig were investigated.Loadsof milk or 5% glucose, but not 0.9% NaCl, given by gavage depressedsubsequent intake in piglets 1 wk of age. Caloric or glucostaticmechanisms, but not volume alone, appear to be involved in satietyin the newborn pig. ^*Supported by USPHS Special Fellowship 5F03 AM55321-02 to K.A.H.Request for reprints should be sent to Dr. K. A. Houpt, Dept.of Physiology, N.Y.S. College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca,New York 14853, U.S.A.     

INFLORESCENCE ARCHITECTURE AND FLOWER SEX RATIOS IN SAGITTARIA BREVIROSTRA (ALISMATACEAE)

Two populations of Sagittaria brevirostra from the same lake were sampled 10 years apart and yielded similar data on inflorescence structure and on numbers and ratios of male and female flowers. Larger inflorescences have relatively more male than female flowers than do smaller inflorescences. Pollination success is unrelated to inflorescence size or sex ratio within an inflorescence.     

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES IN PTYCHOSPERMA (PALMAE). I. THE INFLORESCENCE AND THE FLOWER CLUSTER

This paper describes inflorescence structure, including organogenesis of the panicle and flower clusters and vasculature of flowering branches, for two species of Ptychosperma, a genus of arecoid palms. The inflorescence is an infrafoliar panicle with up to four orders of branches in a spirodistichous arrangement conforming to an irregular one-half phyllotaxy. The primordium of the inflorescence is crescentic and the apex has two tunica layers, a group of central cells, and a rib meristem. The distal flower-bearing parts or rachillae of all branches develop acropetally early in ontogeny and are vertically oriented in the bud. Although these rachillae terminate branches of different sizes and orders, they are similar in size and in number of flower clusters produced. Internodes and lower parts of branches develop later. Bracts of four types are produced: a prophyll and empty peduncular bract, bracts which subtend lateral branches, bracts subtending triads, and floral bracteoles. The prophyll and peduncular bracts are tubular and completely closed around all branches until about three months before the flowers reach anthesis. Bracts subtending lateral branches and those that subtend triads enlarge by small amounts of apical, adaxial, and marginal growth to cover subtended apices during early ontogeny, but are small to absent at maturity. Flower clusters are triads of two lateral staminate and a central pistillate flower. Organogenesis indicates that the triad is a sympodial unit. Flowers develop successively, each floral apex bearing a bracteole that subtends the next flower. The vasculature of the inflorescence may be divided into two systems. Bundles of the main axis extend acropetally into the vertically oriented branches as they are initiated and form a central cylinder of larger bundles in each branch. Flower clusters are supplied by a peripheral system of smaller bundles that develop later in relation to the developing floral organs. Bundles of the peripheral system branch frequently, but branching levels are irregular. The irregular branching of peripheral bundles appears related to the phyllotaxy of the flower clusters and the random right or left position of the first flower of the triad. The level of branching of a bundle may depend on the position of a floral primordium with respect to an existing procambial strand. Three (-4) bundles supply each staminate flower and six (-10) the pistillate flower. The histologically specialized inflorescence has stomata and contains abundant starch. Tannins and raphides, spherical silica bodies, and various forms of sclerenchyma appear in sequence and apparently provide support and protection during the long exposure of the branches.     

COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY OF THE PERIANTH IN MIMOSOID LEGUMES

Comparative ontogeny of the perianth is reported for representative genera and species among mimosoid legumes in order to elucidate intertribal relationships and also relationships to the other two subfamilies of legumes. Initiation of the perianth is acropetal in two whorls. The calyx arises first followed by the corolla. Order of initiation of both calyx and corolla is determined during early ontogeny. Four different types of order of initiation have been found in the calyx: helical, simultaneous within one whorl, bidirectional, and ring meristem. Helical initiation is considered primitive; simultaneous within one whorl, bidirectional, and ring meristem are considered derived. Differences during early organogeny in the calyx among mimosoids result in similar morphologies of the mature calyx which indicates that parallel evolution may have played a major role in evolution of radial symmetry within the group. Order of initiation of the corolla is uniformly simultaneous whorled with one exception. Position of organs is a significant feature which separates mimosoids from caesalpinioids and papilionoids. In mimosoids the median sepal is located abaxially and the median petal adaxially in relation to the subtending bract. In both caesalpinioids and papilionoids the median sepal is located abaxially and the median petal adaxially in relation to the subtending bract. Fusion of the calyx in some taxa can be interpreted as an example of acceleration.     

ONTOGENY AND THE HIERARCHY OF TYPES

Abstract— The long history of belief in a parallelism between ontogeny and a hierarchical order of natural things is reviewed. The meaning of von Baerian recapitulation is analyzed and its implications for cladistic methodology are discussed at two levels: ontogeny and homology. The basic problem inherent in the purported parallelism is that the order of natural things (i.e., the taxic approach to homology) is part of the "world of being" of Platonic ideas, whereas ontogeny and phylogeny (i.e., the transformational approach to homology) belong to Plato's "world of becoming." These two "genera of existence," as Plato put it, being and becoming, are incompatible but complementary views of nature.     

不同土壤型羊草光合和蒸腾作用特性的比较研究

不同土壤型羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）的光合和蒸腾作用特性有所不同。当土壤由湿变干时,差异最为显著的是光饱和光合速率和最大蒸腾速率的降低率。典型栗钙土型比暗栗钙土型和盐化草甸土型羊草的光合速率下降幅度小;其蒸腾速率下降幅度比其他两种类型大。因此,典型栗钙土型羊草在土壤干旱条件下光能利用效率和水分利用效率均较高,对干旱的适应性较强。这些差异表明,在自然条件下,羊草可能存在着不同的土壤生态型     

THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE INFLORESCENCE OF RAGWEEDS (AMBROSIA-FRANSERIA : COMPOSITAE)

Payne, Willard W. (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor.) The morphology of the inflorescence of ragweeds (Ambrosia-Franseria: Compositae). Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(9): 872–880. Illus. 1963.—The ragweeds possess an inflorescence which is highly modified in relation to anemophily. Several trends from primitive to specialized character expressions may be seen in the morphology of the unisexual capitula and florets. An evolutionary scheme is presented whereby the catkinlike, acropetally maturing, staminate spike and the sessile, centrifugally developing, fruiting involucre cluster are derived from basic inflorescence types within the Compositae. Morphological evidence suggests that: (1) the taxa Ambrosia and Franseria should be combined under the older generic name Ambrosia; (2) the ragweeds and their relatives as a group appear to occupy a position intermediate between the Heliantheae and Anthemideae, as currently delimited within the Compositae.