宁夏枸杞果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系

通过对枸杞果实发育过程中果实生长模式、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量及糖代谢相关酶活性的测定,研究了宁夏枸杞果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)宁夏枸杞果实发育呈双S"曲线,果实主要以积累己糖为主.(2)蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性在果实发育初期处于下降的趋势,在花后19d开始上升,果实转色后又逐渐下降;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性总体表现为SS分解方向的活性大于SS合成方向的活性,说明枸杞果实发育过程中,SS的活性主要以分解方向的为主;酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性随果实发育呈上升趋势,但在果实成熟后期有所下降,且AI和NI活性高于合成酶类的活性,较高的转化酶类活性促进了果实内部己糖的积累.(3)在枸杞果实生长发育中,葡萄糖和果糖含量与AI和NI均呈极显著正相关,而与其它酶不具有相关性.说明AI和NI在宁夏枸杞果实的糖代谢中起着主要的调控作用.     

河套蜜瓜果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的关系

以河套蜜瓜为试材,采用外部形态观测与内部生理指标测定相结合的方法,对其果实发育过程中果实生长模式以及果实中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性进行测定,以揭示河套蜜瓜果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶的关系.结果显示:(1)河套蜜瓜果实生长速率呈单"S"曲线,果实发育早期以积累葡萄糖为主,进入成熟期后蔗糖积累量迅速增加,最终由蔗糖和己糖共同构成果实品质.(2)在河套蜜瓜果实成熟期前,蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性维持较低水平,进入成熟期后,SPS活性迅速升高;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性在成熟期前为分解活性大于合成活性,成熟期后表现为合成活性大于分解活性;在整个果实发育期,酸性转化酶(AI)活性较低,中性转化酶(NI)活性始终高于AI.(3)在果实整个发育期,蔗糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶的净活力呈极显著正相关,蔗糖代谢相关酶共同作用决定果实中蔗糖含量.研究表明,在河套蜜瓜果实发育前期,以蔗糖分解代谢为主,且蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶是催化蔗糖分解的关键酶;果实成熟期间,蔗糖代谢转为合成方向为主,蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶在蔗糖积累中起主导作用.     

枇杷果实发育过程中糖积累及相关酶活性变化研究

以'青种'、'霸红'和'鸡蛋白'3个枇杷品种为材料,测定不同果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶即酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:在果实膨大期(5月3日)之前,3种枇杷果实的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累缓慢,之后则迅速积累,存在着明显的转折点;果实成熟(5月23日)之后糖分积累速度趋于平稳.3种枇杷果实在发育过程中转化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性变化与3种糖积累的动态变化趋势相一致.NI和AI活性在果实膨大期之前都较低且没有明显的变化,之后均快速上升;SS和SPS的活性在果实膨大期之前都很低且几乎无变化,随后'鸡蛋白'的活性迅速上升至果实成熟之后便缓慢上升,而'青种'和'霸红'随果实成熟度的增加而升高,但均低于'鸡蛋白'.可见,枇杷果实膨大期是糖分积累代谢活跃期,其糖积累受蔗糖代谢相关酶综合调控.     

龙柚果肉糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的研究

本文探讨龙柚果实发育过程中果肉糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在龙柚果实发育过程中,3种可溶性糖含量同步上升,在果实膨大期和成熟期,以蔗糖积累为主。在龙柚糖积累过程中,蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性较高;而蔗糖中性转化酶(NI)活性则随着蔗糖的积累而降低。     

乙酰水杨酸在番茄果实发育期间对蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度乙酰水杨酸(ASA)对番茄品种‘辽园多丽’果实发育期间蔗糖代谢相关酶影响的结果表明:ASA可抑制果实的维管束和胶质胎座中酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性,而提高蔗糖合成酶(SS)与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性;心室隔壁和中果肉中ASA的作用与此相反。ASA促进果实维管束中可溶性糖积累主要通过调控AI和NI活性实现,而在胶质胎座中主要通过调控SS活性实现;在中果肉和心室隔壁中主要通过调控SS和AI活性实现。     

糖代谢相关酶在灵武长枣叶片和果柄糖积累中的作用

以不同发育时期灵武长枣为试材,测定果实生长发育过程中叶片、果柄可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化,探讨果实生长发育过程中叶片、果柄糖的积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系。结果表明:(1)灵武长枣叶片、果柄均主要以积累蔗糖为主,叶片、果柄中葡萄糖和果糖含量的变化平缓且随果实发育略有上升,蔗糖含量则呈先下降后迅速上升的趋势,且蔗糖含量始终高于葡萄糖和果糖的含量。(2)在果实的整个发育期,叶片和果柄的酸性转化酶(AI)活性均远高于中性转化酶(NI),AI在前期升高后变化较平稳,而蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的变化各不相同。(3)SS分解方向酶活性(SSd)对叶片和果柄蔗糖的积累具有重要的调节作用。研究认为,蔗糖合成酶分解方向酶活性(SSd)对灵武长枣叶片和果柄蔗糖的积累起主要的调控作用。     

甘草叶片渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶对干旱胁迫的响应特性

该研究以甘草幼苗为试材,采用盆栽自然干旱方法,设计对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)、重度(SS)干旱胁迫处理,测定分析甘草叶片的渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶[蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶合成方向(Ss+)、蔗糖合成酶分解方向(Ss-)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、淀粉磷酸化酶(SP)]活性的变化,以探讨甘草的渗透调节特性以及糖分调节的酶学机制,揭示甘草对干旱胁迫的响应机理。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,束缚水/自由水的比值呈先增加后降低的趋势。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但不同胁迫强度出现峰值的时间不同;其中在CK和LS干旱胁迫时蔗糖含量淀粉含量葡萄糖含量果糖含量,在MS和SS干旱胁迫时淀粉含量葡萄糖含量蔗糖含量果糖含量,表明随着干旱程度的增加,甘草叶片中蔗糖转化成了淀粉。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,甘草叶片的SPS活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,Ss活性和Inv(蔗糖转化酶)活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,SP活性呈逐渐降低的趋势;各胁迫处理的Ss+活性与CK差异不显著,而Ss-活性与CK差异显著,并且Ss-活性在各胁迫处理下远大于Ss+活性,表明甘草叶片Ss-活性在蔗糖代谢过程中占主导作用。(4)相关分析结果显示,在LS中,NI与蔗糖呈负相关关系,Ss-与淀粉呈显著正相关关系、与蔗糖呈负相关关系;在MS中,蔗糖和葡萄糖与SPS、Ss+、Ss-、NI和AI均呈正相关关系,与SP呈负相关关系;在SS中,SP和NI与蔗糖呈正相关关系,而与淀粉呈负相关关系;表明在轻度干旱处理下,Ss参加了蔗糖的分解,继而合成淀粉;在中度和重度干旱条件下,SP主要催化淀粉的分解来增加蔗糖含量以此平衡蔗糖代谢。     

钙对NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物代谢的影响

以‘克新一号’马铃薯品种为试验材料,采用组织培养方法,研究了0、5、10、15、20mmol·L-1 CaCl2对0、25、50、75mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物含量及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗叶片淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量以及可溶性总糖含量逐渐下降,蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性明显降低,中性转化酶(NI)和酸性转化酶(AI)活性先升高后降低。(2)在NaCl胁迫下,添加适量CaCl2能显著增加淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量和可溶性总糖含量,显著降低NI和AI活性,有效缓解盐胁迫对SS和SPS的抑制作用。(3)蔗糖含量与AI存在负相关关系、与NI存在极显著负相关关系、与SPS以及SS存在极显著正相关关系。研究表明,外源施钙可调节马铃薯苗的酶活性变化,改善盐胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物代谢方向,增强植株碳素合成作用和渗透调节能力,减轻盐害。     

套袋对梨果实发育过程中糖组分及其相关酶活性的影响

以翠冠和黄金梨为试材,测定套袋和未套袋(对照)梨果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)两梨品种套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和糖代谢相关酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致,套袋果实糖含量均低于对照但差异不显著,而各相关酶活性在两类果实间差异表现各异.(2)在梨果实发育早期,果实中以分解酶类为主,糖分积累低;发育后期以合成酶类为主,糖分积累多.(3)两品种套袋和对照果实AI活性与葡萄糖含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,SS合成方向活性与蔗糖含量均为极显著正相关,且翠冠对照果SPS活性与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关.可见,套袋通过提高果实发育早期转化酶(Inv)活性,降低果实后期蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性来影响糖分积累,从而影响梨果品质.     

不同果色枸杞果实糖积累特征及其与蔗糖代谢酶活性的关系

以‘宁杞1号’（红色）、‘宁夏黄果’（黄色）和‘黑果’（黑色）3份不同果色枸杞为试材,测定枸杞果实发育过程中糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶活性的变化,并分析糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶活性的相关性,以探讨不同果色枸杞糖积累差异的生理基础,为进一步阐明枸杞品质形成及调控机理提供理论依据。结果显示：（1）气相色谱（GC）法检测结果为 ‘宁杞1号’果实含8种糖,‘宁夏黄果’含7种糖,‘黑果’仅检测到4种糖;且成熟期枸杞果实均以果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖为主。（2）在枸杞果实发育过程中,各材料果实的果糖和葡萄糖含量呈现逐渐升高趋势,果实发育的后期升高幅度高于初期;而各材料蔗糖和赤藓糖含量却呈现出不同的变化趋势,不同发育时期材料间差异各异。（3）不同果色枸杞蔗糖代谢酶活性在枸杞果实发育过程中差异较大,其中酸性转化酶（AI）在果实发育的初期活性较低,材料间差别小,但在果实发育的后期活性高,材料间差异较大;从枸杞果实发育色变期到成熟期,供试材料AI和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性高于中性转化酶（NI）和磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）;在整个果实发育过程中‘黑果’保持着较低果糖含量和蔗糖代谢酶活性。（4）3种果色枸杞果糖含量均与AI活性达到显著相关关系,红色与黑色枸杞己糖（果糖和葡萄糖）含量与NI达到显著相关关系。研究表明,不同果色枸杞果实中的糖种类与含量、蔗糖代谢酶活性差异较大,AI活性升高有利于枸杞果糖的积累,转化酶在枸杞果实己糖积累过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

遮荫处理对罗汉果果肉组织中罗汉果苷和糖分含量的影响

该研究以罗汉果品种“永青1号”为材料,在果实发育后期进行不同强度的遮荫处理,测定遮荫处理下果肉组织中罗汉果苷各组分含量、各种糖分的积累及其相关糖代谢酶活性、叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明：重度遮荫(70％遮荫)会导致果实中罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ含量显著提高,遮荫60 d(授粉后90 d),对照与70％遮荫处理果实中罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ含量分别为4.83％、5.79％,差异达极显著水平( P<0.01);70％遮荫处理下果实中葡萄糖、果糖含量也明显高于对照( P<0.05)。与罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ、葡萄糖、果糖含量的变化不同,遮荫60 d,70％遮荫处理下罗汉果果实中可溶性糖、蔗糖的含量分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)低于对照。另外,遮荫处理导致罗汉果叶片净光合速率下降,遮荫40 d,70％遮荫处理下叶片的净光合速率显著低于对照( P<0.05)。综上说明,重度遮荫处理可以引起罗汉果果实品质的改变;光合速率下降是遮荫处理下可溶性糖含量降低的主要原因;SPS、AI、SSC活性的改变则是遮荫导致蔗糖含量降低及葡萄糖、果糖含量上升的重要因素;重度遮荫条件下,荫棚中温度降低可能是罗汉果果实中甜苷Ⅴ含量增高的关键诱因。该研究结果为罗汉果的生产及品质调控提供了理论依据。     

Seasonal changes in non-structural carbohydrates and sucrose metabolism enzymes in two Sabina species

Evergreen plants need to store reserves to allow for their survival during the winter months and for new leaf growth in the following spring. In many of the tree species, these reserve functions are mainly carried out by starch, which is degraded to soluble carbohydrates during the dormant season to maintain active respiration and provide protection against freezing. In the present study, two evergreen woody plants, S. przewalskii Kom. (SP) and S. chinensis (Lin.) Ant.(SC), were used to investigate the patterns of seasonal variation in the concentrations of soluble sugars, sucrose, fructose and starch, and the activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUSY), neutral invertase (NI) and soluble acid invertase (SAI). Foliar soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose, and starch concentrations were markedly higher in SC than in SP; moreover, the activities of SPS, SUSY, NI and SAI were also higher in SC than in SP. There were generally higher concentrations of soluble sugars, sucrose and fructose and SPS activities in the winter than in the summer for both Sabina trees, which was consistent with the necessity for protection against freezing; however, opposite results were found with regards to starch concentrations and the activities of SUSY, NI and SAI. In contrast with the activities of SUSY, NI and SAI, the negative correlation observed between SPS and air temperature was likely a reflection of its crucial role in the acquisition of freezing tolerance by sucrose metabolism in the winter. These results suggest that higher carbon reserves do not give S. chinensis (Lin.) Ant. a competitive advantage in tolerating cold temperatures and that only SPS, but not SUSY, NI and SAI, may play a positive role in freezing tolerance by increasing soluble sugar.     

Integrative Analysis of mRNA and miRNA Expression Profiles of the Tuberous Root Development at Seedling Stages in Turnips

The tuberous root of Brassica rapa L. (turnip) is an important modified organ for nutrition storage. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of tuberous root development is of great value in both economic and biological context. In this study, we analyzed the expression profiles of both mRNAs and miRNAs in tuberous roots at an early stage before cortex splitting (ES), cortex splitting stage (CSS), and secondary root thickening stage (RTS) in turnip based on high-throughput sequencing technology. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and several differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Based on the DEG analysis, we propose that metabolism is the dominant pathway in both tuberous root initiation and secondary thickening process. The plant hormone signal transduction pathway may play a predominant role in regulating tuberous root initiation, while the starch and sucrose metabolism may be more important for the secondary thickening process. These hypotheses were partially supported by sequential DEM analyses. Of all DEMs, miR156a, miR157a, and miR172a exhibited relatively high expression levels, and were differentially expressed in both tuberous root initiation and the secondary thickening process with the expression profiles negatively correlated with those of their target genes. Our results suggest that these miRNAs play important roles in tuberous root development in turnips.     

Sucrose uptake and metabolism in a double layer system for micropropagation ofRosa multiflora

Uptake and metabolism of sucrose in micropropagatedRosa multiflora using the double layer technique was investigated. In the multiplication as well as the root induction stage, hydrolysis of sucrose in the culture medium was observed. A mathematical model was developed to quantify sucrose hydrolysis and the uptake of sucrose, glucose and fructose, based on the time series for the different sugars in the culture medium. These data were linked to a study of the sugar metabolism in the microshoots. After 48 h of incubation on¹⁴C-[U]-glucose containing medium, the incorporated label was mainly detected in the ethanol soluble fraction; within this fraction sucrose was the most important compound. This indicates a significant re-synthesis of sucrose in the plant material after the uptake of hexose. To assess the extent that different enzymes of sucrose metabolism (invertases, sucrose synthase and sucrose-P-synthase) were involved, their activity in different plant parts (of final stage III microshoots) were assayed. A decreasing gradient for sucrose metabolising enzymes from the roots toward the leaves gave a good indication of how the different tissues depend on sucrose absorbed from the medium.