基于ITS序列对中国簇毛黄耆亚属(黄耆属)系统学问题的初步研究

测定了簇毛黄耆亚属(Pogonophace)4组8种和外类群Caragana roborovskyi的ITS序列,从GenBank中调出相关12属47种的ITS序列,组成数据距阵,应用PAUP程序中的最大简约法构建了系统发育树状图.扁荚组(Sect. Sesbanella)与亚属其余类群在系统树上处于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远,这个亚属不是一个单系类群;膨果组(Sect. Bibracteola),背扁组(Sect. Phyllolobium)和袋果组(Sect. Trichostylus)作为一个单系类群能得到ITS序列的支持,但与鱼鳔槐亚族比与黄耆属其他类群的关系更近; Astragatus complanatus和A. tribulifolius可能为一对替代种;亚属下的分组以及膨果组下系的划分都得不到ITS序列分析的支持.     

Revision of the Genus BosminaBAIRD, 1845 (Crustacea,Cladocera)

The genus Bosmina can be differentiated into four subgenera: 1. Bosmina s. str. BAIRD , 1845, 2. Eubosmina SELIGO , 1900, 3. Neobosmina LIEDER , 1957, and 4. Sinobosmina LIEDER , 1957. Subgeneric discrimination is based upon several features of the females (postabdominal claw, serration of the mucro, patterns of the lateral head pores) and, mainly, upon certain differences in the morphology of the male (postabdomen and, according to LILLJEBORG 1900, BURCKHARDT 1924 and KOŘINEK 1971, the first leg). The distribution of the Bosmina subgenera throughout the world varies: Bosmina s. str. is distributed worldwide (except for Australia?), Eubosmina is holarctic, Neobosmina has been found in Africa, the neotropical zone, Australia and Oceania, and Sinobosmina occurs in East and South-East Asia.     

基于ITS序列对中国簇毛黄耆亚属（黄耆属）系统学问题的初步研究

测定了簇毛黄耆亚属（Pogonophace)4组8种和外类群Caragana roborovskyi的ITS序列,从GenBank中调出相关12属47种的ITS序列,组成数据距阵,应用PAUP程序中的最大简约法构建了系统发育树状图。扁荚组（Sect.Sesbanella)与亚属其余类群在系统树上处于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远这个亚属不是一个单系类群;膨果组（Sect.Bibracteola)。背扁组（Sect.Phyllolobium)和袋果组（Sect.Trichostylus)作为一个单系类群能得到ITS序列的支持,但与分组以及膨果组下系的划分都得不到ITS序列分析的支持。     

Iridescent colour production in hairs of blind golden moles (Chrysochloridae)

Relative to other metazoans, the mammalian integument is thought to be limited in colour. In particular, while iridescence is widespread among birds and arthropods, it has only rarely been reported in mammals. Here, we examine the colour, morphology and optical mechanisms in hairs from four species of golden mole (Mammalia: Chrysochloridae) that are characterized by sheens ranging from purple to green. Microspectrophotometry reveals that this colour is weak and variable. Iridescent hairs are flattened and have highly reduced cuticular scales, providing a broad and smooth surface for light reflection. These scales form multiple layers of light and dark materials of consistent thickness, strikingly similar to those in the elytra of iridescent beetles. Optical modelling suggests that the multi-layers produce colour through thin-film interference, and that the sensitivity of this mechanism to slight changes in layer thickness and number explains colour variability. While coloured integumentary structures are typically thought to evolve as sexual ornaments, the blindness of golden moles suggests that the colour may be an epiphenomenon resulting from evolution via other selective factors, including the ability to move and keep clean in dirt and sand.     

Morphology and anatomy of roots in the filmy fern tribe Trichomaneae H. Schneider (Hymenophyllaceae, Filicatae) and the evolution of rootless taxa

The filmy ferns of the tribe Trichomaneae, synonymous with Tichomanes s.L., show various constructions of their root system that correspond to different growth forms as well as ecology. Most terrestrial species possess a short erect shoot with numerous thick roots, whereas epiphytic species have a long creeping rhizome that may develop a few thin roots. An evolutionary progression from ferns with well-developed roots to ferns without roots is postulated. Rootless species occur in two monophyletic groups, subgen. Crepidomanes and subgen. Didymoglossum. The results are summarized in a new classification for the tribe. Secondary simplification, e.g. loss of roots, is discussed as an adaptive trait in epiphytic plants. Transformed structures such as root-like shoots and adhesive hairs are observed in rootless taxa and their evolutionary significance is briefly discussed. Climbing filmy ferns are recognized as possible closely related species based on the similarities in their root systems.     

Bulb tunic anatomy and its taxonomic implication in Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae)

Abstract

Allium is taxonomically a difficult genus with blurred taxonomic borders at all taxonomic ranks. In this research, anatomy and morphology of bulb tunics in 42 species of the genus representing its 16 currently recognized sections and 6 subgenera (Allium, Cepa, Reticulatobulbosa, Amerallium, Polyprason and Melanocrommyum) were investigated. Our results indicated the following characters to be most informative at sectional and subgeneric levels: features of calcium oxalate crystals and subepidermal cell layer of the outermost bulb tunic, type of tracheids, and bulbils presence. Three main types of crystals, i.e. prismatic, sand and druses, were fairly common among the investigated species except for the members of A. sect. Acanthoprason (A. subg. Melanocrommyum) that often lack crystals. The subepidermal layers of outer tunics were mostly composed of hexagonal, rectangular, or elongated cells but A. paradoxum (A. subg. Amerallium, sect. Briseis) showed the pentagonal type and A. longisepalum (A. subg. Amerallium, sect. Molium) the elliptic type of subepidermal cells. The members of A. sub. Melanocrommyum showed various types of tunic cells and crystals.     

Differences in biological and behavioural characteristics of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) according to colour patterns of elytra

Samples of overwintering populations of Harmonia axyridis were classified into five colour patterns, succinea 1, succinea 2, conspicua, spectabilis and axyridis. Generally, the succinea 1 colour pattern was dominant at six collecting sites in Daejon and Chungnam provinces of Korea and their occurrence proportion was over 50%. Non‐melanic forms such as succinea 1 and 2 were noted in about 90% of collected individuals. On the other hand, conspicua and spectabilis as melanic forms were dominant in the laboratory. One hypothesis is that the difference between field and laboratory populations is related to non‐random mating and environmental conditions. Practically, in mate‐choice experiments, most colour pattern ladybirds seemed to mate with the melanic form, especially the conspicua form. The body size (length) of H. axyridis in colour patterns was slightly different, but in females, there was no significant difference among colour patterns. However, both lengths of males were significantly different among colour patterns. In reproductive ability (fecundity), there was no difference among colour patterns.     

水生肉食亚目(Hydradephaga)系统发育学研究简论

水生肉食亚目(Hydradephaga)属于鞘翅目Coleoptera,是一类具有水生习性的食肉性真正水生甲虫(True water beetles)。在真正水生甲虫的系统分类中存在三种假说,一种是肉食亚目(Adephaga)位于该系统的基部,一种是多食亚目(Polyphaga)位于该系统基部,第三种是藻食亚目(Myxophaga)位于该系统基部。最近研究结果更多倾向第一种假说。目前水生肉食亚目大约有5 500个种,200多个属,含8个科。水生肉食亚目的科间水平系统发育关系虽被广泛研究,但观点仍不统一。有代表意义的有三个假说,一是豉甲科(Gyrinidae)位于系统基部,接下来是龙虱科(Dytiscidae)、两栖甲科(Amphizoidae)、水甲科(Hygrobiidae)、小粒龙虱科(Noteridae)与沼梭科(Haliplidae);二是沼梭科位于系统的基部;三是豉甲科位于系统的基部,接下来是沼梭科和龙虱总科(Dytiscoidea),其中龙虱总科由两栖甲科、水甲科、龙虱科、小粒龙虱科组成。目前根据形态学的分类,并结合分子系统学研究方法,第三种假说更符合水生肉食亚目的系统分类,也支持了水生肉食亚目作为一个单系,其祖先来自陆生的假说。     

Rampant host switching and multiple female body colour transitions in Philotrypesis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae)

Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and their associated fig waSPS (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea and Agaonidae) have attracted much attention and have been used as a model system for many studies. Fig waSPS belonging to the genus Philotrypesis are very common in most figs but their taxonomy, ecology and biology are currently poorly explored. A previous study on African Philotrypesis showed that their host association is phylogenetically conserved at subsection level. We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny with extended sampling from seven sections of figs. Our study suggested that the diversification of Philotrypesis is less constrained by host figs. Host switching is rampant between figs at species level and even at section level. We also investigated the evolution of the body colour forms in female Philotrypesis. Our study first suggested that female body colour is not evolutionarily stable and that there have been multiple transitions. Possible mechanisms for multiple colour transitions are expected to be determined in the near future.