不同地区HPV16E7基因的克隆及序列差异分析

采用PCR扩增、pGEM-T载体克隆和核苷酸序列分析的方法对一 例武汉地区及两例五峰县高发区宫颈癌患者体内HPV16型的E7基因编码区进行序列分析并与 野生型(德国标准株)及已发表的HPV16湖北株(HPVHB)进行了比较.结果发现武汉地区HPV16 型E7基因仅第54位出现一个同义突变,而高发区HPV16型E7基因存在差异,第77位氨基酸由 精氨酸(Arg)变为半胱氨酸(Cys),第96位由谷氨酰氨酸(Gln)变为精氨酸(Arg),E7蛋白的二级 结构及亲、疏水性也相应改变,与野生型有较大差异.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型(新疆株)E7基因的克隆与突变研究

目的：克隆分析人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)新疆株的研基因;并对E7基因进行突变改造,以比较野生型与突变型HPV16E7基因的功能。方法：根据从中国新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌活检组织标本中提取的DNA,进行PCR扩增获得HPV16E7基因,然后分别将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上进行DNA序列分析。根据HPV16E7基因的特点,分别设计点突变引物,用PCR的方法进行HPV16E7基因的点突变。结果：PCR检测显示扩增出HPV16(新疆株)E8基因;测序结果表明HPV16-XJ的研基因全长297bp,与德国标准株一致;利用设计突变位点的引物经PCR扩增,经序列测定后,分别得到了第70、172、271位碱基突变的HPV16E7基因;分别构建了野生型与单、双、三点突变的重组质粒pMD18-T-HPV16E7。结论：人乳头瘤病毒16型(新疆株)E7基因结构与德国标准株相同。HPV16E7基因多点突变的改造,为探索HPV16E7基因功能的变化和开展疫苗研究奠定了理论基础。     

新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌组织中乳头瘤病毒16型E6基因的克隆和序列分析

为了分析新疆南部地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌组织中HPV16型E6基因结构特点，从中国新疆南部地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌活检组织标本中提取DNA，以宫颈癌活检组织标本DNA为模板进行PCR扩增，获得HPV16 E6基因，将其克隆到pUCm-T载体上，并对其进行基因全序列分析.PCR检测结果显示宫颈癌组织中HPV16 E6阳性率为82.35%（14/17）；测序结果显示，新疆株HPV16 E6基因全长456 bp，大小与德国标准株一致.E6基因的第247位碱基发生T→G突变，并由此引起所编码的氨基酸亦发生改变.上述结果表明，中国新疆南部地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌患者组织中HPV16 E6的基因结构与德国标准株HPV16 E6基因之间存在差异.     

HPV基因的进化分析

目的:HPV有许多类型,其大致可分为高危型和低危型,高危型HPV感染是导致宫颈癌发生的首要原因,在HPV基因组中,E6基因是促进宫颈细胞癌变的关键基因,本文主要研究HPV中的E6基因在各种不同型别的HPV中的进化关系,并对E2基因碱基替换率进行分析,探讨高危型HPV与低危型HPV的区别.方法:本文对不同类型HPV E6氨基酸序列构建系统发生树,探讨识别高危型HPV可能的一致序列,对E6基因其中一处能导致恶性程度增加的突变进行分析.并对HPV16与其位于同一颗树的HPV35和HPV31计算相对碱基替换率.结果:高危型HPV均源自同一株病毒株的进化.各种HPV型别中,高危型HPV E6蛋白对应于HPV16E6蛋白的第83位氨基酸为缬氨酸更为保守,HPV中除E2以外的其他基因的非同义替换率均小于同义替换率.结论:HPV E6蛋白对应于HPV16E6蛋白的第83位氨基酸为缬氨酸能更好地实现HPV E6蛋白的致癌作用.HPV基因中除E2以外的基因在进化过程中都较为保守,是HPV增殖生长的关键基因,而E2部分区域非同义替换率大于同义替换率,说明E2这部分区域的突变能够更好的促进HPV的增殖和生长.     

中国湖北地区HPV16型E6和E7基因变异和进化发生学研究

研究中国湖北地区宫颈癌患者的人乳头瘤病毒16型E6和E7的变异以及HPV16变异体的分布。从宫颈癌患者手术切除标本提取组织DNA,用HPV16 E6和E7特异性引物进行PCR扩增,对扩增的部分E6和E7产物片段进行测序分析。在80例宫颈癌组织DNA中有41例发生E6基因178位核苷酸的突变,突变频率58.75%,相应核苷酸改变为Asp-Glu,E7 647在31例测序样品中有22例发生核苷酸序列A到G改变,使29位氨基酸由Asn变为Ser,突变频率70.97%,结果显示在E6和E7基因的178位和647位核苷酸存在高频率的碱基变异。对E6和E7基因的进化树分析表明,中国湖北地区流行的HPV16病毒株主要为亚洲型变异体(As),其次为欧洲型(E),没有发现非洲-1型(Af-1),非洲-2型(Af-2)和亚洲美洲型(AA)HPV16变异体,中国湖北地区流行的As变异体是否有更高的致宫颈癌的风险还有待于进一步对不同阶段CIN和正常宫颈上皮样品的E6和E7基因进行序列分析和对变异体蛋白进行功能研究。     

我国人乳头瘤病毒（HPV16Z）基因克隆和鉴定

本文作者采用基因克隆手段,以pAt153为载体,从一份山西襄坦宫颈癌高发区宫颈癌患者的手术标本中,成功地克隆到2株与HPV16同源的基因片段。经PstI、KpnI、TaqvI、PvuII等16种限制性内切酶酶谱分析及其部分基因序列的鉴定,证明这是在国内首次克姓到一株分子量约为8．0kb完整的HPV16型全序列DNA及一株分子量为5．4kb的HPV6基因片段。经实验证明：该基因片段E6、E7及部分LI基因丢失,在750单核苷酸处发生变异,产生一新的BamHI酶切位点。该完整的HPV16基因组被命名为HPV16Z,HPV16基因片段被命名为HPV16F。用新分离到的HPV16Z作分子探针,检测襄坦337份宫颈癌及阴道活检标本的HPV16型同源序列的结果显示,慢性阴道炎阳性率为17．28％（14／81）;宫颈炎为11．89％（17／143）;宫颈癌前病变46．81％（22／47）;宫颈癌为72．73％（48／66）。证明山西宫颈癌高发区宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌组织中主要为HPV16Z感染。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型E6和E7基因及其突变体转化活性的研究

为筛选出可用于研制HPV治疗性疫苗的HPV16型E6和E7基因突变体,故将HPV16型原型株(德国株)E6和E7基因及其各种突变体分别转染Balb/c3T3细胞,观察转染后的细胞在软琼脂培养中的集落形成能力和在裸鼠体内的成瘤能力.结果表明,单独转染和共转染HPV16野生型E6和E7基因的Balb/c3T3细胞系,在软琼脂中呈集落样生长,并在裸鼠体内成瘤;而转染E6基因突变体mE6(50G)、E7基因的两种突变体mE7-1(24G26G)和mE7-3(24G26G67R)以及共转染mE6和mE7-1的Balb/c3T3细胞,在软琼脂培养中极少形成集落,也不能在裸鼠体内成瘤.提示经结构改造后的HPV16 E6和E7基因已失去了对Balb/c3T3细胞的转化活性,而保留了免疫原性,可用于HPV16相关肿瘤治疗性疫苗的构建.     

中国东北地区人乳头瘤病毒16型全基因组克隆及HPV16.HaCaT重组细胞模型的构建及初步鉴定

为构建含东北地区人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)全基因组的HPV16.HaCaT细胞模型,收集中国东北地区HPV16单一感染患者宫颈脱落细胞,提取DNA,将HPV16全基因组分成4个区段,通过4对特异性引物对HPV16全基因组进行分段扩增,测序后进行序列拼接及核酸序列分析,克隆HPV16全基因组序列;通过细胞转染,构建含HPV16全基因组的HPV16.HaCaT重组细胞模型;利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和细胞免疫荧光法检测重组细胞内HPV16早期基因的表达.成功克隆出中国东北地区HPV16全基因组序列(GenBank登录号:MW320358);构建了东北地区HPV16全基因组的重组质粒及HPV16.HaCaT重组细胞模型;证明了 HPV16早期基因E1-E4、E5、E6和E7在重组细胞模型内均有表达,从而获得中国东北地区HPV16全基因组序列及含有HPV16全基因组的HPV16.HaCaT重组细胞模型.     

北京地区宫颈癌HPV16上游调控序列、E6、E7癌基因序列初步分析

为检测HPV16上游调控序列(Upstream regulatory region, URR)、E6、E7癌基因变异在北京地区宫颈癌患者癌组织中的分布特征, 探讨该地区宫颈癌发生同HPV16变异株间的相关性, 文章以提取的31例HPV16检测阳性宫颈癌组织DNA为模板, 设计针对性引物扩增URR、E6、E7 3个目的片段, PCR产物直接测序并通过GenBank对比分析变异和分支鉴定情况。在所分析的宫颈癌组织中, URR是突变频率最高的片段, 其次为E7, 最保守的序列为E6。共发现热突变位点8个, 分别为URR序列上G7521A(100%)、C7435G(96.77%)、C24T(45.16%)、A7729C(45.16%)、G7839A(45.16%); E6序列上T178G(41.94%); E7序列上A647G(45.16%)、T846C(45.16%)。HPV16分支分布频率最广的是As型(54.84%), 其次为E型(45.16%)。研究结果提示, HPV16URR序列上G7521A、A7729C、G7839A, E6序列上T178G、T350G, E7序列上A647G、G658A等位点的变异可能与病毒致癌潜能及宫颈癌的发生相关。北京地区宫颈癌患者中As和E型可能是两种最主要的HPV16分支, 这有可能会为HPV疫苗的研制和感染治疗提供有价值的信息。As型和E型病毒在不同年龄组和不同肿瘤分期组的患者中分布频率有差异, 这可能会为揭示宫颈癌年轻化趋势提供新的线索。     

重叠PCR合成HPV16E6、E7基因并构建植物表达双元载体

HPV16型为主的多种HPV病毒可诱发机体发生宫颈癌等疾病,以重叠PCR法人工合成HPV16 E6、E7致癌基因的融合基因,以之为目的基因构建了无选择标记基因(Marker-Free)双元载体,期望转化番茄开发新型宫颈癌治疗性疫苗-转基因植物口服疫苗.通过生物信息学分析HPV16 E6、E7基因,设计并合成密码子优化的靶基因E6-E7融合基因;并在目的基因的上游引入分子佐荆LTB基因,与Kozak序列等表达元件相偶联,以提高目的基因在植物表达系统的表达水平、增强其诱导黏膜免疫的免疫原性.目前已构建pX6-LTB-E7和pX6-LTB-E7-E6两个番茄转化双元载体.采用番茄Marker-Free系统转化和表达HPV16 E6、E7目的基因可以在转化后代中剔除标记基因,从而消除由标记基因可能引起的转基因植物口服疫苗的安全性问题,为HPV转基因植物口服疫苗应用奠定基础.     

Human papillomavirus type 16 mutant E7 protein induces oncogenic transformation via up-regulation of cyclin A and cdc25A

A new mutant human papiUomavirus type 16 E7 gene, termed HPV16 HBE7, was isolated from cervical carcinoma biopsy samples from patients in an area with high incidence of cervical cancer (Hubei province, China). A previous study showed that the HPVI6 HBE7 protein was primarily cytoplasmic while wild-type HPV16 E7 protein, termed HPV16 WET, was concentrated in the nucleus. With the aim of studying the biological functions of HPV16 HBE7, the transforming potential of HPV16 HBE7 in NIH/3T3 cells was detected through observation of cell morphology, cell proliferation assay and anchorage-independent growth assay. The effect of HPVI6 HBE7 on cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RT-PCR were used to investigate the influence of HPVI6 HBE7 protein on the expression of regulation factors associated with GI/S checkpoint. The results showed that HPV16 HBE7 protein, as well as HPV16 WE7 protein, held transformation activity. NIH/3T3 cells expressing HPV16 HBE7 could easily transition from G1 phase into S phase and expressed high level of cyclin A and cdc25A. These results indicated HPV16 mutant E7 protein, located in the cytoplasm, induces oncogenic transformation of NIH/3T3 cells via up-regulation of cyclin A and cdc25A.     

Expressions of E2 and E7-HPV16 proteins in pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix

Continuous production of the E7 protein from different types of high risk human papilloma virus (HPV) is required for progression of malignancy. We developed antibodies against HPV type 16 E7 and E2 proteins to evaluate their utility as markers for diagnosis during early stages of cervical cancer. Forty biopsies from uterine cervices were diagnosed as low grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), squamous carcinoma (SC), in situ adenocarcinoma (ISA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (AC), all of which were infected with HPV 16. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expressions of E7 and E2 (both from HPV 16) and p16. P16 was expressed in eight of 12 LSILs, in all HSILs, in 16 of 18 SC and in all ACs. E2 was expressed in six of 12 LSILs. E7 was positive in eight of 12 LSILs and in all HSIL and carcinomas. The expressions of E2 and E7 of HPV16 related to p16 expression confirmed the value of the viral oncogenic proteins as complementary to histology and support the carcinogenic model of the uterine cervix, because HPVDNA integration into cellular DNA implies the destruction of the gene encoding E2, which suppresses the expression of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins. E2 from HPV16 could be marker for LSILs, while E7 could be a marker for progression of LSILs to HSILs in patients infected by HPV16, because viral typing has little positive predictive value.     

Inhibition of cervical carcinoma cell line proliferation by the introduction of a bovine papillomavirus regulatory gene.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes are expressed in the great majority of human cervical carcinomas, whereas the viral E2 regulatory gene is usually disrupted in these cancers. To investigate the roles of the papillomavirus E2 genes in the development and maintenance of cervical carcinoma, the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E2 gene was acutely introduced into cervical carcinoma cell lines by infection with high-titer stocks of simian virus 40-based recombinant viruses. Expression of the BPV E2 protein in HeLa, C-4I, and MS751 cells results in specific inhibition of the expression of the resident HPV type 18 (HPV18) E6 and E7 genes and in inhibition of cell growth. HeLa cells, in which HPV gene expression is nearly completely abolished, undergo a dramatic and rapid inhibition of proliferation, which appears to be largely a consequence of a block in progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Loss of HPV18 gene expression in HeLa cells is also accompanied by a marked increase in the level of the cellular p53 tumor suppressor protein, apparently as a consequence of abrogation of HPV18 E6-mediated destabilization of p53. The proliferation of HT-3 cells, a human cervical carcinoma cell line devoid of detectable HPV DNA, is also inhibited by E2 expression, whereas two other epithelial cell lines that do not contain HPV DNA are not inhibited. Thus, a number of cervical carcinoma cell lines are remarkably sensitive to growth inhibition by the E2 protein. Although BPV E2-mediated inhibition of HPV18 E6 and E7 expression may contribute to growth inhibition in some of the cervical carcinoma cell lines, the BPV E2 protein also appears to exert a growth-inhibitory effect that is independent of its effects on HPV gene expression.