基于大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数的鄱阳湖湿地生态健康评价

湿地生态健康评价对于掌握湿地的健康状况、理解人类活动干扰对其影响及实施生态预警等有重要意义。鄱阳湖对于维持其流域甚至长江中下游的生态平衡十分重要,目前尚未建立起其较完善的生态健康评价指标体系。大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数(benthic macroinvertebrate-based index of biotic integrity, B-IBI)是广泛应用的湿地生态健康评价方法。基于30个采样点(7个参照点,23个受损点)的大型底栖无脊椎动物采样数据,构建鄱阳湖湿地的B-IBI指数,采用自然断点法划分非常健康、健康、一般、差和极差5个健康等级标准,据此评价湿地生态健康状况。研究表明:(1)基于B-IBI指数的鄱阳湖湿地生态健康评价结果为一般;(2)就采样点B-IBI分值而言,呈现出西部健康状况优于东部的格局,其中国家级自然保护区内状况较好,而工业区、城镇、农田及河流入湖口附近状况较差;(3)B-IBI指数与前期构建的景观发展强度指数(LDI)、栖息地环境质量指数(QHEI)以及植被完整性指数(V-IBI)具有显著相关性,表明基于不同指数的评价结果较为一致。本研究构建的B-IBI指数能为鄱阳湖湿地的生态健康评价和监测提供重要方法。     

基于B-IBI指数的温榆河生态健康评价

基于温榆河底栖动物和水质采样数据,采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)方法,进行温榆河生态健康评价,并探求河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关性。通过分布范围、判别能力以及相关性分析等,确定研究区B-IBI指标体系,包括总分类单元数、总生物量、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、生物指数和粘附者个体丰度6个指标。根据参照点25%分位数确定温榆河底栖动物完整性评价标准,即B-IBI>1.821为健康,1.366—1.821为亚健康,0.910—1.366为一般,0.455—0.910为较差,0—0.455为极差。结果表明,温榆河27.3%河段处于健康状态,9.1%河段处于亚健康状态,13.6%河段处于一般状态,50%河段处于较差和极差状态。河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关系数为-0.549,表明生物指标作为水体评价的补充指标十分必要。     

南水北调中线水源区溪流生态系统健康评价

2007年7月—2008年5月,对南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库若干入库溪流的河流水文、河流形态、河岸带、水体理化和底栖生物进行调查并应用河流健康综合评价指数进行评价。结果表明,位于上游的溪流生态系统健康状况较好,而位于城镇下游的溪流生态系统健康状况较差,主要体现在河流形态的改变、底栖藻类自养指数升高和底栖动物多样性减小。提出维持丹江口入库溪流生态系统健康的建议,除了对上游地区要进行生态环境保护外,更要对中游地区受破坏的河流形态进行恢复。     

基于流域底栖动物完整性指数评价延河的水生态健康

延河流域位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失严重。流域中下游人类活动干扰强烈导致生态环境脆弱。流域内不同地貌单元(峁梁丘陵沟壑区、峁状丘陵沟壑区、破碎塬区)水土流失状况不同,本研究于2021年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)对流域底栖动物群落进行调查,通过构建底栖动物生物完整性指数(B-IBI)对流域水生态进行健康评价,并探究不同地貌单元对底栖动物生物完整性的影响。共鉴定底栖动物4门73属113种,两季度中水生昆虫均为绝对优势类群。对26个候选指标进行筛选发现：春季B-IBI由优势分类单元个体相对丰度、科级耐污指数(FBI)、捕食者个体相对丰度3个指标构成;秋季B-IBI由蜉蝣目分类单元数、FBI、捕食者个体相对丰度3个指标构成。B-IBI评价结果显示,上游干支流83.3%的采样点处于健康状态,而中下游干支流仅有28.6%的采样点处于健康状态,流域春季健康状况优于秋季。Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验表明,破碎塬区秋季底栖动物密度、物种数和B-IBI均显著低于春季,且在秋季时显著低于峁梁丘陵沟壑区、峁状丘陵沟壑区,丰水期集中降雨导致水土流失加剧是造成这种差异的主要原因。冗余分析结果显示,...     

城市溪流中径流式低坝对底栖动物群落结构的影响

调查了浙江省安吉县内具径流式低坝的城市溪流(6个样点)和参照溪流(3个样点)的底栖动物群落,目的是了解城市溪流底栖动物群落结构退化规律和径流式低坝(2—3 m)对城市溪流底栖动物群落组成与结构的影响。结果表明,参照样点的底质组成以大石块(35.92%)和卵石(33.66%)为主,城市溪流以砾石为主(57.97%)。城市溪流水温和电导率显著高于参照溪流,TN和TP高于参照溪流。底栖动物总分类单元数和EPT分类单元数显著低于参照溪流。城市溪流河道内水坝上下游之间的流速(P=0.273)和宽深比(P=3.92)无显著差异。坝下游水体中的TP高于坝上游,电导率、溶解氧、pH值和水温在坝上下游之间几乎一致。除BI指数坝下游高于坝上游外,坝上下游间底栖动物总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数以及多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数没有显著差异。但坝下游的耐污类群比例显著高于坝上游,敏感类群比例则显著低于坝上游。与坝上游相比,坝下游捕食者比例上升和集食者比例下降。NMDS结果进一步表明,城市溪流内水坝的建设导致坝上下游底栖动物群落物种组成明显改变。     

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数的伊犁河健康评价及其对时间尺度变化的响应

大型底栖动物完整性指数（Benthic index of biotic integrity, B-IBI）是广泛应用的河流生态健康评价方法,然而从时间尺度（月份、年际变化）上评价B-IBI适用性的研究较少。有鉴于此,于2013-2015年期间,每年在5月、7月、8月和10月分别对新疆伊犁河大型底栖动物群落结构进行系统调查,并构建底栖动物完整性指数,评价河流水体的健康状况,同时评价其在时间尺度上的影响。非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS）显示,伊犁河不同月份的大型底栖动物群落结构相似度较高。通过对群落丰富度、种类个体相对丰度、功能摄食群、耐污能力、小生境质量和生物多样性指数等6个大类共计30个候选参数进行筛选,选取EPT（蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目）分类单元数、蜉蝣目个体相对丰度、耐污类群的个体相对丰度、生物指数（Biotic index, BI）以及黏附者个体相对丰度为伊犁河流域B-IBI健康评价体系的核心指标。B-IBI的评价等级为：B-IBI>3.38为健康,2.53-3.38为亚健康,1.69-2.53为一般,0.84-1.69为差,B-IBI值≤0.84为极差。结果显示,伊犁河8个典型样点中,6个采样点健康状况为健康或者亚健康,2个采样点为一般。总体上伊犁河健康状况较好,其中支流巩乃斯河和喀什河的健康状况要好于伊犁河干流和支流特克斯河。不同月份的B-IBI值无显著性差异（P>0.05）,表明伊犁河流域整体健康状况不受季节变化的重要影响。2013年与2015年B-IBI值差异显著（P<0.05）,伊犁河健康状况存在逐年变好的趋势,河流的生物健康评价需要开展长期的监测才能较全面的反映河流健康状况。参照点整体上的B-IBI值显著高于受损点的B-IBI值,表明B-IBI健康评价体系在伊犁河流域的良好适用性。该研究将从时间尺度上为基于B-IBI的河流健康评价方法提供理论参考。     

亚热带城市河流底栖动物完整性评价——以流溪河为例

根据2016年前、后汛期及枯水期流溪河14个断面底栖动物群落组成数据(4门8纲22目52科94属103种),采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI),首次对亚热带地区河流进行健康评价。经筛选(32个候选指标),流溪河B-IBI体系由5个核心指标(总生物量,敏感类群个体%,EPT、摇蚊和耐污类群单元数)组成,评价标准为:健康3.24,亚健康3.24—2.43,一般2.43—1.62,差1.62—0.81,极差0.81,评价结果为:健康位点数占14.3%、亚健康50.0%、一般21.4%、差14.3%、无极差。总体上,B-IBI值反映流溪河上游健康状况较好,以EPT分类单元数和敏感类群个体%贡献最高,下游健康状况恶化,以耐污类群单元数贡献最高。此外,上游支流健康状况要优于上游干流,而下游则情况相反。相关性分析显示,B-IBI值与溶解氧呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与电导率、氨氮、总氮和总磷呈显著负相关(P0.05),反映流溪河当前健康水平受水体污染影响严重。核心指标与环境因子间CCA分析显示,前2主轴对环境因子解释度达68.1%,且对上、下游及干、支流有明显的梯度划分,说明所建B-IBI在流溪河有较高适用性。对比不同温度带研究结果发现,B-IBI体系受人为干扰和水体污染影响更加明显,体现其评价功能不受地理区域影响。     

典型平原河网地区底栖动物生物指数筛选及评价基准研究

2011年夏、秋季在上海市全境主要河流的83个断面进行大型底栖动物的采样, 共获取底栖动物20个分类单位(种), 其中软体动物、环节动物和节肢动物分别占50%、30% 和20%。选取常见的28个生物指数分别进行计算, 并采用非参数统计检验方法筛选出8个敏感生物指数。通过记分法对8种敏感生物指数统一量纲后, 获得数值范围为8-40的综合生物指数, 运用四分法划分了判别河道水环境质量的生物基准: 32-40, 较好(Good); 24-31, 一般(Fair); 16-23, 污染(Poor); 8-15, 严重污染(Very poor)。9个断面未发现活体生物, 定为超严重污染(Super poor)。依照生物基准比较上海市41个代表性断面近5年主要水质理化指标, 基本反映出水质理化指标的空间差异性, 该综合生物指数及判别基准也可适用于评价平原河网地区的河道水质状况。       

不同种植模式的茶园对溪流大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的影响

茶园对溪流水质和底栖动物群落的影响正日益受到关注。于2007年4月调查了浙江富阳、建德、武义和松阳县,受不同种植模式茶园（低山林地改植茶园、高山林地改植茶园和农田改植茶园）影响的溪流及无干扰参照溪流共17个样点的水质和大型底栖无脊椎动物。结果表明：受茶园影响溪流的铵态氮、总氮、总磷、COD_Mn和电导率都高于参照溪流,低山茶园影响溪流的总氮5.506 mg·L^-1和总磷0.053 mg·L^-1比高山茶园影响溪流的总氮2.069 mg·L^-1和总磷0.028 mg·L^-1高出约2倍;低山林地改植茶园影响溪流的底栖动物物种丰富度显著低于参照溪流(P<0.01),高山林地改植茶园影响溪流与参照溪流之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）;群落相似性的非度量多维尺度(nMDS)分析表明（stress value=0.09）,参照溪流和高山茶园干扰溪流的物种相似性最高,农田改植茶园与农田影响溪流之间也具有较高物种相似性。     

巢湖流域水质生物学评价——以大型底栖动物为例

由于长期暴露在自然环境中,底栖动物可整合不同时间尺度的物理、化学及生物信息,能反映污染物质对其造成的协同危害特征,因而被广泛应用于水体健康评价。为了弄清巢湖流域水体污染状况,于2009年4月对巢湖流域大型底栖动物进行采样调查。59个采样点中,鉴定出大型底栖动物共23种,其中:环节动物门6种,占26.1%;节肢动物门8种,占34.8%;软体动物门9种,占39.1%。尽管不同栖息环境中底栖动物的优势种有较大变化,但霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为整个巢湖流域优势物种。河流综合生物污染指数评价结果表明,巢湖流域水体均已受到不同程度的污染,南淝河的污染程度>白石山河>派河>巢湖湖体>柘皋河>杭埠河>裕溪河>丰乐河,这一结果与水质指标评价结果基本一致。     

标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数

依据浑太河流域340个样点的栖息地和水质评价结果,采用标准化方法筛选参照点与受损点,构建大型底栖动物生物完整性评估指数(Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biological Integrity,B-IBI),开展河流健康生物评价研究。标准化方法共筛选出参照点和6个受损点构建B-IBI指数。B-IBI指数包括8个大型底栖动物核心生物指标,涵盖了分类单元、相对丰度、耐污特征、优势类群和功能摄食类群的生物指标。利用构建的完整性指数开展浑太河河流健康评价结果显示,所有样点中"极好"与"好"占24.8%,"一般"占27.8%,"差"与"极差"的占47.4%,表明浑太河健康状况整体上偏差。B-IBI指数分值在参照、测试和受损点间的箱线图分布表明验证结果较为可靠;同时与2009年5月太子河全流域70个样点采用专家经验法构建的大型底栖动物生物完整性指数进行了对比,结果表明两种方法的评价结果一致性较高,健康等级完全一致的占58%,健康等级只相差一个等级的占40.6%。B-IBI与环境要素的回归分析显示,B-IBI指数与栖息地具有较高的直线线性回归关系(R2=0.25,P<0.01),与电导、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(R2=0.23—0.34,P<0.01)均具有极显著的曲线相关关系。3个水质指标与B-IBI指数的回归方程的拐点分别约为1000μs/cm,5ml/L和1.0mg/L,当3个水质指标低于拐点值时,B-IBI指数表现为显著的下降趋势,当高于拐点值时,B-IBI指数的下降趋势明显减弱。表明高锰酸盐指数和氨氮在从清洁水体下降为III类的过程中,对大型底栖动物生物完整性的影响最为强烈。利用标准化方法筛选参照点构建的大型底栖动物完整性指数及其核心参数具有较好的敏感性,能够指示随人为活动强度增加河流生态系统健康状况的下降,适用于浑太河流域开展河流健康评估研究。     

生物完整性指数与水生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数是目前水生态系统健康评价中应用最广泛的一个生态指标。本文扼要介绍了生物完整性指数的概念、水生态系统健康评价的原理以及大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数的构建方法,介绍了生物完整性指数在水生态系统健康评价中的应用及我国开展这方面工作的建议。     

Use of stream order and biological indices to assess water quality in the Osage and Black river basins of Missouri

Significant variations in four biological measures of water quality with stream order and river basin were demonstrated for streams of the Black and Osage river basins of Missouri. Water quality criteria specific for each order and basin were then developed.Benthic macroinvertebrates from springs and stream orders 3–8 in the two river basins were sampled quarterly for one year with riffle nets and artificial substrate samplers. A total of 548 samples were taken at 137 stations. The average annual macroinvertebrate density, index of diversity, number of taxa, and number of mayfly and stonefly taxa were determined for each station. These measures showed significant differences (p < 0.05) across stream order within and between the two river basins. Total taxa, total mayfly and stonefly taxa, and diversity were highest in orders 4 and 5 with decreased values in lower and higher stream orders. Maximum organism densities occurred in intermediate order streams. These differences were attributed to the succession of physical changes from headwaters to mouth within each river and to the unique geomorphology of each catchment basin.Water quality criteria based on three of the four measures described above (with 95% confidence limits) were established for each stream order in each river basin. Criteria for the Osage River basin were then used to identify three streams in the basin affected by environmental disturbances (stream impoundment, channelization and sewage discharge). The use of order- and basin-specific criteria assures that the biological differences between streams caused by environmental disturbance can be distinguished from the natural biological differences between streams of different orders and drainages.     

Biotic index for sediment quality assessment of watercourses in Flanders, Belgium

Today, assessment of freshwater sediments in Flanders is based on the TRIAD approach in which physical-chemical, biological and ecotoxicological data are combined. No prior experience existing in Flanders with the biological assessment of the sediment quality, several biotic indices were compared on a first set of 80 samples taken in different types of lowland watercourses. This information resulted in a first selection of suitable indices consisting of a newly created Biotic Sediment Index (BSI) and the Percentage Mentum Deformities in Chironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae larvae). The starting point of the BSI was the Belgian Biotic Index (BBI) based on a combination of the taxa diversity and the presence or absence of specific indicator groups. For the refinement of the BSI, a new set of data related to the benthic macroinvertebrate communities sampled by means of a grab in more than 400 sites was collected. Community analysis by means of multivariate techniques, combining biological information with physical-chemical and ecotoxicological data was the basis for this further refinement and the scientific foundation of the original BSI. Major amendments relate to the scores assigned to the indicator groups. This refined BSI is representative for the degree of pollution, unbiased by the type of sediment and the origin of the river basin. Like the BBI, the BSI scores can vary between 10 (excellent sediment quality) and 0 (very bad sediment quality). The index values can be converted into 4 quality classes to be represented by means of a colour code.     

Changes in habitat structure, benthic invertebrate diversity, trout populations and ecosystem processes in restored forest streams: a boreal perspective

1. Most Finnish streams were channelised during the 19th and 20th century to facilitate timber floating. By the late 1970s, extensive programmes were initiated to restore these degraded streams. The responses of fish populations to restoration have been little studied, however, and monitoring of other stream biota has been negligible. In this paper, we review results from a set of studies on the effects of stream restoration on habitat structure, brown trout populations, benthic macroinvertebrates and leaf retention. 2. In general, restoration greatly increased stream bed heterogeneity. The cover of mosses in channelised streams was close to that of unmodified reference sites, but after restoration moss cover declined to one‐tenth of the pre‐restoration value. 3. In one stream, densities of age‐0 trout were slightly lower after restoration, but the difference to an unmodified reference stream was non‐significant, indicating no effect of restoration. In another stream, trout density increased after restoration, indicating a weakly positive response. The overall weak response of trout to habitat manipulations probably relates to the fact that restoration did not increase the amount of pools, a key winter habitat for salmonids. 4. Benthic invertebrate community composition was more variable in streams restored 4–6 years before sampling than in unmodified reference streams or streams restored 8 years before sampling. Channelised streams supported a distinctive set of indicator species, most of which were filter‐feeders or scrapers, while most of the indicators in streams restored 8 years before sampling were shredders. 5. Leaf retentiveness in reference streams was high, with 60–70% of experimentally released leaves being retained within 50 m. Channelised streams were poorly retentive (c. 10% of leaves retained), and the increase in retention following restoration was modest (+14% on average). Aquatic mosses were a key retentive feature in both channelised and natural streams, but their cover was drastically reduced through restoration. 6. Mitigation of the detrimental impacts of forestry (e.g. removal of mature riparian forests) is a major challenge to the management of boreal streams. This goal cannot be achieved by focusing efforts only on restoration of physical structures in stream channels, but also requires conservation and ecologically sound management of riparian forests.     

基于树叶凋落物分解速率的溪流生态系统健康评价——以广东横石水河为例

用Gessner等提出的树叶凋落物分解模式对横石水河的功能完整性和生态系统健康进行评价,对比了藜蒴和荷木2个树种的树叶凋落物在横石水河各污染样点和未受污染样点的分解速率.结果表明：藜蒴和荷木树叶凋落物在研究区污染样点的分解速率均显著低于清洁样点（P<0.05）;根据Gessner模式,各污染样点的环境得分均为0,而各清洁样点的环境得分均为2,表明横石水河污染河段的健康状态已受到严重破坏.研究区生态系统健康的生物学评价与水质分析结果一致,表明树叶凋落物分解模式是一个合适的评价河流状态的指数.     

Habitat structure and fish predation: effects on invertebrate colonisation and breakdown of stream leaf packs

1. We investigated the effects of two features of leaf‐pack habitat structure (i.e. mass of a leaf pack and surface area of leaves comprising a leaf pack) and fish predation on colonisation of shredders and leaf breakdown rates in a coldwater stream. Packs were constructed of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves. 2. A 2 × 3 × 3 factorial experiment was used to manipulate fish predation (exclusion and control cage), leaf‐pack mass (1, 3 and 5 g dry mass) and leaf surface area (small: approx. 17.9 cm², medium: approx. 34.6 cm², large: approx. 65.6 cm²). Exclusion cages had mesh on all sides, whereas control cages lacked mesh on two sides to provide access to fish. 3. Common shredders were Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Pycnopsyche and Lepidostoma. Shredder biomass per leaf pack increased with the mass of a leaf pack (P < 0.001), but biomass per unit mass of leaf pack did not differ with leaf‐pack mass (P = 0.506). Shredder densities did not respond to the exclusion of fish (P > 0.7) or leaf surface area (P > 0.7), and interactions among treatment factors were not significant (P > 0.2). 4. Breakdown rates were lower for leaf packs comprised of small leaves (P < 0.001) and leaf packs with high mass (P = 0.001). Excluding fish did not significantly affect leaf breakdown rates (P = 0.293), and interactions among treatment factors were not significant (P > 0.3). Breakdown rates were highest when packs consisted of few leaves (i.e. leaf packs with large leaves and low mass) and were colonised by many shredders. 5. Fish predation was not an important factor controlling shredder densities in leaf packs over the spatiotemporal scale of our experiment. Nevertheless, we found shredder colonisation was proportional to leaf‐pack mass and breakdown rates were affected by leaf‐pack size (i.e. number of leaves in a pack). We suspect that fragmentation is the primary mechanism causing the breakdown rates to be dependent on leaf‐pack size.