新疆科克森山盘羊季节性昼间行为时间分配和活动节律

2012年8月至2014年8月,采用目标取样法在新疆准噶尔界山西北部的科克森山区域对盘羊的行为进行了调查。盘羊行为被划分为采食、警戒、移动、休息和"其他"5种类型。共监测有效个体1197只,累计获得有效行为样本2068个,采食和休息是主要行为,平均时间所占百分比为43.1%和25.5%。除了春秋季雌性盘羊,其余季节盘羊5种行为间行为时间分配差异显著或极显著(P0.05或P0.01);除了冬季雌雄盘羊休息行为的平均时间差异不显著外,其余各季节雌雄盘羊各种行为差异极显著(P0.01);季节因素对雄性和雌性盘羊5种行为的平均时间分配均存在极显著影响(P0.01)。不同季节盘羊行为的日活动节律基本呈采食-休息-采食的活动模式,受地域环境因素和人为活动的影响,其活动模式具有自身的特异性。盘羊的行为时间分配和活动节律受食物资源、温度、同类竞争、天敌、繁殖周期和人类活动等影响。与其他研究结果对比后发现,不同区域的盘羊表现出不同的行为特征,表明动物的行为特征是动物本身长期进化和适应周围环境综合作用的结果。     

天山盘羊秋季集群习性和日活动节律初步观察

对野外观察记录的76 群460 余只盘羊在9、10、11 月份的集群和日活动数据进行统计分析, 结果表明: 天山盘羊在发情前后从以独羊群、雄性群、雌性群和母子群为主的集群类型转变为以单一的混合群为主的集群类型。集群大小平均由发情前的8.3 ±4.6 只变为发情后的15.9 ±11.1 只, 差异极其显著( P = 0.003 < 0.01) 。结果还发现, 由于发情前后集群行为的变化, 盘羊的日活动节律也随之发生显著改变。     

非笼养雌雄东北虎的行为时间分配和活动节律的比较

1998 年4 月至2001 年4 月, 采用随机取样法、目标取样法和扫描取样法对黑龙江东北虎林园的10 只(5 雌5 雄) 非笼养东北虎的昼间行为时间分配及活动节律进行了研究。结果表明, 雌雄东北虎的行为时间分配和活动节律均存在一定的差异。在时间分配方面, 雌性每天用于休息、社会和其它(包括饮水、排遗和修饰) 行为的时间多于雄性, 雌性每天用于活动和取食的时间少于雄性, 只有站立比较接近。对雌雄各种行为的单因素方差分析表明, 雌雄的休息、活动和其它行为存在极显著差异, 取食存在显著差异, 站立和社会行为不存在显著差异。在活动节律方面, 雌雄的活动变化规律相似, 仅在出现和持续时间及强度上存在差异。用单因素方差分析法对不同季节东北虎的各种行为进行检验, 发现季节因素对取食和社会行为影响极显著, 对休息、活动和站立影响显著。     

气候与白昼长度变化对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群日活动节律的影响

对生活于苏格兰西北部拉姆岛上的野化山羊(Caprahircus)种群在1981、1982和2000年三年中的日活动节律进行了分析研究。详细分析了两个主要气象因素(温度和降水)以及昼长季节变化对该种群动物的日活动节律的影响。研究结果表明,拉姆岛上野化山羊的日取食活动时间百分比随月平均温度上升而显著下降,但卧息活动时间百分比随月平均温度的上升而显著上升,而降水则对二者无显著影响。拉姆岛所在地区的昼长季节性变化明显,每年6、7月白昼时间最长,而12、1月最短。由于受昼长季节变化影响,尽管该山羊种群的日取食活动时间百分比随季节变化而由夏季到冬季增加,但其真正用于取食活动的白昼时间由夏季到冬季反而减少。研究表明,白昼时间长短的季节变化是制约该山羊种群取食活动的一个重要因素,尤其是在食物匮乏而天气寒冷、阴湿的冬季。进而探讨了这种制约作用对其冬季取食量和冬季存活率的影响,以及对种群数量的调节意义。     

气候与白昼长度变化对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群日活动节律的影响

对生活于苏格兰西北部拉姆岛上的野化山羊(Capra hircus)种群在1981、1982和2000年三年中的日活动节律进行了分析研究。详细分析了两个主要气象因素(温度和降水)以及昼长季节变化对该种群动物的日活动节律的影响。研究结果表明，拉姆岛上野化山羊的日取食活动时间百分比随月平均温度上升而显著下降，但卧息活动时间百分比随月平均温度的上升而显著上升，而降水则对二者无显著影响。拉姆岛所在地区的昼长季节性变化明显，每年6、7月白昼时间最长，而12、1月最短。由于受昼长季节变化影响，尽管该山羊种群的日取食活动时间百分比随季节变化而由夏季到冬季增加，但其真正用于取食活动的白昼时间由夏季到冬季反而减少。研究表明，白昼时间长短的季节变化是制约该山羊种群取食活动的一个重要因素，尤其是在食物匮乏而天气寒冷、阴湿的冬季。进而探讨了这种制约作用对其冬季取食量和冬季存活率的影响，以及对种群数量的调节意义。     

松鼠秋冬季节日活动节律的初步研究

观察了小兴安岭林区秋冬季节松鼠日活动节律。松鼠秋季的日活动节律为双峰型 ,冬季的日活动节律为单峰型 ,秋季日活动时间为 (9 1 0± 1 0 3 )h ,其中取食时间所占的比率为 85 5 0 % ,冬季日活动时间为 (4 62± 0 5 1 )h,取食时间所占的比率为 88 2 5 % ,两季节间的日活动时间存在显著的季节差异(t=8 1 7,P <0 0 5 )。松鼠日活动节律和活动时数受日照时数、温度、食物和人为干扰等因素的影响     

笼养大紫胸鹦鹉的活动时间分配

研究了笼养大紫胸鹦鹉的行为活动和时间分配。结果表明：笼养大紫胸鹦鹉一天中除静栖外,其余各行为所占时间比例在中午较小,而在早晚较大;在一年中不同月份间各种行为活动所占时间比例也有变化,呈明显的年周期和日节律;节律变化与日出、日落时间、季节、温度等变化有关。大紫胸鹦鹉各种行为活动所占比例分别为静栖４５．５５％、身体护理１６．６６％、取食１４．５１％、运动１０．６０％、在巢８．９８％、繁殖２．５５％、社     

天山盘羊集群行为的研究

除了孤盘羊外,盘羊集群可分为４类,即雌性群,雄性群、混合群和家庭群。雌性群和雄性群是盘羊的基本群。其余为季节性群。根据３－１１月野外１８２群,２０４０只盘羊统计。盘羊全年群平均１１．２（２－５６）只,雌性群１２．８（２－５６）只,雄性群６．６（２－１６）只和混合群１８．１（６－４３）只。同时对盘羊群体的季节性变动进行了研究。盘羊集群与其自身的生物学特性、环境的水热分布和人类的竞争有关,因此不同地区     

基于红外相机技术分析极旱荒漠有蹄类动物的活动节律

红外触发相机技术近年来不但广泛应用于野生动物种类、数量和分布的调查与观测,还可用于对动物活动节律和行为的研究分析。本研究在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采用公里网格法布设60台红外相机,于2017年9月至2018年9月累计完成14 657个相机工作日,采集到5种荒漠有蹄类动物的1 892张独立有效照片。通过计算相对多度指数,对它们的活动节律进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)研究区域5种荒漠有蹄类动物总的相对多度达到129.08,其中岩羊(43.87)和北山羊(42.98)的相对多度较高,其次是盘羊(25.38)、蒙古野驴(15.62)和鹅喉羚(1.23);(2)5种荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律表现出一致性,即5—6月活动最为频繁,11—12月出现第二个活动高峰;(3)蒙古野驴不同季节在水源地出现的日活动节律没有明显的规律,但在22:00—24:00会出现一天的峰值;而春、夏季鹅喉羚在水源地出现的最大活动峰值是在12:00—14:00;(4)各季节北山羊和岩羊的日活动节律均呈双峰型,北山羊的第2个活动高峰时间比岩羊的更偏晚一些;盘羊在冬季和春季为双峰型,夏、秋季出现3个高峰;岩羊、盘羊和北山羊的夏季日活动节律在清晨的活动高峰提前、傍晚的活动高峰推后;(5)5种荒漠有蹄类动物中,北山羊的夜间相对多度较高。荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律主要随生活史周期而变化,日活动节律除了受行为习性和日照节律的影响之外,不同种类主要因其栖息环境的不同而有差异。     

模拟生境中胎生蜥蜴的日活动节律和活动时间分配

2007年5—7月,采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件观察法,对黑龙江省小兴安岭地区模拟生境中胎生蜥蜴（Lacerta vivipara）的日活动时间分配和日活动节律进行研究。结果表明：胎生蜥蜴的日活动内容以休息和晒太阳为主,取食、社会活动和其他活动所占时间较少;与晴天相比,阴天取食和其他活动所占时间显著降低,休息和社会活动所占时间没有显著变化,而晒太阳所占时间显著增加。不同性别、年龄和天气条件下胎生蜥蜴的日活动节律均为双峰型,但各种活动开始和持续的时间、活动高峰出现和持续时间以及峰值方面存在差异,晴天时胎生蜥蜴开始活动的时间早,2次活动高峰的持续时间及间隔时间长,而阴天时胎生蜥蜴的活动时间短且集中,在活动高峰时的个体出现率高;雄性比雌性的活动时间长,出现率高,幼体开始活动的时间比成体晚,出现率低。气温、地表温度和光照因子对胎生蜥蜴日活动节律均有影响,其中光照为控制活动节律的主要因子,当相对光照强度达到40%左右时,胎生蜥蜴开始出来活动,而温度主要影响胎生蜥蜴的活动数量,当达到最适温度（地表温度23 ℃～32 ℃,气温21 ℃～29 ℃）时出现活动高峰。     

不同饲养条件下海南坡鹿幼体春季昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2003 年2 月至4 月间, 在海南甘什岭自然保护区采用瞬时扫描取样法对10 头海南坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配和活动节律进行了初步研究。结果表明: 坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配中摄食、卧息和反刍占有较大的比例;人工圈养和半散放条件下摄食、卧息、反刍、站立和运动行为的昼间时间分配差异性显著( P < 0.01), 半散放条件下幼鹿每天用于摄食和运动的时间比人工圈养的多, 而用于卧息、反刍和站立的时间较少, 其余行为时间比较接近; 在昼间活动节律方面, 圈养条件下摄食有3 个高峰期(09:00～10:00, 11:00～12:00, 16:00～18:00) , 卧息有2 个高峰期(10:00～11:00, 13:00～16: 00) ; 半散放条件下没有明显的摄食高峰期, 主要原因是大部分时间花费在食物的搜索和处理上, 而其卧息高峰出现在14:00 以后。     

矮岩羊夏季活动节律、时间分配和集群行为

采用扫描取样法（每隔10 min进行一次扫描纪录,记录时间为5 min）对36只矮岩羊夏季昼间节律与时间分配进行了观察和研究,将矮岩羊行为划分为取食、移动、站立、卧息和其他行为等5类。结果表明,矮岩羊在夏季有3个取食高峰（6：00－9：00、10：00－11：00和16：00－20：00）;1个卧息高峰（11：00－15：00）。在时间分配上,用于取食的时间最多（30.14±3.32）%,其次是卧息（26.44±3.59）%,站立（24.90±4.27）%,移动（15.73±1.26）%,而用于其他行为的时间,仅占（2.82±1.00）%。通过不同个体的比较,发现成年雄性用于取食和站立的时间最多,幼体用于移动和其他行为的时间最多,成年雌性用于卧息的时间最多。在矮岩羊集群方面,其集群类型有：混合群、母仔群、雄性群、雌性群和独羊,在夏季集群平均大小为（7.81±8.42）只,2~8只的羊群,占总群数的54.05%;不同集群类型的大小差异极显著（χ2=13.197,d&#402;=3,P=0.004）,混合群群体最大,而雄性群最小;雌雄比为1∶0.54,雌幼比为1∶0.26,成幼比为1∶0.17。这些都说明矮岩羊这类独特的行为和种群特征是长期适应金沙江干热河谷的结果。     

Diurnal and seasonal cortisol, testosterone, and DHEA rhythms in boys and girls during puberty

Diurnal and seasonal rhythms of cortisol, testosterone, and DHEA were examined, as little is known about the relationship between these rhythmicities and pubertal development. Salivary samples were obtained from 60 boys and 60 girls at approximately 07:45, 08:00, 08:30, 12:00, 16:50, and 21:00 h. The participants' ages ranged from 8-14 yrs, and each participant was tested three times at six-month intervals. The study was conducted at a General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) and at the homes of the participants. All hormones showed diurnal fluctuations. The acrophase (peak time) of cortisol occurred earlier than for testosterone or DHEA and showed a seasonal effect, with the acrophase occurring earlier in spring than in summer. The cortisol acrophase also occurred later in the day for boys than for girls during later puberty. Seasonal effects were found only for cortisol with higher concentrations in the spring and summer. Cortisol concentrations were relatively stable across pubertal maturation, but significantly lower concentrations were observed at pubertal stage 3 compared to the other stages. Morning cortisol levels were also higher in boys at pubertal stage 2. Testosterone concentrations were higher in boys at pubertal stages 3 and 4, and DHEA was lower at pubertal stage 1 than 3 and 4 for both boys and girls. For the total sample, there was a positive correlation between DHEA and testosterone during early puberty (stages 1-3) but not later puberty (stages 4-5). Awakening secretory activity correlated with daytime secretory activity for testosterone and DHEA, but not for cortisol. These data provide novel chronobiological information on cortisol, testosterone, and DHEA as it relates to sexual maturation and encourage further study on both normal and abnormal endocrine rhythms.     

山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式

2011年12月至2012年2月和2012年11月至2013年1月,采用瞬时扫描法,对山西平陆黄河湿地越冬的大天鹅进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。结果表明,大天鹅在越冬期的主要行为是静息、运动和取食,分别占全部行为比例的(40.5±1.4)%、(22.8±0.9)%和(18.2±0.8)%。在日间节律方面,大天鹅的取食行为呈现早晚双高峰,静息行为的高峰则出现在早上和中午。对不同地点的大天鹅的行为时间分配研究表明,大天鹅在两地的行为时间分配存在明显差异。其中,在干扰强度较大的三湾村,运动和争斗行为更多;在干扰较小的关家窝村,静息和警戒行为更多。在行为时间分配与温度变化关系的研究中,通过Pearson相关性分析发现,大天鹅的取食、运动和理羽行为与温度成显著正相关,静息和警戒行为与温度呈现显著负相关。     

青海省都兰县沟里乡幼龄藏狐昼间行为节律

2007年3月6日～4月25日,采用焦点取样和瞬时扫描取样相结合的方法对3只幼龄藏狐(Vulpesferrilata)的昼间行为进行观察记录,并分析其节律及组成.结果表明,休息行为是幼龄藏狐日常活动的主要组成部分,其次为捕食行为和嬉戏行为.幼龄藏狐以晨昏活动为主,主要活动时间集中在8:00～9:00时和16:00～19:00时,其余时间以休息为主.成体藏狐出现后,幼龄藏狐嬉戏行为增加,而休息行为减少,并伴随有奔跑和亲昵行为.     

Diurnal Rhythm of the Muscular Performance of Elbow Flexors During Isometric Contractions

The influence of time of day on elbow flexion torque was studied. Thirteen physical education students, 7 males and 6 females, made maximal and submaximal isometric contractions at 90° of elbow flexors using a dynamometer. The torque developed was measured on each contraction. The myoelectric activity of the biceps muscle was also measured at the same time by surface electromyography (EMG) and quantified from the root mean square (RMS) activity. Torque and surface EMGs were measured at 6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, 21:00, and 24:00 h over the same day. Oral temperature before each test session was measured on each occasion after a 30-min rest period. We observed a diurnal rhythm in elbow flexor torque with an acro-phase at 18:00 h and a bathyphase at 6:00 h, in phase with the diurnal rhythm in oral temperature. However, the diurnal rhythm of temperature did not appear to have any influence on the torque. Links between neuromuscular efficiency and RMS/torque ratio were evaluated by measuring muscle activity along with torque. We also assessed variations in the level of maximal activity of the muscle under maximal voluntary contraction. Neuromuscular efficiency fluctuated during the day, with maximal and minimal efficiency at 18:00 h and 9:00 h, respectively, whereas activation level was maximal at 18:00 h and minimal at 9:00 h. The diurnal rhythm of torque was accounted for by variations in both central nervous system command and the contractile state of the muscle.     

Diurnal rhythms of body temperature, heart rate, and behaviour in the stanchioned adult Shiba goats

Using a data logger system, body temperature (dorsal subcutaneous temperature), heart rate, ingestive or ruminating behaviour and posture in adult Shiba goats tied to a stanchion were recorded automatically during 24 hours, to obtain basic information on the biological rhythms. A 600 g of usual ration mixed with hay cube, hay, beet pulp and wheat bran was fed twice a day (morning; 9:00-9:30, evening; 16:00-16:30). Animals kept under an artificial photoperiod (12L-12D, light period; 5:30-17:30) and about 10 degrees C room temperature. 1) Diurnal patterns of the above-mentioned items were recorded, mutual relationships relationships between these items were revealed. 2) The heart rate was higher after morning feeding, or during a light period and decreased gradually from midnight to early morning. Twice feeding greatly increased the heart rate. 3) The body temperature was lower in the early morning and increased gradually after morning feeding and showed the highest level during 1 to 1.5 hours after evening feeding. After that it decreased gradually till the early morning. 4) The numbers of jaw movement (bites/min) were a 70-90 bites in the ingestive behaviour and a 80-90 bites in the ruminating behaviour at dark period. 5) The total heart rate was a 110000 to 120000 beats/day, the total biting time was a 9.5 hours/day, and the mean standing time was a 9.3 to 11.7 hours/day. The standing time during light period (12 hours) was a 7.3 to 9.9 hours and that during dark period (12 hours) was a 1.8 to 2 hours.     

Diurnal Variation in Scent Marking Behavior in Captive Male and Female Common Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus

Chemical communication by scent-marking behavior in New World primates is used to prevent the access of potential competitors to a territory, to identify food resources and the reproductive condition of mates, among others. In common marmosets, primates of the Callitrichidae family, this behavior also occurs as olfactory identification of an individual or of the reproductive status of females. Despite this information, the diurnal variation and gender differences in the profile of this behavior remain to be investigated. The aims of this study were to establish the diurnal profile of the distribution of this behavior and the influence of the sex of markers. We used 18 adult common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, 10 males and 8 females from 6 family groups (6 fathers and 4 sons; 4 mothers and 4 daughters). The frequency of scent-marking behavior was recorded for each animal over a period of 8 days, twice a week, for 4 weeks, starting when the animals left the nest box (approximately at 05:00 a.m.) until the end of the photophase, at about 05:00 p.m. A MANOVA test was performed to compare the frequency of scent-marking behavior at 2 hour intervals using pooled data for males and females. The results showed that significantly higher levels of scent-marking behavior occurred during the 03:00-05:00 p.m. interval compared to all other intervals. Lower values were recorded during the 11:00-13:00 interval and an effect of the sex factor was also found, with the values being higher for females than for males, although a significant difference was recorded only for the 07:00-09:00 interval. Minimal values for males were recorded during the 07:00-09:00 interval, whereas minimum values for females were recorded during the 11:00-13:00 interval. However, the highest values for both sexes continued to occur during the 15:00-17:00 interval. These results suggest that scent marking behavior in common marmosets has a preferential incidence at the end of the day and this might be occurring in association with feeding behavior. At this time these animals usually forage more to prepare for the night's fast. Since these animals can discriminate chemical clues as long as 24 hours after they have been left, the higher incidence of this behavior at this time probably will assure that the animals will localize feeding resources used on the preceding day. Significant elevation of scent marking behavior in females in relation to males was found only at 07:00-09:00 interval and seems to be associated with signalizing of reproductive status, preferential access to foraging or both.     

Fluctuations in peripheral serum testosterone levels within a day, with age and by sexual stimulation in male beagle dogs bred indoors

Fluctuations in serum levels of testosterone (T) within a day, both with age and as a result of sexual stimulation, were examined in male beagle dogs. Eighty male dogs aged between 3 months and 16 years and bred in our laboratory were used under strictly controlled breeding conditions (temperature: 22 +/- 1 degree C, relative humidity: 55 +/- 5%, lighting time: 8:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m.). The level of T was measured by an RIA method. In order to examine the fluctuation in T level within a day, blood samples were obtained at 0:00, 6:00, 12:00 and 18:00 in each of five dogs aged 1.7 and 2.1 years. T levels fluctuated with a regular pattern that was lowest at 12:00, and increased to a peak at 18:00-6:00, thereafter decreasing until 12:00. In order to examine the change in T level with age, blood samples were obtained at 9:00, 12:00 and 16:00 from 70 dogs aged between 3 months and 16 years. The regular diurnal pattern of T level was usually seen, and the levels at 12:00 were always low and did not fluctuate at any age except for 6 months, and 13, 14 and 16 years. The T level at 9:00 increased to reach a peak at 4 years, whereas that at 16:00 did so at 2 years. T levels at 9:00 were significantly higher at 4-12 and 14 years than at 3 months, and were higher at 4 years than at 9 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The diurnal rhythm in isometric muscular performance differs with eumenorrheic menstrual cycle phase

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the interaction of circamensal and diurnal rhythms in temperature upon the production of maximal voluntary muscle force. Ten eumenorrheic females (mean age: 24 +/- 3 yr mean body mass: 58.4 +/- 6.9 kg) participated in the experiment at both 06:00 and 18:00h at the mid-point of both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Subjects performed tasks of maximal isometric lifting strength (MILS) at knee height, and endurance time (t) for lifting 45% of MILS, upon an isometric lift dynamometer. Body temperature was elevated at 18:00h and in the luteal phase by 0.52 +/- 0.4 and 0.26 +/- 0.35 degrees C, respectively. The amplitude of the diurnal variation in temperature was blunted by 0.3 degrees C within the luteal phase. Maximal isometric performance was elevated by 8% at 18:00h in the luteal phase of the cycle (p < 0.05 interaction for MILS) but unaffected by time of day in the follicular phase. Endurance time was unaffected by time or phase (p > 0.05). It should be noted that the classic diurnal rhythm in maximal voluntary isometric muscle force may not be evident in all phases of the female menstrual cycle.