Characterization of microsatellite loci in the creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus)

Thirty‐two polymorphic microsatellite loci (29 novel, 3 cross‐species) are characterized in the creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, a widespread and abundant North American minnow. Novel repeat‐containing sequences were isolated using a standard microsatellite enrichment procedure. A set of di‐, tri‐, and tetranucleotide markers with allele numbers ranging from two 16 are now available for estimating relatedness within and among populations in this ecologically important species.     

Multi‐scale effects of impoundments on genetic structure of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) in the Kansas River basin

1. Habitat fragmentation has been implicated as a primary cause for the ongoing erosion of global biodiversity, yet our understanding of the consequences in lotic systems is limited for many species and regions. Because of harsh environmental conditions that select for high colonisation rates, prairie stream fishes may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of fragmentation. Hence, there is urgent need for broader understanding of fragmentation in prairie streams such that meaningful conservation strategies can be developed. Further, examination at large spatial scales, including multiple impoundments and un‐impounded catchments, will help identify the spatial extent of species movement through the landscape. 2. Our study used data from 10 microsatellite loci to describe the genetic structure of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) populations across four catchments (three impounded and one un‐impounded) in the Kansas River basin. We investigated whether genetic diversity was eroded in response to habitat fragmentation imposed by reservoirs and whether intervening lentic habitat increased resistance to dispersal among sites within a catchment. 3. Our analyses revealed that genetic diversity estimates were consistent with large populations regardless of the location of the sampled tributaries, and there was little evidence of recent population reductions. Nevertheless, we found a high degree of spatial genetic structure, suggesting that catchments comprise a set of isolated genetic units and that sample sites within catchments are subdivided into groups largely defined by intervening habitat type. Our data therefore suggest that lentic habitat is a barrier to dispersal among tributaries, thus reducing the opportunity for genetic rescue of populations in tributaries draining into reservoirs. Isolation by a reservoir, however, may not be immediately deleterious if the isolated tributary basin supports a large population.     

Variation in tolerance to hypoxia in a predator and prey species: an ecological advantage of being small?

Three physiological variables, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and ventilation frequency, were measured to test how fathead minnows Pimephales promelas and small and large yellow perch Perca flavescens responded to three different dissolved oxygen concentrations. All fish were monitored continuously for any indications of stress in response to these manipulations. Within and between species, smaller individuals were the most tolerant of hypoxic environments. A species effect, however, did contribute to this observation, with fathead minnows being more tolerant of hypoxic environments than similar-sized yellow perch. In aquatic ecosystems where smaller fishes are more tolerant to hypoxia than their larger predators, hypoxic environments may have the potential to act as a refuge from predators.     

Oxidative stress in industrial fungi

Fungi are amongst the most industrially important microorganisms in current use within the biotechnology industry. Most such fungal cultures are highly aerobic in nature, a character that has been frequently referred to in both reactor design and fungal physiology. The most fundamentally significant outcome of the highly aerobic growth environment in fermenter vessels is the need for the fungal culture to effectively combat in the intracellular environment the negative consequences of high oxygen transfer rates. The use of oxygen as the respiratory substrate is frequently reported to lead to the development of oxidative stress, mainly due to oxygen-derived free radicals, which are collectively termed as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, there has been extensive research on the occurrence, extent, and consequences of oxidative stress in microorganisms, and the underlying mechanisms through which cells prevent and repair the damage caused by ROS. In the present study, we critically review the current understanding of oxidative stress events in industrially relevant fungi. The review first describes the current state of knowledge of ROS concisely, and then the various antioxidant strategies employed by fungal cells to counteract the deleterious effects, together with their implications in fungal bioprocessing are also discussed. Finally, some recommendations for further research are made.     

溶解氧对线纹海马幼鱼氨氮耐受性的影响及氨氮胁迫下鳃、肝脏组织结构的变化

为了解氨氮对线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)幼鱼的毒理影响,本实验探讨了在正常溶解氧(4.32～5.12 mg·L-1)和高溶解氧(8.22～9.46 mg·L-1)条件下,线纹海马幼鱼的氨氮半致死浓度,以及6、9、12 mg·L-1的氨氮溶液胁迫下线纹海马幼鱼的鳃、肝脏组织结构的变化。结果表明:正常溶解氧条件下,氨氮对线纹海马幼鱼96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)为10.22 mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为1.02 mg·L-1;非离子氨的半致死浓度(96 h LC50)为0.16 mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为0.016 mg·L-1;高溶解氧条件下,氨氮对幼鱼的96 h LC50为12.68 mg·L-1,SC为1.27 mg·L-1;非离子氨96 h LC50为0.2 mg·L-1,SC为0.02mg·L-1。氨氮胁迫造成线纹海马幼鱼鳃组织在不同时间出现鳃丝血管扩张、泌氯细胞增生,鳃小片基部毛细血管破裂、红细胞溢出、鳃组织充血变性、卷曲变短、呼吸上皮细胞变性脱落等现象,并使肝脏肝细胞出现肿胀、细胞核肿大,肝血窦扩张、细胞轮廓模糊等组织变化;随着胁迫物...     

溶氧对Blakeslea trispora分批发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的影响

在摇瓶和5 L发酵罐中研究了溶氧 (DO) 对Blakeslea trispora分批发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的影响,总结了5 L发酵罐中β-胡萝卜素发酵过程中溶氧的变化规律.结果表明,当500 mL摇瓶装液量为50 mL,转速为240 r/min条件下发酵生产β-胡萝卜素产量最大,达到3.416 g/L; 5 L发酵罐中,在搅拌转速为1 000 r/min,通气量为1.5 vvm的条件下,β-胡萝卜素的产量可达到3.712 g/L,略高于摇瓶,这可能是由于5 L发酵罐中的气液传递和混合状况好于摇瓶,促进了产物的合成.     

溶氧振荡对聚β羟基丁酸混合培养过程的调控作用

研究生物可降解塑料PHB(Poly β-hydroxy butyrate)生产的低成本和高产率发酵。采用廉价碳源——废食品糕点作为原料,其中同时具有葡萄糖和乳酸。培养是在同一5L发酵罐中先后接入2种细菌,先由乳酸杆菌Lactobacillus delbrueckii消耗葡萄糖产生乳酸,再由真养产碱菌Ralstonia eutrophus消耗乳酸产生PHB。本文应用混沌控制理论设计溶氧振荡来协调混生菌矛盾的生理需求,同时改变振荡节律激励细胞的代谢能。考虑真养产碱菌在乳酸里的代谢,有异养和真养两种途径,其中两种重要代谢通量,生物氧化能ATP和还原能NADPH,能够反映混生菌细胞的生理状态,二者都与供氧密切有关。实验通过取样进行细胞破碎后,由荧光分析仪监测不同发酵阶段的ATP和NADPH,发现2种代谢能随着溶氧控制的不同节律变化而起伏,溶氧节律振荡能够使混合培养的PHB的浓度比常规供氧方法提高1倍。     

大气污染对城市植被的生态胁迫效应综述

快速的城市化进程使得城市大气污染日趋严重,造成了城市植被的退化及其生态服务功能的下降。大气中的O₃、紫外(UV-B)辐射、重金属、SO₂等污染物及其复合污染从分子、细胞、个体、种群、群落和生态系统各个水平上都对城市植被造成了胁迫效应。本文从微观实验法和宏观高光谱遥感法两方面对已有的研究方法进行了分析和总结后,提出了以下几个今后需要关注的研究领域:开展野外和长期胁迫实验、植物受胁迫机理及多种因子复合胁迫研究等;同时指出应重视建筑物在城市大气污染生态胁迫中的重要作用,并在今后加强城市行道树相关方面的研究。     

Continuous, real-time monitoring of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in animal cell bioreactors

A new method for real-time monitoring of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in bioreactors, based on dissolved oxygen (DO) measurement at two points, has been developed and tested extensively. The method has several distinct advantages over known techniques.It enables the continuous and undisturbed monitoring of OUR, which is conventionally impossible without gas analyzers. The technique does not require knowledge of k(L)a. It provides smooth, robust, and reliable signal. The monitoring scheme is applicable to both microbial and mammalian cell bioprocesses of laboratory or industrial scale. The method was successfully used in the cultivation of NSO-derived murine myeloma cell line producing monoclonal antibody. It was found that while the OUR increased with the cell density, the specific OUR decreased to approximately one-half at cell concentrations of 16 x 10(6) cells/mL, indicating gradual reduction of cell respiration activity. Apart from the laboratory scale cultivation, the method was applied to industrial scale perfusion culture, as well as to processes using other cell lines. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

镉胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗生理特性和镉富集的影响

以\"甘农三号\"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,探究了在10 d内不同浓度(0～2.0 mmol·L^-1)镉(Cd)胁迫对其根长、茎长、生物量、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、Cd富集及其亚细胞分布的影响。结果表明:低浓度(0.125 mmol·L^-1) Cd能促进幼苗根和茎的生长,增加叶片叶绿素含量,较高浓度(0.5～2.0 mmol·L^-1) Cd显著抑制幼苗根和茎的生长,叶绿素及生物量显著降低; Cd胁迫使MDA含量显著增加,而SOD和POD活性显著增强,其中Cd胁迫浓度为0.5mmol·L^-1时,SOD和POD活性达到最大值,这可能是植物对环境胁迫的一种应激保护反应; Cd在各亚细胞组分中的含量依次为细胞壁>细胞质>线粒体>叶绿体,且均随Cd胁迫浓度的升高而增加。当Cd胁迫浓度为0.125 mmol·L^-1时,水培10 d的紫花苜蓿幼苗单株地上部对Cd的净化率最高可达0.214%,而整盆植株在单位体积内对Cd的净化率最高可达15.5%;当Cd胁迫浓度为2.0 mmol·L^-1时,紫花苜蓿幼苗地上部Cd含量达89.36μg·g-1。这些结果表明紫花苜蓿对Cd具有很强的富集能力,虽未达到Cd超富集植物的临界标准,但从植株生物量、耐Cd能力、富集Cd量及对Cd的净化率等方面综合考虑,紫花苜蓿在Cd污染土壤的植物修复中具备良好的应用价值。     

固定化小球藻产氧及光合速率的研究

通过对固定化小球藻产氧及光合速率的研究,进一步解决水产养殖水体溶解氧不足的问题,为生物增氧技术投入使用奠定基础。固定化具有较高的生物量及生物活性,在研究中被广泛使用。运用固定化技术对固定化小球藻产氧及光合速率进行了研究,结果表明,固定化小球藻具有较好的生物量及生物活性,海藻酸钠+羧甲基纤维素钠+硅藻土作为固定化基质有利于小球藻的放氧,其最高放氧量介于第3-4天,对于1 L水体增氧的最适固定化小球藻体积为150 mL,固定化小球藻的光合速率明显高于游离态小球藻。固定化技术增加了小球藻生物量和生物活性,具有较好的生物增氧特性,是较好的生物增氧材料。     

Lake Kinneret dissolved oxygen regime reflects long term changes in ecosystem functioning

Lake Kinneret (Israel) has undergone several prominent chemical and biological changes since 1970. Between 1970 and 1991 significant, long-term gradual increase were recorded in epilimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (about 20%), and in pH levels (0.2 units). Concomitantly there was a significant increase in hypolimnetic H₂S concentrations (about 75%) and a long-term gradual drop in zooplankton biomass (50%). Since 1994 these trends were reversed and the levels of the three chemical parameters have returned to those found in the 1970's and that of zooplankton to mid 1980's levels. The present study is an attempt to relate some of these long term changes by means of yearly oxygen budgets, based on fluxes of oxygen producing and consuming processes. This analysis raises the possibility that part of the long-term increase in epilimnetic DO and pH between 1970 to 1990 may be attributed to reduced inputs of organic matter from alochthonous sources and possibly to enhanced burial of organic matter in the bed sediments. However, the major cause for the observed increase in epilimnetic DO and pH is increased sedimentation of organic matter to the hypolimnion during stratification. As indicated by the amount of H₂S formed in the hypolimnion during stratification added to the amount of oxygen entrapped in this layer at the onset of thermal stratification, between 1970 to 1991 the sedimentation flux of organic matter increased by approximately 40%. It is estimated that during these two decades hypolimnetic respiration increased from ca. 8% of the annual amount of oxygen evolved due to photosynthesis during the early 1970's to ca. 12.5% during the 1980's. The shift in the layer of oxidative processes is suggested to be the result of a multi-annual decline in zooplankton grazing pressure, which led to increased sedimentation of organic matter. The reversed trends for DO, pH and H₂S since 1994 may have partially been due to the increase in zooplankton activity and partially due to changes in phytoplankton community structure.     

菹草种群内外水质日变化

对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)种群内外水体进行了昼夜连续监测,分析菹草种群内外水质的日变化趋势.结果显示,种群内DO自日出后增加,日落后持续下降,且与水温变化一致,于19:30左右出现1次明显低谷,后略有恢复,后一直降至日出前后;开阔水域DO变化与水温呈现一定相关性,但变化幅度较小;交界处DO含量兼有种群内与开阔水域的变化特点.种群内水体pH值自日出前后升高,日落时达最高值,后开始下降,直至次日出前后;交界处与种群变化趋势一致;开阔水域pH总体变化幅度较小,白天高于夜间,总体DO含量及pH分布:种群区＞交界处＞开阔水域.种群及交界处TN含量均在日出前后达最高,日出后递减,开阔水域夜间含量较高,日出前后达最高;各点NH+4-N变化规律不显著;种群内水体TP含量夜间较高,日出前后达最高值,日出后递减,日落后递增;开阔水域TP含量夜间较高,白天略低;交界处正午前后达最低值,傍晚达最高值,TN、TP总体分布:种群＜交界处＜开阔水域.菹草种群存在对水体DO、pH等环境因子均产生重要影响,继而影响水体内源性氮磷的迁移,其中对pH影响较小,其变化未能影响水体氮磷迁移,而DO昼夜变化较大,对水体内源性氮磷的迁移起重要影响.